0723-2816-MTDC: Equestrian Design Guidebook for Trails, Trailheads, and Campgrounds, toc

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Equestrian Design Guidebook

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements
Introduction—Climbing Into the Saddle
Chapter 1—Understanding Horses and Mules
- An Evolutionary Perspective
- The Startle Factor
- Physical Characteristics
- Senses and Behavior
Chapter 2—Planning Trail Systems
- Benefits of Trail System Planning
- User Involvement in Trail Planning
- Land Use and Regulatory Framework
- Multijurisdictional Trail Planning
- The Planning Process
- Trail System Operations and Maintenance Concerns
Chapter 3—Designing Horse Trails
- Trail Settings
- Appropriate Levels of Development
- Riders' Needs
- Conflicts
- Trail Hierarchies
- Trail Scenarios
- Equestrian-Only Trails
Chapter 3—Designing Horse Trails—Continued
- Shared-Use Trails
- Shared-Use, Single-Tread Trails
  - Shared-Use, Separate-Tread Trails
- Trail User Separation
  - Multiple Treads Separated by Distance
  - Multiple Treads Separated by Barriers
- Trail Barriers, Walls, and Bollards
- Trails Adjacent to Roads
- Alternative Shared Corridors
Chapter 4—Designing Trail Elements
- Trail Terms
- Trail Length
- Trail Sight Distance
- Trail Clearance
- Trail Tread
  - Tread Width
Chapter 4—Designing Trail Elements—Continued
- Trailbed Construction
- Curves, Turns, Passing Areas, and Switchbacks
Chapter 5—Designing Trail Crossings and Structures
- At-Grade Road Crossings
- Road Signs and Traffic Signals
- Road Intersections
- Railway Corridors and Crossings
- Water and Wet Area Crossings
  - Shallow Stream Fords
  - Wet Area Trail Structures
Chapter 5— Designing Trail Crossings and Structures—Continued
- Above-Grade Crossings
  - Bridge and Overpass Design
- Below-Grade Crossings—Culverts and Underpasses
Chapter 6—Choosing Horse-Friendly Surface Materials
- Surface Options
- Natural Materials
  - Native Soils
  - Wood Chips
- Aggregate and Similar Surface Materials
- Additives
- Pavement
- Specialty Products
- Geosynthetic Materials
  - Geotextiles
  - Cellular Confinement
Chapter 7—Planning Recreation Sites
- User Needs
- Site Conflicts
- Appropriate Levels of Development
- Site Selection
- Vegetation and Landscaping
  - Toxic Vegetation
  - Noxious Weeds
- Amenities and Facilities
- Trail Access Points
- Utilities
- Structures
- Manure Disposal
- Mounting Blocks and Ramps
  - Mounting Blocks
  - Mounting and Loading Ramps
Chapter 8—Designing Roads and Parking Areas
- Road System Design
- Parking Area Design
  - Parking Area Grade
  - Parking Area Layout
- Road and Parking Area Surfaces
- Traffic Control
Chapter 9—Designing Camp and Picnic Units
- Camp Parking Pads
  - Placement of Camp Parking Pads
  - Grades for Camp Parking Pads
- Living and Horse Areas
- Horse Areas
- Camp Units
  - Sizes of Camp Units
- Picnic Units
- Equestrian Site Furnishings
Chapter 10—Securing Horses and Mules
- Importance of Perimeter Fences
- Fence Materials and Construction
- Cattle Guards, Gates, and Latches
Chapter 10—Securing Horses and Mules—Continued
- Tethering Devices and Enclosures
Chapter 11—Designing for Riders With Disabilities
- Site-Specific Accessibility
- Universal Design
- Accessible Shared Trails
- Accessible Equestrian Features
- Therapeutic Riding Programs
Chapter 12—Providing Signs and Public Information
- Sign Plans
- Sign Design Factors
- Sign Types
- Regulatory Signs
- Accessibility Information
- Riders, Signs, and Safety
Chapter 13—Reducing Environmental and Health Concerns
- Water Quality
- Horse Manure
- Noxious and Invasive Weeds
- Soil Erosion and Root Damage
- Vegetation and Facility Damage
- Toxic Vegetation
- Dangerous Creatures
- Animal Diseases
- Manager and User Awareness
Chapter 14—Considering Liability Issues
- Equine Liability Acts and Recreational Use Statutes
- Risk Management Strategies
- Competitive and Group Trail Events
- Private Insurance
Chapter 15—Working With Funders and Volunteers
- Funding and Partnership Opportunities
  - Funding Proposals
  - Creative Fundraising Ideas
- Volunteer Opportunities
  - The Three Rs of Volunteer Stewardship
    - Recruit
    - Retain
    - Reward
Chapter 16—Learning From Others
- Trail System Master Plans
- Trailheads and Campgrounds
  - Equestrian Trailheads and Campgrounds With Low to Moderate Development
Chapter 16—Learning From Others—Continued
References
Appendix A—Acronyms
Appendix B—Trail Libraries, Trail Organizations, and Funding Resources
- Trail Libraries
- Trail Organizations
- Funding and Partnership Resources
Appendix C—Helpful Resources
- Accessibility
- Animal Confinement
- Case Studies
- Engineering Standards and Building Codes
- Fords, Bridges, and Overpasses
- Laws, Liability, and Safety
- Low Impacts
- Parking, Roads, and Intersections
- Planning and Design
- Rails-to-Trails
- Railways
- Signs
- Toilet and Shower Buildings
- Trail Construction
- Trail Management
- Trail Terms
- Weeds and Vegetation
Appendix D—Trail Proposal and Evaluation Process: Open Space and Trails Program (Pitkin County, CO)
- How to Propose a New Trail
Appendix E— Sample Evaluation Criteria for Trail Corridor Suitability Analysis
Appendix F— Summary of Accessibility Legislation, Standards, and Guidelines
- Some Laws Governing Accessibility in the United States
Appendix G—Sample Requirements for Weed-Free Feed (BLM)
Appendix H— Sample Requirements for Weed-Free Feed (Forest Service)
Appendix I— Sample Equine Liability Act (New Mexico)
Appendix J— Sample Recreational Use Statute (Kentucky)
Appendix K —English and Metric Conversions
About the Authors
- Jan Hancock—Hancock Resources LLC
- Kim Jones Vander Hoek, RLA—USDA Forest Service, Tonto National Forest
- Sunni Bradshaw—USDA Forest Service, Missoula Technology and Development Center
- James D. Coffman, RLA, ASLA—Coffman Studios, LLC
- Jeffrey Engelmann, RLA, ASLA—J2 Engineering and Environmental Design, LLC

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T&D > T&D Pubs > Equestrian Design Guidebook for Trails, Trailheads, and Campgrounds Table of Contents Back \| Next \| Cover Page Equestrian Design Guidebook Table of Contents Acknowledgements Introduction—Climbing Into the Saddle Chapter 1—Understanding Horses and Mules An Evolutionary Perspective The Startle Factor Physical Characteristics Size and Strength Hoofs Mouth and Teeth Basic Needs Senses and Behavior Vision Hearing Smell Touch Curiosity The Herding Instinct Responses to Weather Conditions Chapter 2—Planning Trail Systems Benefits of Trail System Planning User Involvement in Trail Planning Land Use and Regulatory Framework Federal, State, Regional, and Local Agency Environmental Requirements Federal Accessibility Requirements Smart Growth Plans General Plans Flood Control Plans Zoning Ordinances Multijurisdictional Trail Planning The Planning Process Phase 1—Initial Project Organization Phase 2—Inventory and Data Collection Phase 3—Analysis Phase 4—Conceptual Planning Phase 5—Plan Adoption Phase 6—Implementation Trail System Operations and Maintenance Concerns Chapter 3—Designing Horse Trails Trail Settings Wildland Settings Rural Settings Urban Settings Appropriate Levels of Development Riders' Needs Conflicts Trail Hierarchies Trail Scenarios Equestrian-Only Trails Chapter 3—Designing Horse Trails—Continued Shared-Use Trails Shared-Use, Single-Tread Trails Shared-Use, Separate-Tread Trails Trail User Separation Multiple Treads Separated by Distance Multiple Treads Separated by Barriers Trail Barriers, Walls, and Bollards Barriers and Walls Bollards Trails Adjacent to Roads Alternative Shared Corridors Chapter 4—Designing Trail Elements Trail Terms Trail Length Trail Sight Distance Trail Clearance Horizontal Clearance Vertical Clearance Vegetation Clearance Trail Tread Tread Width Chapter 4—Designing Trail Elements—Continued Tread Surface Tread Obstacles Alignment Grade Steps Outslopes Grades, Outslopes, and Drift Slopes With Hard Surfaces Trailbed Construction Trail Drainage Crowned Tread Waterbars Grade Reversals, Knicks, and Rolling Grade Dips Culverts Grates Curves, Turns, Passing Areas, and Switchbacks Curves and Turns Passing Areas Switchbacks Climbing Turns Chapter 5—Designing Trail Crossings and Structures At-Grade Road Crossings Crossing Locations Crossing Sight Triangles and Visibility Waiting Areas at Crossings Road Signs and Traffic Signals Road Intersections Railway Corridors and Crossings Water and Wet Area Crossings Shallow Stream Fords Wet Area Trail Structures Turnpikes Turnpikes Without Ditches Puncheon Boardwalks Retaining Curbs Chapter 5— Designing Trail Crossings and Structures—Continued Above-Grade Crossings Bridge and Overpass Design Bridge Site Selection Bridge Grade Bridge Width Bridge Load Limits Bridge and Overpass Structural Materials Bridge and Overpass Surface Materials Bridge and Overpass Sides and Railings Bridge Clearance Bridge Sight Distance Trails on Bridges and Overpasses With Traffic Specialty Bridges Below-Grade Crossings—Culverts and Underpasses Below-Grade Approaches Below-Grade Tread Surfaces Below-Grade Clearance Enclosed-Area Lighting Culverts That Carry Water Chapter 6—Choosing Horse-Friendly Surface Materials Surface Options Natural Materials Native Soils Wood Chips Aggregate and Similar Surface Materials Gravel Crushed Gravel and Crushed Stone Sand Decomposed Granite Cinders Additives Pavement Asphalt Asphalt With Chip Seal Rough-Textured Concrete Concrete With Washed Surface Pavers Specialty Products Geosynthetic Materials Geotextiles Cellular Confinement Chapter 7—Planning Recreation Sites User Needs Site Conflicts Appropriate Levels of Development Site Selection Vegetation and Landscaping Toxic Vegetation Noxious Weeds Amenities and Facilities Trail Access Points Utilities Storm Drainage Systems Water Sources Water Hydrants and Troughs Accessible Hydrants and Handpumps Water Troughs Wash Racks Drainage Overflow Wet-Area Wearing Surfaces Power and Lighting Structures Toilet Buildings Shower Buildings Shelters Structure Locations Manure Disposal Mounting Blocks and Ramps Mounting Blocks Mounting and Loading Ramps Chapter 8—Designing Roads and Parking Areas Road System Design Recreation Site Entrances Design Vehicles Road Alignment Road Grade Road Profile Road Drainage Parking Area Design Parking Area Grade Parking Area Layout Staging Areas Open Parking Areas Small Parking Areas Parking Delineation Existing Vegetation Road and Parking Area Surfaces Traffic Control Chapter 9—Designing Camp and Picnic Units Camp Parking Pads Placement of Camp Parking Pads Grades for Camp Parking Pads Living and Horse Areas Sun and Wind Site Vegetation Slopes Distance Between Horse Areas and Living Areas Surfaces Horse Areas Camp Units Sizes of Camp Units Single-Party Camp Units Double-Party Camp Units Several-Party Camp Units Group Camps Picnic Units Equestrian Site Furnishings Picnic and Serving Tables Fire Rings and Grills Lantern Hangers Chapter 10—Securing Horses and Mules Importance of Perimeter Fences Fence Materials and Construction Post-and-Rail Construction Steel Post-and-Rail Fences Wood Post-and-Rail Fences Vinyl Post-and-Rail Fences Premanufactured Tubular Panels Wire Fences Wire Mesh Fences Cattle Guards, Gates, and Latches Cattle Guards Road Gates Stepover Gates Chapter 10—Securing Horses and Mules—Continued Trail and Corral Gates Gates for Arenas and Round Pens Gate Designs Gate Materials Gate Safety Accessible Gates Gate Latches Accessible Latches Tethering Devices and Enclosures Hitch Rails Hitching Posts Trailer Ties Highline Ties Corrals Related Facilities—Arenas and Round Pens Size and Location Grade Dust Prevention Lighting Chapter 11—Designing for Riders With Disabilities Site-Specific Accessibility Users Funding Sources Pathway and Trail Designs Universal Design Accessible Shared Trails Accessible Equestrian Features Therapeutic Riding Programs Chapter 12—Providing Signs and Public Information Sign Plans Sign Design Factors Sign Types Regulatory Signs Warning Signs Guide Signs Road Guide Signs Trail Guide Signs Trail Sign Placement Shared-Route Signs Identification Signs Visitor Information Stations Visitor Information Stations at Recreation Sites Visitor Information Stations at Trail Access Points Interpretive Signs Exhibit Structures Viewing Areas Accessibility Information Riders, Signs, and Safety Chapter 13—Reducing Environmental and Health Concerns Water Quality Horse Manure Noxious and Invasive Weeds Soil Erosion and Root Damage Vegetation and Facility Damage Toxic Vegetation Dangerous Creatures Animal Diseases Manager and User Awareness Chapter 14—Considering Liability Issues Equine Liability Acts and Recreational Use Statutes Risk Management Strategies Competitive and Group Trail Events Private Insurance Chapter 15—Working With Funders and Volunteers Funding and Partnership Opportunities Funding Proposals Creative Fundraising Ideas Volunteer Opportunities The Three Rs of Volunteer Stewardship Recruit Retain Reward Chapter 16—Learning From Others Trail System Master Plans Equestrian Trail Network Study—Pinellas Park, FL Trails Master Plan—Scottsdale, AZ West Valley Multimodal Transportation Corridor Master Plan—Phoenix, AZ Trailheads and Campgrounds Equestrian Trailheads and Campgrounds With Low to Moderate Development Horse Creek Campground—Siuslaw National Forest, Florence, OR Picketpost Trailhead—Tonto National Forest, Superior, AZ Blue Mountain Horse Trailhead—Lolo National Forest, Missoula, MT Chapter 16—Learning From Others—Continued Houston Mesa Horse Camp—Tonto National Forest, Payson, AZ Waterfall Glen Forest Preserve—Forest Preserve District of DuPage County, IL Equestrian Trailheads and Campgrounds With High Development Frazier Recreation Site—Tonto National Forest, Roosevelt, AZ Stonegate Equestrian Park—Scottsdale, AZ Horseshoe Park and Equestrian Centre—Queen Creek, AZ WestWorld and WestWorld Trailhead— Scottsdale, AZ References Appendix A—Acronyms Appendix B—Trail Libraries, Trail Organizations, and Funding Resources Trail Libraries Trail Organizations Funding and Partnership Resources Appendix C—Helpful Resources Accessibility Animal Confinement Case Studies Engineering Standards and Building Codes Fords, Bridges, and Overpasses Laws, Liability, and Safety Low Impacts Parking, Roads, and Intersections Planning and Design Rails-to-Trails Railways Signs Toilet and Shower Buildings Trail Construction Trail Management Trail Terms Weeds and Vegetation Appendix D—Trail Proposal and Evaluation Process: Open Space and Trails Program (Pitkin County, CO) How to Propose a New Trail Appendix E— Sample Evaluation Criteria for Trail Corridor Suitability Analysis Appendix F— Summary of Accessibility Legislation, Standards, and Guidelines Some Laws Governing Accessibility in the United States Laws for Federal Agencies Laws for the Private Sector and State and Local Governments Guidelines and Standards Resulting From These Laws Other Relevant Guidelines Appendix G—Sample Requirements for Weed-Free Feed (BLM) Appendix H— Sample Requirements for Weed-Free Feed (Forest Service) Appendix I— Sample Equine Liability Act (New Mexico) Appendix J— Sample Recreational Use Statute (Kentucky) Appendix K —English and Metric Conversions About the Authors Jan Hancock—Hancock Resources LLC Kim Jones Vander Hoek, RLA—USDA Forest Service, Tonto National Forest Sunni Bradshaw—USDA Forest Service, Missoula Technology and Development Center James D. Coffman, RLA, ASLA—Coffman Studios, LLC Jeffrey Engelmann, RLA, ASLA—J2 Engineering and Environmental Design, LLC Top Back \| Next \| Cover Page
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