Current Research

Changing disturbance regimes, introduction of exotic species, and rarity of some native species in Western Forests present challenges for land managers. We need a better understanding of how to manage forests impacted by severe wildfires, whether beetle-infested areas present serious fire threats, and strategies for lessening the impact of exotic invasive species.

Research Interests

Plant community and fuels changes through time following severe wildfires and how spatial patterns in forests and regeneration are altered by such disturbances and subsequent management actions. Currently using physics-based fire behavior models to explore effects of disturbances such as bark beetle outbreaks and management practices on fire spread.

Past Research

Past research focused on northern Great Plains ecosystems and explored the role of natural processes such as fire in shaping ecosystems, and developing management options for introducing these processes into altered systems without severe impacts such as enhancing populations of exotic plant species. I also have extensive research experience with rare plants such as the federally listed western prairie fringed orchid.

Why This Research is Important

Co-author of a book on the historical ecology of eastern North Dakota. Co-author of four chapters in a book on conservation of rare and little-known species. co-author of a book chapter on exotic invasive plants.

Education

• Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Ph.D. Range and Wildlife Management (Fire Ecology) 1991
• Colorado State University, Fort Collins, M.S. Rangeland Ecology 1981
• Colorado State University, Fort Collins, B.S. Wildlife Biology 1975

Awards & Recognition

Publications

• Hoffman, Chad M.; Sieg, Carolyn H.; Linn, Rodman R.; Mell, William ; Parsons, Russell A.; Ziegler, Justin P.; Hiers, J. Kevin. 2018. Advancing the science of wildland fire dynamics using process-based models.
• Malone, Sparkle L.; Fornwalt, Paula J.; Battaglia, Mike A.; Chambers, Marin E.; Iniguez, Jose M.; Sieg, Carolyn H. 2018. Mixed-severity fire fosters heterogeneous spatial patterns of conifer regeneration in a dry conifer forest.
• Sieg, Carolyn H.; Linn, Rodman R.; Pimont, Francois; Hoffman, Chad M.; McMillin, Joel D.; Winterkamp, Judith; Baggett, L. Scott. 2017. Fires following bark beetles: Factors controlling severity and disturbance interactions in ponderosa pine.
• Owen, Suzanne M.; Sieg, Carolyn H.; Meador, Andrew J. Sanchez; Fule, Peter Z.; Iniguez, Jose M.; Baggett, L. Scott; Fornwalt, Paula J.; Battaglia, Michael A. 2017. Spatial patterns of ponderosa pine regeneration in high-severity burn patches.
• Ziegler, Justin P.; Hoffman, Chad M.; Fornwalt, Paula J.; Sieg, Carolyn H.; Battaglia, Michael A.; Chambers, Marin E.; Iniguez, Jose M. 2017. Tree regeneration spatial patterns in ponderosa pine forests following stand-replacing fire: Influence of topography and neighbors.
• Sieg, Carolyn; Allen, Kurt; Hoffman, Chad; McMillin, Joel. 2016. Forest fuels and predicted fire behavior in the first 5 years after a bark beetle outbreak with and without timber harvest (Project INT-EM-F-11-04) Chapter 12.
• Sieg, Carolyn H. 2016. The ecological importance of mixed-severity fires: Nature's phoenix Book Review.
• Negron, Jose F.; McMillin, Joel; Sieg, Carolyn H.; Fowler, James F.; Allen, Kurt K.; Wadleigh, Linda L.; Anhold, John A.; Gibson, Ken E. 2016. Variables associated with the occurrence of Ips beetles, red turpentine beetle and wood borers in live and dead ponderosa pines with post-fire injury.
• Fowler, James F.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Hedwall, Shaula. 2015. Baselines to detect population stability of the threatened alpine plant Packera franciscana (Asteraceae).
• Hoffman, C. M.; Ziegler, J.; Canfield, J.; Linn, R. R.; Mell, W.; Sieg, C. H.; Pimont, F. 2015. Evaluating crown fire rate of spread predictions from physics-based models.
• Kent, Larissa L. Yocom; Shive, Kristen L.; Strom, Barbara A.; Sieg, Carolyn H.; Hunter, Molly E.; Stevens-Rumann, Camille S.; Fule, Peter Z. 2015. Interactions of fuel treatments, wildfire severity, and carbon dynamics in dry conifer forests.
• Hoffman, Chad M.; Linn, Rodman; Parsons, Russell; Sieg, Carolyn; Winterkamp, Judith. 2015. Modeling spatial and temporal dynamics of wind flow and potential fire behavior following a mountain pine beetle outbreak in a lodgepole pine forest.
• Nelson, Mark D.; Flather, Curtis; Riitters, Kurt H.; Sieg, Carolyn; Garner, James D. 2015. National report on sustainable forests 2015: conservation of biological diversity.
• Sieg, Carolyn; Allen, Kurt; McMillin, Joel; Hoffman, Chad. 2014. Chapter 12 - Bark Beetle outbreaks in Ponderosa Pine forests: Implications for fuels, fire, and management (Project INT-F-09-01).
• Shive, K. L.; Fule, P. Z.; Sieg, C. H.; Strom, B. A.; Hunter, M. E. 2014. Managing burned landscapes: Evaluating future management strategies for resilient forests under a warming climate.
• Tarancon, Alicia Azpeleta; Fule, Peter Z.; Shive, Kristen L.; Sieg, Carolyn H.; Meador, Andrew Sanchez; Strom, Barbara. 2014. Simulating post-wildfire forest trajectories under alternative climate and management scenarios.
• Fulé, Peter Z.; Swetnam, Thomas W.; Brown, Peter M.; Falk, Donald A.; Peterson, David L.; Allen, Craig D.; Aplet, Gregory H.; Battaglia, Mike A.; Binkley, Dan; Farris, Calvin; Keane, Robert E.; Margolis, Ellis Q.; Grissino-Mayer, Henri; Miller, Carol; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Skinner, Carl; Stephens, Scott L.; Taylor, Alan. 2014. Unsupported and inaccurate inferences of high severity fire in historical dry forests of the Western United States dry forests: response to Williams and Baker.
• Fule, Peter Z.; Swetnam, Thomas W.; Brown, Peter M.; Falk, Donald A.; Peterson, David L.; Allen, Craig D.; Aplet, Gregory H.; Battaglia, Mike A.; Binkley, Dan; Farris, Calvin; Keane, Robert E.; Margolis, Ellis Q.; Grissino-Mayer, Henri; Miller, Carol; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Skinner, Carl; Stephens, Scott L.; Taylor, Alan. 2014. Unsupported inferences of high-severity fire in historical dry forests of the western United States: Response to Williams and Baker.
• Owen, Suzanne M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Johnson, Nancy Collins; Gehring, Catherine A. 2013. Exotic cheatgrass and loss of soil biota decrease the performance of a native grass.
• Linn, Rodman R.; Sieg, Carolyn H.; Hoffman, Chad M.; Winterkamp, Judith L.; McMillin, Joel D. 2013. Modeling wind fields and fire propagation following bark beetle outbreaks in spatially-heterogeneous pinyon-juniper woodland fuel complexes.
• Shive, Kristen L.; Kuenzi, Amanda M.; Sieg, Carolyn H.; Fule, Peter Z. 2013. Pre-fire fuel reduction treatments influence plant communities and exotic species 9 years after a large wildfire.
• Stevens-Rumann, Camille; Shive, Kristen; Fule, Peter; Sieg, Carolyn H. 2013. Pre-wildfire fuel reduction treatments result in more resilient forest structure a decade after wildfire.
• Shive, Kristen L.; Sieg, Carolyn H.; Fule, Peter Z. 2013. Pre-wildfire management treatments interact with fire severity to have lasting effects on post-wildfire vegetation response.
• Hoffman, Chad M.; Sieg, Carolyn H.; Morgan, Penelope; Mell, William Ruddy; Linn, Rodman; Stevens-Rumann, Camille; McMillin, Joel; Parsons, Russell; Maffei, Helen. 2013. Progress in understanding bark beetle effects on fire behavior using physics-based models.
• Fowler, James F.; Sieg, Carolyn H.; Casavant, Brian M.; Hite, Addie E. 2012. A tale of two single mountain alpine endemics: Packera franciscana and Erigeron mancus.
• McGlone, Christopher M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Kolb, Thomas E.; Nietupsky, Ty. 2012. Established native perennial grasses out-compete an invasive annual grass regardless of soil water and nutrient availability.
• Hoffman, Chad M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; McMillin, Joel D.; Fule, Peter Z. 2012. Fuel loadings 5 years after a bark beetle outbreak in south-western USA ponderosa pine forests.
• Hoffman, Chad M.; McMillin, Joel D.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Fule, Peter Z. 2012. Influence of bark beetle-caused mortality on fuel loadings and crown fire hazard in southwestern ponderosa pine stands.
• Stevens-Rumann, Camille S.; Sieg, Carolyn H.; Hunter, Molly E. 2012. Ten years after wildfires: How does varying tree mortality impact fire hazard and forest resiliency.
• Fowler, James F.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 2011. Density and elevational distribution of the San Francisco Peaks ragwort, Packera franciscana (Asteraceae), a threatened single-mountain endemic.
• Peppin, D.; Fule, P.; Beyers, J.; Sieg, C.; Hunter, M. 2011. Does seeding after severe forest fires in western USA mitigate negative impacts on soils and plant communities.
• Pearson, Dean; Sutherland, Steve; Butler, Jack; Smith, Jane; Sieg, Carolyn. 2011. I. Plants.
• Flather, C. H.; Knowles, M. S; Sieg, C. H. 2011. Indicator 1.04: Number of native forest-associated species.
• Flather, C. H.; Knowles, M. S; Sieg, C. H. 2011. Indicator 1.05: Number and status of native forest-associated species at risk, as determined by legislation or scientific assessment.
• Flather, C. H.; Knowles, M. S; Sieg, C. H. 2011. Indicator 1.07. Number and geographic distribution of forest-associated species at risk of losing genetic variation and locally adapted genotypes.
• Sieg, C. H.; Owen, S. M.; Flather, C. H. 2011. Indicator 1.08. Population levels of selected representative forest-associated species to describe genetic diversity.
• McGlone, Christopher M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Kolb, Thomas E. 2011. Invasion resistance and persistence: established plants win, even with disturbance and high propagule pressure.
• Jenkins, Sara E.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Anderson, Diana E.; Kaufman, Darrell S.; Pearthree, Philip A. 2011. Late Holocene geomorphic record of fire in ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests, Kendrick Mountain, northern Arizona, USA.
• Peppin, Donna L.; Fule, Peter Z.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Beyers, Jan L.; Hunter, Molly E.; Robichaud, Pete. 2011. Recent trends in post-wildfire seeding in western US forests: costs and seed mixes.
• Owen, Suzanne M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Gehring, Catherine A. 2011. Rehabilitating downy brome (Bromus tectorum)-invaded scrublands using imazapic and seeding with native shrubs.
• Owen, Suzanne; Sieg, Carolyn. 2011. Treating downy brome with herbicide and seeding with native shrubs.
• Laughlin, Daniel C.; Leppert, Jessica J.; Moore, Margaret M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 2010. A multi-trait test of the leaf-height-seed plant strategy scheme with 133 species from a pine forest flora.
• Fowler, James F.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; McMillin, Joel; Allen, Kurt K.; Negron, Jose F.; Wadleigh, Linda L.; Anhold, John A.; Gibson, Ken E. 2010. Development of post-fire crown damage mortality thresholds in ponderosa pine.
• Fowler, James F.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Wadleigh, Linda L. 2010. Effectiveness of litter removal to prevent cambial kill-caused mortality in northern Arizona ponderosa pine.
• Burnett, Kelly; Frankel, Susan J.; Keena, Melody; Kim, Mee-Sook; Klopfenstein, Ned B.; Ostry, Michael E.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 2010. Invasive species overarching priorities to 2029.
• Peppin, Donna L.; Fule, Peter Z.; Lynn, Janet C.; Mottek-Lucas, Anne L.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 2010. Market perceptions and opportunities for native plant production on the southern Colorado Plateau.
• Stella, Ken A.; Sieg, Carolyn H.; Fule, Pete Z. 2010. Minimal effectiveness of native and non-native seeding following three high-severity wildfire.
• Peppin, Donna; Fule, Peter Z.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Beyers, Jan L.; Hunter, Molly E. 2010. Post-wildfire seeding in forests of the western United States: An evidence-based review.
• Shifley, S. R.; Flather, C. H.; Smith, W. B.; Riitters, K. H.; Sieg, C. H. 2010. Status and progress in large-scale assessment of biological diversity in the United States.
• Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Densow, Julie S.; Huebner, Cynthia D.; Miller, James H. 2010. The role of the Forest Service in nonnative invasive plant research.
• Scudieri, Catherine A.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Haase, Sally M.; Thode, Andrea E.; Sackett, Stephen S. 2010. Understory vegetation response after 30 years of interval prescribed burning in two ponderosa pine sites in northern Arizona, USA.
• Owen, Suzanne M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Gehring, Catherine A.; Bowker, Matthew A. 2009. Above- and belowground responses to tree thinning depend on the treatment of tree debris.
• Sabo, Kyla E.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Hart, Stephen C.; Bailey, John Duff. 2009. The role of disturbance severity and canopy closure on standing crop of understory plant species in ponderosa pine stands in northern Arizona, USA.
• Dodge, Rita S.; Fule, Peter Z.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 2008. Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) response to wildfire in a Southwestern USA forest.
• Kuenzi, Amanda M.; Fulé, Peter Z.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 2008. Effects of fire severity and pre-fire stand treatment on plant community recovery after a large wildfire.
• Fowler, James F.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Dickson, Brett G.; Saab, Victoria. 2008. Exotic plant species diversity: Influence of roads and prescribed fire in Arizona ponderosa pine forests.
• Pearson, Henry A.; Clary, Warren P.; Moore, Margaret M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 2008. Range management research, Fort Valley Experimental Forest.
• Pearson, Henry A.; Clary, Warren P.; Moore, Margaret M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 2008. Range management research, Fort Valley Experimental Forest (P-53).
• Sabo, Kyla E.; Hart, Stephen C.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Bailey, John Duff. 2008. Tradeoffs in overstory and understory aboveground net primary productivity in southwestern ponderosa pine stands.
• Scudieri, Catherine; Fowler, James F.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Williams, Laura; Haase, Sally M. 2008. Vascular plant checklist of the Chimney Spring and Limestone Flats Prescribed Burning Study Areas within ponderosa pine experimental forests in northern Arizona.
• Scudieri, Catherine; Fowler, James; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Williams, Laura; Haase, Sally. 2008. Vascular plant checklist of the Chimney Spring and Limestone Flats prescribed burning study areas within ponderosa pine experimental forests in northern Arizona (P-53).
• Raphael, Martin G.; Molina, Randy; Flather, Curtis H.; Holthausen, Richard S.; Johnson, Richard L.; Marcot, Bruce G.; Olson, Deanna H.; Peine, John D.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Swanson, Cindy S. 2007. A process for selection and implementation of conservation approaches.
• Hoffman, Chad; Mathiasen, Robert; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 2007. Dwarf mistletoe effects on fuel loadings in ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona.
• Holthausen, Richards S.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 2007. Effectiveness of alternative management strategies in meeting conservation objectives.
• Fowler, James F.; Sieg, Carolyn H.; Wadleigh, Linda; Haase, Sally. 2007. Effectiveness of litter removal in preventing mortality of yellow barked ponderosa pine in northern Arizona.
• Rogstad, Alix; DeGomez, Tom; Sieg, Carol Hull. 2007. Invasive plants in Arizona's forests and woodlands.
• Flather, Curtis H.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 2007. Species rarity: definition, causes, and classification.
• Marcot, Bruce G.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 2007. System-level strategies for conserving rare or little-known species.
• Sieg, Carolyn Hull; McMillin, Joel D.; Fowler, James F.; Allen, Kurt K.; Negron, Jose F.; Wadleigh, Linda L.; Anhold, John A.; Gibson, Ken E. 2006. Best predictors for postfire mortality of ponderosa pine trees in the Intermountain West.
• Wienk, Cody L.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; McPherson, Guy R. 2004. Evaluating the role of cutting treatments, fire and soil seed banks in an experimental framework in ponderosa pine forests of the Black Hills, South Dakota.
• Fowler, James F.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 2004. Postfire mortality of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir: a review of methods to predict tree death.
• Sieg, Carolyn Hull; King, Rudy M.; Van Dyke, Fred. 2003. Conservation and management issues and applications in population viability analysis Exercise 15.
• Hornbeck, J. Hope; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Reyher, Deanna J. 2003. Conservation assessment for bloodroot in the Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota and Wyoming.
• Hornbeck, J. Hope; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Reyher, Deanna J. 2003. Conservation assessment for great-spurred violet in the Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota and Wyoming.
• Hornbeck, J. Hope; Reyher, Deanna J.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Crook, Reed W. 2003. Conservation assessment for southern maidenhair fern and stream orchid in the Black Hills National Forest South Dakota and Wyoming.
• Hornbeck, J. Hope; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Reyher, Deanna J. 2003. Conservation assessment for the autumn willow in the Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota and Wyoming.
• Sieg, Carolyn Hull; King, Rudy M.; Van Dyke, Fred. 2003. Creating a stage-based deterministic PVA model - the western prairie fringed orchid Exercise 12.
• Flather, Curtis H.; Ricketts, Taylor H.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Knowles, Michael S.; Fay, John P.; McNees, Jason. 2003. Criterion 1: Conservation of biological diversity - Indicator 6: The number of forest dependent species.
• Flather, Curtis H.; Ricketts, Taylor H.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Knowles, Michael S.; Fay, John P.; McNees, Jason. 2003. Criterion 1: Conservation of biological diversity - Indicator 7: The status (threatened, rare, vulnerable, endangered, or extinct) of forest dependent species at risk of not maintaining viable breeding populations, as determined by legislation or scientific assessment.
• Flather, Curtis H.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Knowles, Michael S.; McNees, Jason. 2003. Criterion 1: Conservation of biological diversity - Indicator 8: The number of forest dependent species that occupy a small portion of their former range.
• Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Flather, Curtis H.; Barstatis, Noah. 2003. Criterion 1: Conservation of biological diversity - Indicator 9: Population levels of representative species from diverse habitats monitored across their range.
• Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Phillips, Barbara G.; Moser, Laura P. 2003. Exotic invasive plants.
• Kirby, Donald R.; Lym, Rodney G.; Sterling, John J.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 2003. Observation: Leafy spurge control in western prairie fringed orchid habitat.
• Sieg, Carolyn Hull; King, Rudy M.; Van Dyke, Fred. 2003. The concept and use of elasticity in population viability models Exercise 13.
• Sieg, Carolyn Hull; King, Rudy M.; Van Dyke, Fred. 2003. Using stochastic models to incorporate spatial and temporal variability Exercise 14.
• Hornbeck, J.Hope; Reyher, Deanna J.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Crook, Reed W. 2002. Conservation assessment for groundcedar and stiff clubmoss in the Black Hills National Forest South Dakota and Wyoming.
• Wolken, Paige M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Williams, Stephen E. 2001. Quantifying suitable habitat of the threatened western prairie fringed orchid.
• Flather, Curtis H.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 2000. Applicability of Montreal Process Criterion 1 - conservation of biological diversity - to rangeland sustainability.
• Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Wolken, Paige M. 1999. Dynamics of a threatened orchid in flooded wetlands.
• Brown, Peter M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 1999. Historical variability in fire at the ponderosa pine - northern Great Plains prairie ecotone, southeastern Black Hills, South Dakota.
• Bunkers, Matthew J.; Johnson, L. Ronald; Miller, James R.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 1999. Old Black Hills ponderosa pines tell a story.
• Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Flather, Curtis H.; McCanny, Stephen. 1999. Recent biodiversity patterns in the Great Plains: Implications for restoration and management.
• Hof, John; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Bevers, Michael. 1999. Spatial and temporal optimization in habitat placement for a threatened plant: the case of the western prairie fringed orchid.
• Rumble, Mark A.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Uresk, Daniel W.; Javersak, Jody. 1998. Native woodlands and birds of South Dakota: Past and present.
• Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Wright, Henry A. 1998. Synopsis: the role of prescribed burning in regenerating Quercus macrocarpa and associated woody plants in stringer woodlands in the Black Hills, South Dakota.
• Kirby, Donald; Hanson, Thomas P.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 1997. Diets of angora goats grazing leafy spurge Euphorbia esula-infested rangelands.
• Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 1997. The role of fire in managing for biological diversity on native rangelands of the Northern Great Plains.
• Brown, Peter M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 1996. Fire history in interior ponderosa pine communities of the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA.
• Gartner, F. Robert; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 1996. South Dakota rangelands: More than a sea of grass.
• Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Wright, Henry A. 1996. The role of prescribed burning in regenerating Quercus macrocarpa and associated woody plants in stringer woodlands in the Black Hills, South Dakota.
• Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 1988. The value of Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) woodlands in South Dakota as small mammal habitat.
• Hodorff, Robert A.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Linder, Raymond L. 1988. Wildlife response to stand structure of deciduous woodlands.
• Becker, Dale M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 1987. Eggshell quality and organochlorine residues in eggs of merlins, Falco columbarius, in southeastern Montana.
• Becker, Dale M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 1987. Home range and habitat utilization of breeding male merlins, Falco columbarius, in southeastern Montana.
• Hodorff, Robert A.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 1986. Bird species associated with green ash woodlands in the Slim Buttes, South Dakota.
• Becker, Dale M.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 1985. Breeding chronology and reproductive success of Richardson's merlins in southeastern Montana.
• Paulson, Deborah D.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 1985. Long-eared owls nesting in Badlands National Park.
• Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Uresk, Daniel W.; Hansen, Richard M. 1982. The biological costs of not reclaiming bentonite mine spoils.

Research Highlights

Highlight	Title	Year
RMRS-2016-1	Bark Beetles and Wildfires: New Tools Provide Insights Bark beetles have affected millions of acres of western forests and sometimes contribute to highly unpredictable fire behavior. Two new models i ...	2016
RMRS-2016-28	Insects Associated with Fire-injured Ponderosa Pine Forest Service scientists examined various aspects of the interaction between fire injury and subsequent insect infestations. Different types of ...	2016
RMRS-2017-198	Spatial patterns of ponderosa pine regeneration in high-severity burn patches Over the past three decades, wildfires in Southwestern United States ponderosa pine forests have increased in size and severity, leaving large p ...	2017