United States Suitability of North American
Department of Tree Species to the Gypsy Moth:
Agriculture A Summary of Field
and Laboratory Tests
Forest Service
Northeastern Forest
Experiment Station
General Technical
Report NE-
Andrew M. Liebhold
Kurt W. Gottschalk
Rose-Marie Muzika
Michael E. Montgomery
Regis Young
Kathleen O'Day
Brooks Kelley
Abstract
As the gypsy moth expands its range into new portions of the United States, there is a need to predict which tree species will be attacked by this defoliating insect. There have been several studies describing feeding preferences of the gypsy moth, but these results have not been summarized in a single list. We report and summarize all of the major tests of foliage suitability to gypsy moth for tree species that are found in the United States. Foliage suitability to gypsy moth is a trait that is correlated among closely related species. As a result, it is possible to extrapolate foliage suitability of North American tree species for which no screenings have been performed. A list of foliage suitability is summarized as susceptible, resistant, or immune, for every tree species in the United States.
The Authors
ANDREW M. LIEBHOLD is a research entomologist, KURT W. GOTTSCHALK is a research forester, ROSE-MARIE MUZIKA is a research ecologist, MICHAEL E. MONTGOMERY is a research entomologist, REGIS YOUNG and, KATHLEEN O'DAY are biological technicians, BROOKS KELLEY is a former computer assistant with the USDA Forest Service's, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Liebhold, Gottschalk, Muzika, Young, and Kelley are located in Morgantown, West Virginia. Montgomery and O'Day are located in Hamden, Connecticut.
Manuscript received for publication 27 April 1995
USDA Forest Service
5 Radnor Corporate Center, Suite 200
Radnor, PA 19087-4585
August 1995
Introduction
The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), was introduced in the United States around 1869 around Boston. Since that time, it has spread slowly to the North, West, and South, and its current range includes all of the Northeastern States, as well as portions of Michigan, Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina (Liebhold et al. 1992). Over the next 50 years it is likely that the gypsy moth will expand its range to include much of the Southeast and Midwest. Over the last 100 years, defoliation by this insect has caused considerable damage to several of the most valuable tree species in the Northeast, particularly the oaks (Quercus spp). To prepare for this pest in currently uninfested regions, there is a need to identify the tree species that the gypsy moth is likely to attack.
Several studies have attempted to classify the susceptibility of various tree species to defoliation by the gypsy moth. Perhaps the most meaningful studies have been those that quantified defoliation levels on individual tree stands with high-density populations of gypsy moth (Campbell and Sloan 1977; Gansner and Herrick 1985). While these studies provide useful information on the susceptibility of different tree species to the gypsy moth, the geographic scope of such empirical field data is limited to the Northeastern United States. Information about the susceptibility of tree species that are not found in this region is available only from laboratory studies (e.g., Forbush and Fernald 1896; Mosher 1915; Miller and Hanson 1989a).
In reviewing gypsy moth feeding trials, Montgomery (1991) pointed out that it is difficult to compare these studies because virtually no two used the same techniques. In some trials, gypsy moths were confined to the foliage of two or more species; in others, there were no choices. Further, some studies based evaluations of host suitability solely on growth (i.e., weight gain), others on survival, and still others on the propensity of gypsy moths to feed on the foliage. In fact, The suitability of a tree species in the field is a combination of both choice and performance (Montgomery 1991).
Apart from the difficulties in comparing data from non-standardized trials, there is a need to combine information on tree suitability into a single source. The objective of this report was to tabulate the results of field observations and laboratory feeding trials to obtain a generalization of the suitability of tree species. For each species we developed a ranking (1-3) of foliage suitability. For species with extensive tests in the literature, this rank represents a summary of these tests. For tree species for which there are few or no reports, the rank is a "best guess" based on the results of field and laboratory tests of closely related species.
Methods
The scope of this study was confined to tree species that are native to or common in the United States. We define a tree as any woody plant that attains a diameter at breast height of 6 or more inches. We obtained an initial list of tree species from USDA Forest Service forest inventory data, but added additional species listed elsewhere (Little 1979; Gleason and Cronquist 1991; Hitchcock and Cronquist 1976; Radford et al. 1983; Morin 1993; Bailey 1951; Silba 1986). For purposes of tabulation, all species were listed in taxonomic order (phylum, class, order, and so on). The phylogenetic classification follows that of Cronquist (1988). Latin binomial names of gymnosperms were used as they appear in Morin (1993). Nomenclature of all other tree species were extracted from published lists of various regional floras (Gleason and Cronquist 1991; Hitchcock and Cronquist 1976; Radford et al. 1983).
The results of four field studies of host suitability were included in the summary (Campbell and Sloan 1977; Gansner and Herrick 1985; Lechowicz and Jobin 1983; Maufette et al. 1983). While there are other publications that report defoliation levels on different tree species, only these studies examined a broad range of species, though they differed in the way that host preference was measured and interpreted. Campbell and Sloan (1977) and Gansner and Herrick (1985) reported suitability in terms of observed defoliation levels. By contrast, Lechowicz and Jobin (1983) and Maufette et al. (1983) reported preference in terms of an "electivity index" which was based on larval numbers found on a given species relative to the species' dominance in the stand. We categorized the results of these studies into one of three relative ranks (Table 1) using Montgomery's (1991) concepts of "susceptible," "resistant," and "immune" as guidelines.
The results of seven laboratory feeding trials were included in the summary (Edwards et al. 1981; Forbush and Fernald 1896; Miller and Hanson 1989a, b; Montgomery 1994; Mosher 1915; Nielsen 1992). Again, there are other publications that report gypsy moth performance on different tree species but they lack a sufficiently broad range of tree species to be included here. As described by Montgomery (1991), these studies differ in procedures used to assess foliage suitability, but it is possible to categorize the results into relative ranks (Table 1). For each of the Miller and Hanson (1981a, b) trials, we extracted two groups of data: one summarized information on larval survival; the other summarized pupal weights. The 1-3 ranking was applied to each of these. Two classifications were derived from Mosher (1915). One classification gives the actual ranks (1-4) that Mosher reported in a summary table. The other classification was derived by incorporating our interpretation of Mosher's narrative description of his feeding trial results into Montgomery's 1-3 ranks. The feeding trials of Edwards et al. (1981) and Forbush and Fernald (1896) are different from the other five laboratory feeding trials in that these authors noted only whether or not larvae fed on the shoot when confined with it for several days. These studies identify which species are immune to attack but do not distinguish between resistant and susceptible species. Since they resemble binomial ranks, they were scored as (+) or (-) to indicate plants fed on or not fed on, respectively.
We also included the results of one review article (Montgomery 1991) because it is the only study that reinterpreted previous feeding trials after adjusting for variations among trials. Montgomery accomplished this adjustment by expressing foliage suitability as the ratio of pupal weight of larvae reared on a host species divided by the pupal weight of larvae reared on white oak, (Quercus alba) in the same study. Thus, the continuous relative index produced was then divided into three ranks (Table 1).
We combined all of the results of all 15 studies into a single rank statistic for each species. Again, this rank follows the same categories described by Montgomery (1991). In several cases there was disagreement as to the results of different studies. We usually gave the field studies greater importance than laboratory studies in forming the summary rank. Generally, the results of Mosher (1915), Edwards et al. (1981), and Forbush and Fernald (1896) were given little significance since their methods were problematic (Montgomery 1991). No data were available for several species. In these cases we used taxonomic affinities to guide the formation of a "guess." Results obtained from congeneric species were used to extrapolate ranks to these species. For species lacking congeneric species that were used in published studies, we used information from similar species in the same family.
Results
Results of previous studies on foliage suitability as well as our composite summary suitability rating are given in Table 2. This table lists the scientific names of trees in alphabetical order. Table 3 is an index to common names, and Table 4 is the taxonomic checklist for all species listed in Table 2.
Table 2 generally supports Lechowicz and Maufette's (1986) conclusion that variation in foliage suitability to the gypsy moth is highly related to taxonomic affinity of tree species. Foliage suitability tends to be similar both among congeneric species, and among genera within the same family. For example, feeding trials indicated high foliage suitability for virtually all Quercus species tested to date. Similarity within genera and higher taxonomic groups was the basis for our use of the suitability of closely related tree species to extrapolate the suitability of species for which there is no known information. However, caution should be used in drawing conclusions based on these extrapolations as there often is considerable variation in foliage suitability within the same genus (e.g., Betula), and variation is even greater among genera within the same family (e.g., Pinaceae).
Montgomery (1991) pointed out the difficulty in interpreting the results of gypsy moth feeding trials. Table 2 shows that variation in measurement and interpretation techniques used in the different studies often resulted in contradictory conclusions. Clearly, actual measurements of gypsy moth defoliation levels in the field are more meaningful indicators of hosts suitability. Montgomery also pointed out that there often is considerable variation in foliage suitability within a species.
We expect that more reliable estimates of suitability will become available as additional tests are completed. The feeding trials summarized here are currently constitute the best available information for predicting future effects on these species, but these data should be updated periodically. Definitive measures of foliage suitability will not be available for North American tree species until gypsy moth populations become established in the range of all of these species.
Acknowledgments
This compilation of the material presented in this publication was funded primarily by the Gypsy Moth Environmental Impact Statement project, USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry. We gratefully acknowledge this assistance. We also thank Yuri Baranchikov, Jeff Miller, and Helen Thompson for reviewing an earlier draft of this manuscript.
References
Bailey, Liberty H. 1951. Manual of cultivated plants. New York: Macmillan. 1116 p.
Barbosa, P.; Greenblatt, J. 1979. Suitability, digestibility, and assimilation of various host plants of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). Oecologia. 43: 111-119.
Campbell, Robert W.; Sloan, Ronald J. 1977. Forest stand responses to defoliation by the gypsy moth. Forest Science Monograph. 19. 34 p.
Cronquist, A. 1988. Evolution and classification of flowering plants. New York: New York Botanical Garden.
Edwards, Tordon J.; Nishimatsu, Carol F.; Fusco, Robert A. 1981. Gypsy moth larva host plant screening and evaluation. on file at Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Morgantown, WV. 37 p.
Forbush, Edward H.; Fernald, Charles H. 1896. The gypsy moth. Porthetria Dispar (Linn.). Boston: Wright & Potter. 495 p.
Gansner, David A.; Herrick, Owen W. 1985. Host preferences of gypsy moth on a new frontier of infestation. Res. Note NE-330. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 3p.
Gleason, Henry A.; Cronquist, Arthur. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. New York: New York Botanical Garden. 910 p.
Hitchcock, Leo C.; Cronquist, Arthur. 1976. Flora of the Pacific Northwest, an illustrated manual. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 730 p.
Lechowicz, Martin J.; Jobin, Luc. 1983. Estimating the susceptibility of tree species to attack by the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Ecological Entomology. 8: 171-183.
Lechowicz, M.J.; Mauffette, Y. 1986. Host preferences of the gypsy moth in eastern North American versus European forests. Revue d'Entomologie du Quebec. 31: 43-51.
Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). Agric. Handb. 541. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 375 p.
Mauffette, N.; Lechowicz, J.; Jobin, L. 1983. Host preferences of the gypsy moth, Lymantria Dispar (L.) in southern Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 13: 53-60.
Miller, Jeffrey C.; Hanson, Paul E. 1989a. Laboratory feeding tests on the development of gypsy moth larvae with reference to plant taxa and allelochemicals. Stn. Bull. 674. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Agriculture Experiment Station. 63 p.
Miller, Jeffrey C.; Hanson, Paul E. 1989b. Laboratory studies on development of gypsy moth, Lymantria Dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), larvae on foliage of gymnosperms. Canadian Entomologist. 121(6): 425-429.
Montgomery, Michael E. 1991. Variation in the suitability of tree species for gypsy moth. In: Gottschalk, Kurt W.; Twery, Mark J.; Smith, Shirley I., eds. Proceedings, U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency gypsy moth research review 1990; 1990 January 22-25; East Windsor, CT. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-146. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 1-13.
Montgomery, Michael E. 1994. Comparison on several tree species of growth and survival of newly-hatched larvae of gypsy moth from three continents. on file at Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Hamden, Connecticut. 2 p.
Morin, Nancy R., ed. 1993. Flora of North America, north of Mexico, volume 2: pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Oxford University Press. 475 p.
Mosher, F. H. 1915. Food plants of the gypsy moth in America. Bull. No. 250. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 39 p.
Nielsen, D.G. 1992. Ability of gypsy moth to utilize urban and native woody plants in the Pacific Northwest. on file at Ohio Agric. Research and Dev. Center, Wooster, OH. 7 p.
Radford, Albert E.; Ahles, Harry E.; Bell, C. Ritchie. 1983. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 1183 p.
Silba, John. 1986. Encyclopedia coniferae. Phytologia Memoirs VIII, Moldenke and Moldenke. 217 p.
Twery, Mark J. 1991. Effects of defoliation by gypsy moth. In: Gottschalk, Kurt W.; Twery, Mark J.; Smith, Shirley I., eds. Proceedings, U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency gypsy moth research review; 1990; 1990 January 22-25; East Windsor, CT. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-146. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 27-39.
Table 1.--Description of suitability ranks summarized from the literature
No. Basis of rank
1 Campbell and Sloan 1977 Composite defoliation ratio between each tree
(Table 6, page 17) species and white oak
1 defoliation ratio > 0.5
2 0.1 < defoliation ratio < 0.5
3 defoliation ratio < 0.1
2 Gansner and Herrick Average defoliation by species:
1985 (Figure 2, page 2) 1 defoliation > 30%
2 10% < defoliation < 30%
3 defoliation < 10%
3 Lechowicz and Jobin Composite Electivity Index (E) based on larval
1983 abundance:
(Table 2, page 178) 1 E* > 0
2 -0.62 < E* < 0
3 E* < -0.62
4 Mauffette et al. 1983 Composite Electivity Index (E) based on larval
(Table 3, page 58) abundance:
1 E* > 0.1
2 -0.3 < E* < 0.1
3 E* < -0.3
5 Miller and Hanson 1989a Larval survival:
(Appendix I, pages 1 Larval survival from 1st instar, 100% pupation
30-48) 2 Larvae did not survive at all instars, less than
100% pupation
3 Larvae did not molt, no pupation
6 Miller and Hanson 1989a Pupal weight:
(Appendix I, pages 1 pupa > 1000 mg
30-48) 2 700 mg < pupa < 1000 mg
3 pupa < 700 mg
7 Miller and Hanson 1989b Larval survival:
(Table 1, pages 1 survival from 1st instar, 100% pupation
427-428) 2 survival from 1st instar, less than 100% pupation
3 survival from later than 1st instar, less than
100% pupation
8 Miller and Hanson 1989b Pupal weight:
(Table I, pages 1 pupa >1000 mg
427-428) 2 700 mg < pupa < 1000 mg
3 pupa < 700 mg
9 Montgomery 1994 Average weights of 1st instars after 10 days
feeding:
1 larva > 8 mg
2 2.5 mg < larva < 8 mg
3 larva < 2.5 mg
No. Basis of rank
10 Nielsen 1992 Larval growth and survival:
1 High growth and survival of new larvae
2 Growth rate is less than group 1, but considered
good hosts
3 Supported growth to about the same extent as red
maple
4 Larvae did not survive
11 Mosher 1915 (plant Larval foliage preferences:
classification tables, 1 Favored food
pages 33-34) 2 Favored after the earlier larval stages
3 Not particularly favored
4 Unfavored
12 Mosher 1915 Larval foliage preferences:
(reinterpretation of 1 susceptible
narratives) 2 resistant
3 immune
13 Edwards et al. 1981 Tests of foliage preferences by larvae:
(Appendix 5, pages + accepted flora
35-37) - non or poorly accepted flora
14 Forbush and Fernald Tests of foliage preferences by larvae:
1896 (plant lists, + accepted flora
pages 318-323) - accepted only when forced by starvation
15 Montgomery 1991 (From Ratio of the pupal weight on the host to the pupal
Table 2, page 5) weight on white oak within the same study:
1 ratio > 0.9
2 0.5 < ratio < 0.9
3 ratio < 0.5
Table 2.--Gypsy moth suitability rankings (see Table 1 for codes and references)
Reference no.
Tree Species Combine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
d
ranking
Abelia chinensis 3 3
var.
grandiflora
Abies amabilis 3
Abies balsamea 3 4 3 - +
Abies bifolia 3 4 3 - +
Abies bracteata 2
Abies concolor 2 2 2
Abies fraseri 3
Abies grandis 2 3 2 +
Abies holophylla 3 3 3 +
Abies lasiocarpa 3
Abies lowiana 3
Abies magnifica 3
Abies procera 2 3 3
Acacia baileyana 2 1 3
Acacia farnesiana 2
Acacia greggii 2
Acacia koa 2
Acacia longifolia 2 2 2
Acacia spp. 2 +
Acacia tortuosa 2
Acacia wrightii 2
Acer barbatum 2
Acer campestre 2
Acer circinatum 2 1 3
Acer ginnala 3 3
Acer glabrum 2
Acer grandidentatum 2
Acer japonicum 2
Acer leucoderme 2
Acer macrophyllum 2 1 1 3
Acer negundo 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 +
Acer nigrum 2
Acer palmatum 2
Acer pensylvanicum 3 3 3 4 3
Acer platanoides 2 1 2 3 2
Acer pseudoplatanus 2 +
Acer rubrum 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 + 2
Acer saccharinum 3 1 3 3 3 +
Acer saccharum 2 2 3 2 3 2 + 3
Acer spicatum 3 2 4 3
Acer tataricum 2
Acoelorrha wrightii 3
phe
Adonidia merrillii 3
Aesculus californica 3 3
Aesculus glabra 3 3
Aesculus hippocastanum 3 3 +
Aesculus octandra 3
Aesculus pavia 2 +
Aesculus sylvatica 2
Ailanthus altissima 2 +
Albizia julibrissin 3 3
Aleurites fordii 2
Alnus maritima 1
Alnus oblongifolia 1
Alnus rhombifolia 2 1 3
Alnus rugosa 1 1 1
Reference no.
Tree species Continu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
ed
ranking
Alnus serrulata 2 + 3
Alnus sinuata 2
Alnus tenuifolia 1 1 2
Alvaradoa amorphoides 2
Amelanchie alnifolia 2 1 3 +
r
Amelanchie arborea 2 2
r
Amelanchie canadensis 2 3 1 +
r
Amelanchie laevis 2
r
Amelanchie spp. 2 2 1 1 1 1
r
Amphitecna latifolia 3
Amyris elemifera 2
Annona glabra 2
Aralia spinosa 3 3 +
Arbutus arizonica 2
Arbutus menziesii 1 1 2
Arbutus texana 2
Arbutus unedo 2 1 3
Ardisia escallonioides 2
Ardisia japonica 3 3
Arecastrum romanzoffianum 3
Asimina triloba 2
Avicennia germinans 2
Betula alba 2 +
Betula alleghaniensis 3 3 3 3 3 2 + +
Betula lenta 2 2 2 2 3 2 + + 3
Betula nigra 1 1 2 1 1 + +
Betula occidentalis 2
Betula papyrifera 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 + + 1
Betula pendula 1 1 1
Betula populifolia 1 1 2 1 1 1 + + 1
Betula pumila 1
Betula verrucosa 1 1 1
Bourreria ovata 3
Broussonet papyrifera 3
ia
Bumelia lanuginosa 2
Bursera simaruba 2
Callitris glaucophylla 3
Calocedrus decurrens 3
Calycanthu floridus 3 -
s
Calyptrant pallens 2
hes
Calyptrant zuzygium 2
hes
Canella winterana 2
Canotia holacantha 2
Capparis cynophallophor 2
a
Caragana arborescens 2
Carica papaya 2
Carpinus caroliniana 2 2 3 2 + 2
Carya aquatica 2
Carya cordiformis 2 2 3 3 3
Carya floridana 2
Carya glabra 2 3 3 +
Carya illinoensis 2
Carya laciniosa 2 +
Carya myristiciformi 2
s
Carya ovalis 2
Carya ovata 3 3 3 3
Carya pallida 2
Carya spp. 2 2 1
Carya texana 2
Reference no.
Tree species Combine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
d
ranking
Carya tomentosa 2 1 3 2 + 2
Caryota urens 3
Castanea dentata 2 2 2 2 +
Castanea ozarkensis 2
Castanea pumila 2 - +
Castanopsi chrysophylla 1
s
Casuarina equisetifolia 2
Casuarina stricta 2 2
Catalpa bignonioides 3 +
Catalpa speciosa 3 3 3 -
Catalpa spp. 3 4 3
Ceanothus arboreus 3
Ceanothus integerrimus 3 3
Ceanothus maritimus 2 1 2
Ceanothus spinosus 3
Ceanothus spp. 3 3
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus 3
Cedrus atlantica 2 2 2 3
Cedrus deodara 2 1 1 3
Cedrus libani 2 2 3 3
Celtis laevigata 3
Celtis occidentalis 3 3 4 3
Celtis tenuifolia 3
Cephalanth occidentalis 2 +
us
Cercidium floridum 2
Cercidium microphyllum 2
Cercis canadensis 3 3 +
Cercis occidentalis 3 3
Cercocarpu betuloides 2
s
Cercocarpu breviflorus 2
s
Cercocarpu intricatus 2
s
Cercocarpu ledifolius 2
s
Cercocarpu montanus 2
s
Cereus giganteus 2
Chaenomele lagenaria 2 +
s
Chamaecypa lawsoniana 3
ris
Chamaecypa nootkatensis 3
ris
Chamaecypa thyoides 3 2 3
ris
Chilopsis linearis 3
Chionanthu virginicus 2 +
s
Chrysobala icaco 2
nus
Chrysophyl oliviforme 2
lum
Cinnamomum camphora 1 1 3
Citharexyl fruticosum 2
um
Citrus aurantifolia 2
Citrus limon 3 -
Citrus sinensis 2 2 2
Cladrastis lutea 2 +
Clethra alnifolia 3 4 3
Clethra spp. 3 4
Cliftonia monophylla 2
Coccoloba diversifolia 2
Coccoloba uvifera 2
Coccothrin argentata 3
ax
Cocos nucifera 3
Colubrina elliptica 2
Conocarpus erectus 2
Cordia sebestena 3
Cornus alternifolia 3
Reference no.
Tree species Combine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
d
ranking
Cornus drummondii 3
Cornus florida 2 2 2 4 3 - +
Cornus nuttallii 3
Cornus racemosa 3
Cornus rugosa 3
Cornus spp. 3 4 3
Cornus stolonifera 3 2 4 3
Corylus americana 1 1 1 +
Corylus avellana 1 1 2
Corylus cornuta 2 1 2 1 1 +
Cotinus coggygria 1 1 1 +
Cotinus obovatus 1
Cowania mexicana 2
Crataegus berberifolia 1
Crataegus brachyacantha 1
Crataegus coccinea 1 +
Crataegus crus-galli 1 +
Crataegus douglasii 1
Crataegus intricata 1
Crataegus marshallii 1
Crataegus mollis 1
Crataegus monogyna 2 1 3
Crataegus opaca 1
Crataegus oxyacantha 1 +
Crataegus pruinosa 1
Crataegus saligna 1
Crataegus spathulata 1
Crataegus spp. 1 1 1 +
Cunningham lanceolata 3 3
ia
Cupressocy leylandii 3 3 3
paris
Cupressus arizonica 3
Cupressus bakeri 3
Cupressus goveniana 3
Cupressus guadalupensis 3
Cupressus macnabiana 3
Cupressus macrocarpa 3
Cupressus sargentii 3
Cydonia oblonga 2 +
Cyrilla racemiflora 2
Dalea spinosa 2
Diospyros texana 3
Diospyros virginiana 3 2 2 4 3
Dipholis salicifolia 2
Drypetes lateriflora 3
Elaeagnus angustifolia 3 3 +
Elliottia racemosa 2
Eriobotrya japonica 2 2
Erythrina herbacea 2
Eucalyptus botryiodes 2 2
Eucalyptus camaldulensis 2 1 2
Eucalyptus camphora 2 2
Eucalyptus cinerea 1 1 1 1
Eucalyptus diversifolia 2 3
Eucalyptus globulus 2
Eucalyptus gunnii 1 1 1
Eucalyptus leucoxylon 2 2 3
Eucalyptus polyanthemos 2 2
Eucalyptus pulchella 2 1 2
Eucalyptus rudis 2 3
Reference no.
Tree species Combine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
d
ranking
Eucalyptus sideroxylon 2 2
Eucalyptus spp. 2 +
Eucalyptus tereticornis 2
Euonymus atropurpureus 2
Euonymus europaeus 2 +
Euonymus japonicus 2 2
Euonymus occidentalis 2
Exostema caribaeum 2
Exothea paniculata 2
Fagus grandifolia 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 + 2
Fagus sylvatica 2 1 2 +
Fatsia japonica 3 3
Ficus aurea 2
Ficus benjamina 3 3
Ficus carica 2 3
Ficus elastica 2 +
Ficus lyrata 2
Firmiana simplex 2
Forestiera acuminata 3
Fraxinus americana 3 3 4 4 3 + 3
Fraxinus anomala 3
Fraxinus caroliniana 3
Fraxinus cuspidata 3
Fraxinus excelsior 3 +
Fraxinus greggii 3
Fraxinus latifolia 3 3
Fraxinus nigra 3 3 4 3
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 3 3 3 3
Fraxinus profunda 3
Fraxinus quadrangulata 3 4 3 +
Fraxinus spp. 3 3 3 4 -
Fraxinus texensis 3
Fraxinus velutina 3
Garrya fremontii 3 3
Ginkgo biloba 3 -
Gleditsia aquatica 3
Gleditsia triacanthos 3 2 4 2 +
Gordonia lasianthus 2
Grevillea 'noellii' 3 3
Grevillea robusta 3 3
Guaiacum sanctum 2
Guettarda elliptica 2
Guettarda scabra 2
Gyminda latifolia 2
Gymnanthes lucida 3
Gymnocladu dioicus 3 4 3 +
s
Hakea spp. 2 +
Halesia carolina 3 3 3
Hamamelis virginiana 1 1 1 1 +
Heteromele arbutifolia 2 2 3 +
s
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 2 2 3
Hibiscus tiliaceus 2
Hippomane mancinella 3
Ilex aquifolium 3 3
Ilex cassine 3
Ilex coriacea 3
Ilex decidua 3
Ilex glabra 3 4 3
Ilex krugiana 3
Reference no.
Tree species Combine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
d
ranking
Ilex montana 3
Ilex opaca 3 4 3 -
Ilex verticillata 3 4 3 +
Ilex vomitoria 3
Jasminum nudiflorum 3 3
Juglans californica 2
Juglans cinerea 2 2 4 4 3 - +
Juglans hindsii 2
Juglans major 2
Juglans microcarpa 2
Juglans nigra 2 2 3 4 3 -
Juniperus ashei 3
Juniperus californica 3
Juniperus coahuilensis 3
Juniperus communis 3 4 3 +
Juniperus deppeana 3
Juniperus erythrocarpa 3
Juniperus flaccida 3
Juniperus monosperma 3
Juniperus occidentalis 3
Juniperus osteosperma 3
Juniperus pinchotii 3
Juniperus scopulorum 3
Juniperus virginiana 3 3 4 3 +
Krugiodend ferreum 2
ron
Laguncular racemosa 2
ia
Larix decidua 1 1 1 1 +
Larix laricina 1 1 1 1
Larix lyallii 1
Larix occidentalis 1 1 2 2 +
Leitneria floridana 2
Lindera benzoin 3 4 3
Liquidamba styraciflua 1 1 2 2 + + 1
r
Liriodendr tulipifera 3 3 3 4 3 - +
on
Lithocarpu densiflorus 1 2 1
s
Lyonia ferruginea 2
Lyonothamn floribundus 2
us
Lysiloma latisiliquum 2
Maclura pomifera 3 4 3
Magnolia acuminata 3
Magnolia ashei 3
Magnolia fraseri 3
Magnolia grandiflora 3
Magnolia macrophylla 3
Magnolia pyramidata 3
Magnolia soulangeana 3 3 -
Magnolia tripetala 3
Magnolia virginiana 3
Manilkara bahamensis 2
Mastichode foetidissimum 2
ndron
Melaleuca decussata 1 1 1
Melaleuca quinquenervia 2
Melia azedarach 2
Mespilus germanica 2
Metasequoi glyptostroboid 2 2 3
a es
Metopium toxiferum 1
Morus alba 3 3 3 4 3
Morus alba var. 2 +
tatarica
Morus microphylla 3
Reference no.
Tree species Combine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
d
ranking
Morus nigra 3
Morus rubra 3 4 3 +
Myrica californica 2 1 3
Myrica cerifera 2 3 2 +
Nyssa aquatica 3
Nyssa biflora 3
Nyssa ogeche 3
Nyssa sylvatica 3 2 3 3 2
Olea europaea 3 3
Olneya tesota 2
Osmanthus americanus 3
Ostrya knowltonii 2
Ostrya virginiana 1 1 1 1 3 2 +
Oxydendrum arboreum 2 3
Parkinsoni aculeata 2
a
Paulownia tomentosa 3 3
Persea americana 2 2 2
Persea borbonia 2
Photinia glabra 1 1 1 2
Photinia serrulata 2
Photinia spp. 3 3
Picea abies 2 2 2 + +
Picea brewerana 2
Picea engelmannii 2
Picea glauca 2 2 2 + +
Picea glauca var. 2 3 3 2 +
albertiana
Picea mariana 2 2 2
Picea pungens 2 1 1
Picea rubens 2 2 2
Picea sitchensis 2
Picea spp. 2 2 +
Picramnia pentandra 2
Pinckneya pubens 2
Pinus albicaulis 2
Pinus aristata 2
Pinus attenuata 2
Pinus balfouriana 2
Pinus banksiana 2 2 2
Pinus cembroides 2
Pinus clausa 2
Pinus contorta 2 2 1
Pinus coulteri 2 +
Pinus discolor 2
Pinus echinata 2
Pinus edulis 2
Pinus elliottii 2
Pinus engelmannii 2
Pinus flexilis 2
Pinus glabra 2
Pinus halepensis 2 2 1 +
Pinus jeffreyi 2 2 2 +
Pinus lambertiana 2
Pinus longaeva 2
Pinus monophylla 2 2 3
Pinus monticola 2 2 3 2 2 2
Pinus mugo 2 3 1
Pinus muricata 2
Pinus nigra 2
Pinus palustris 2
Reference no.
Tree species Combine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
d
ranking
Pinus pinea 2 3 2
Pinus ponderosa 2 2 1
Pinus pungens 2
Pinus quadrifolia 2
Pinus radiata 2 2 3 +
Pinus resinosa 2 2 2
Pinus rigida 2 2 3 2 2 +
Pinus sabiniana 2 3 1 +
Pinus serotina 2
Pinus strobiformis 2
Pinus strobus 2 2 3 1 3 2 2 + 3
Pinus sylvestris 2 3 2 2 +
Pinus taeda 2 3
Pinus thunbergiana 3 3
Pinus torreyana 2
Pinus virginiana 2
Pinus washoensis 2
Piscidia piscipula 2
Pistacia texana 1
Pistacia vera 1 1 1
Planera aquatica 2
Platanus occidentalis 3 3 4 2 - +
Platanus orientalis 2
Platanus racemosa 3 3
Platanus wrightii 3
Populus alba 2 3 2 +
Populus angustifolia 1
Populus balsamifera 1 3 1 2 +
Populus deltoides 2 3 3 3 + 1
Populus fremontii 2 1 3 2
Populus grandidentata 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1
Populus heterophylla 1
Populus nigra var. 1 1 1 1 2 +
italica
Populus sargentii 1
Populus spp. 1 1
Populus tremuloides 1 1 2 1 3 1 + 1
Populus trichocarpa 1 1 3
Prosopis glandulosa 2
Prosopis pubescens 2
Prunus alleghaniensis 2
Prunus americana 2
Prunus angustifolia 2
Prunus arrmeniaca 1 1 1
Prunus avium 2 +
Prunus caroliniana 2
Prunus cerasifera 2 +
var. pissardi
Prunus domestica 2 +
Prunus emarginata 2
Prunus fremontii 2 +
Prunus glandulosa 2 2 3
Prunus hortulana 2
Prunus japonica 2 +
Prunus laurocerasus 2 1 3
Prunus lyonii 2 2
Prunus maritima 2 2 2 +
Prunus mexicana 2
Prunus munsoniana 2
Prunus myrtifolia 2
Reference no.
Tree species Combine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
d
ranking
Prunus nigra 2
Prunus padus 2
Prunus pensylvanica 3 2 3 3 3 +
Prunus persica 2 2
Prunus pumila 2 2
Prunus serotina 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 2 + +
Prunus spinosa 2
Prunus spp. 2 2
Prunus subcordata 2
Prunus umbellata 2
Prunus virginiana 2 1 2 3 3 +
Pseudophoe sargentii 3
nix
Pseudotsug macrocarpa 2 2 2
a
Pseudotsug menziesii 2 2 1 2 2 +
a
Psidium guajava 2
Ptelea trifoliata 2
Punica granatum 2 1 3 +
Pyracantha coccinea 2 1 3 1 +
Pyrus spp. 1 1 1 +
Pyrus angustifolia 1 1 +
Pyrus communis 2 1 3 2 +
Pyrus coronaria 1
Pyrus fusca 1
Pyrus ioensis 1
Pyrus malus 1 1 2 +
Quercus agrifolia 1 1 1
Quercus alba 1 1 1 1 1 + + 1
Quercus arizonica 1
Quercus austrina 1 1 1 1 1 + + 1
Quercus bicolor 1 1 1 1 + +
Quercus chapmanii 1
Quercus chrysolepis 1 1 1
Quercus cinerea 1 1 1
Quercus coccinea 1 1 1 1 1 + +
Quercus douglasii 1 1 3 +
Quercus dunnii 1
Quercus durandii 1
Quercus ellipsoidalis 1 + 1
Quercus emoryi 1
Quercus engelmannii 1 1 1
Quercus falcata 1 + 1
Quercus gambelii 1
Quercus garryana 1 1 1
Quercus grisea 1
Quercus hemisphaerica 1
Quercus hypoleucoides 1
Quercus ilicifolia 1 1 1 + +
Quercus imbricaria 1 1 1 +
Quercus incana 1
Quercus kelloggii 1 1 2 +
Quercus laevis 1
Quercus laurifolia 1
Quercus lobata 1 1 1 +
Quercus lyrata 1
Quercus macrocarpa 1 1 1 +
Quercus margaretta 1 1 1 +
Quercus marilandica 1 +
Quercus michauxii 1
Quercus muehlenbergii 1 +
Reference no.
Tree species Combine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
d
ranking
Quercus myrtifolia 1
Quercus nigra 1 + 1
Quercus nuttallii 1
Quercus oblongifolia 1
Quercus oglethorpensis 1
Quercus pagoda 1
Quercus palustris 1 1 1 + +
Quercus phellos 1 + 2
Quercus prinoides 1
Quercus prinus 1 1 1 1 1 + 1
Quercus rubra 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 + + 1
Quercus shumardii 1 1
Quercus spp. 1 +
Quercus stellata 1 1 1 + 1
Quercus suber 1 1 1 +
Quercus velutina 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + 2
Quercus virginiana 1
Quercus wislizenii 1 2 2
Rapanea guianensis 2
Reynosia septentrionali 2
s
Rhamnus californica 3 3
Rhamnus caroliniana 3
Rhamnus cathartica 3
Rhamnus frangula 3
Rhamnus purshiana 2 1 3
Rhizophora mangle 2
Rhus copallina 1 1 1
Rhus glabra 1 1 1 1 +
Rhus integrifolia 2 +
Rhus typhina 1 1 1 1 2 +
Robinia neomexicana 3
Robinia pseudoacacia 3 3 2 1 2 4 2 - +
Robinia spp. 2 2
Robinia viscosa 3
Rosa bracteata 2
Rosa eglanteria 2 1 3 4 3
Rosa setigera 2
Rosa spp. 1 1 3
Roystonea elata 3
Sabal palmetto 3
Salix alaxensis 1
Salix alba 1 1 1 +
Salix alba var. 1 1 1
tristis
Salix amygdaloides 1
Salix babylonica 1 1 1 + +
Salix bebbiana 1
Salix bonplandiana 1
Salix caroliniana 1
Salix cordata 1 +
Salix discolor 1 1 1 1 1
Salix eriocephala 1
Salix exigua 1 1
Salix fragilis 1 +
Salix hookerana 1
Salix laevigata 1
Salix lasiandra 1
Salix lasiolepis 1
Salix lucida 1 1
Salix mackenzieana 1
Reference no.
Tree species Combine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
d
ranking
Salix nigra 1
Salix pentandra 2 4 3
Salix scouleriana 1 1 2
Salix spp. 1 1 1 +
Salix taxifolia 1
Salix viminalis 1
Sambucus callicarpa 2 +
Sambucus canadensis 3 4 3 +
Sapindus drummondii 2
Sapindus marginatus 2
Sapindus saponaria 2
Sapium sebiferum 3
Sassafras albidum 2 1 2 1 3 3 + +
Schinus molle 1 1 1
Sequoia sempervirens 2 2 1
Sequoiaden giganteum 2 2 2
dron
Simarouba glauca 2
Sophora affinis 3
Sophora japonica 3 3
Sophora secundiflora 2
Sorbus americana 1 1 1 +
Sorbus aucuparia 1
Spirea bumalda 3 3
Stewartia koreana 3 3
Stewartia ovata 2 1 3
Swietenia mahogani 2
Symphorica albus 3 3
rpos
Symplocos tinctoria 2
Tamarix parviflora 2
Taxodium distichum 3 3 4 3
Taxodium mucronatum 3
Taxus brevifolia 3
Taxus floridana 3
Thrinax microcarpa 3
Thrinax parviflora 3
Thuja occidentalis 3 3 4 3 +
Thuja orientalis 3
Thuja plicata 3 +
Tilia americana 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 1 1 + +
Tilia caroliniana 1
Tilia cordata 1 1 3
Tilia europaea 1 1 2 +
Tilia floridana 1
Tilia heterophylla 1
Torreya californica 3
Torreya taxifolia 3
Toxicodend vernix 1
ron
Trema micrantha 2
Tsuga canadensis 2 2 3 2 2 + + 3
Tsuga caroliniana 2
Tsuga heterophylla 2 2 1 3 +
Tsuga mertensiana 2 3 3
Ulmus alata 2
Ulmus americana 2 2 1 2 3 2 + +
Ulmus crassifolia 2
Ulmus glabra 2 +
Ulmus parvifolia 1 1 1 2
Ulmus procera 2 3 2 +
Ulmus pumila 2
Reference no.
Tree species Combine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
d
ranking
Ulmus rubra 3 3 3 3 3 +
Ulmus serotina 2
Ulmus spp. 2 2 2
Ulmus thomasii 2 +
Umbellular californica 3 3
ia
Vauquelini californica 2
a
Viburnum acerifolium 3 4 3 +
Viburnum ellipticum 2 2 2
Viburnum lantana 2 +
Viburnum lentago 3 4 2 +
Viburnum opulus 3 4 3 +
Viburnum prunifolium 2 +
Viburnum pubescens 2 +
Viburnum rhytidophyllum 2 2 3
Viburnum spp. 3 4
Viburnum tomentosum 3 3 +
Washington filifera 3
ia
Ximenia americana 3
Zanthoxylu americanum 2
m
Zanthoxylu clava-herculis 2
m
Zanthoxylu fagara 2
m
Zanthoxylu flavum 2
m
Table 3.--Index of common names of tree species
Common name Scientific name abelia, glossy Abelia chinensis var. grandiflora acacia Acacia spp. acacia, Bailey Acacia baileyana acacia, catclaw Acacia greggii acacia, koa Acacia koa acacia, sweet Acacia farnesiana acacia, twisted Acacia tortuosa acacia, Wright Acacia wrightii ailanthus Ailanthus altissima alder, Arizona Alnus oblongifolia alder, hazel Alnus serrulata alder, mountain Alnus tenuifolia alder, seaside Alnus maritima alder, Sitka Alnus sinuata alder, smooth Alnus serrulata alder, speckled Alnus rugosa alder, thinleaf Alnus tenuifolia alder, white Alnus rhombifolia allspice, Carolina Calycanthus floridus allspice, hairy Calycanthus floridus almond, dwarf flowering Prunus glandulosa apple, common Pyrus malus apple, crab Pyrus spp. apple, Oregon crab Pyrus fusca apple, prairie crab Pyrus ioensis apple, southern crab Pyrus angustifolia apple, sweet crab Pyrus coronaria apricot, desert Prunus fremontii apricot Prunus armeniaca aralia, Japanese Fatsia japonica arbor vitae, Chinese Thuja orientalis arbor vitae, oriental Thuja orientalis ardisia Ardisia japonica arrowwood, downy Viburnum pubescens arrowwood, maple leaved Viburnum acerifolium ash Fraxinus spp. ash, black Fraxinus nigra ash, blue Fraxinus quadrangulata ash, Carolina Fraxinus caroliniana ash, European Fraxinus excelsior ash, fragrant Fraxinus cuspidata ash, green Fraxinus pennsylvanica ash, Gregg Fraxinus greggii ash, Oregon Fraxinus latifolia ash, pumpkin Fraxinus profunda ash, singleleaf Fraxinus anomala ash, Texas Fraxinus texensis ash, velvet Fraxinus velutina ash, white Fraxinus americana aspen, bigtooth Populus grandidentata aspen, quaking Populus tremuloides avocado Persea americana Bahama strongback Bourreria ovata baldcypress Taxodium distichum basswood, American Tilia americana basswood, Carolina Tilia caroliniana basswood, Florida Tilia floridana basswood, white Tilia heterophylla bayberry Myrica cerifera bayberry, Pacific Myrica californica bayberry, southern Myrica cerifera
Common name Scientific name beech, American Fagus grandifolia beech, European Fagus sylvatica birch, black Betula lenta birch, bog Betula pumila birch, cut leaf weeping Betula pendula birch, cut leaved Betula alba birch, European white Betula verrucosa birch, gray Betula populifolia birch, paper Betula papyrifera birch, red Betula nigra birch, river Betula nigra birch, sweet Betula lenta birch, water Betula occidentalis birch, yellow Betula alleghaniensis bitterbush Picramnia pentandra black calabash Amphitecna latifolia black haw Viburnum prunifolium black mangrove Avicennia germinans blue Chinese fir Cunninghamia lanceolata blueblossom Ceanothus thyrsiflorus boxelder Acer negundo buckeye, California Aesculus californica buckeye, Ohio Aesculus glabra buckeye, painted Aesculus sylvatica buckeye, red Aesculus pavia buckeye, yellow Aesculus octandra buckthorn, California Rhamnus californica buckthorn, Carolina Rhamnus caroliniana buckthorn, cascara Rhamnus purshiana buckthorn, European Rhamnus cathartica buckthorn, glossy Rhamnus frangula buckwheat tree Cliftonia monophylla burningbush, eastern Euonymus atropurpureus burningbush, western Euonymus occidentalis butternut Juglans cinerea buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis cajeput tree Melaleuca quinquenervia camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora canella Canella winterana canotia Canotia holacantha catalpa Catalpa spp. catalpa, hardy Catalpa speciosa catalpa, northern Catalpa speciosa catalpa, southern Catalpa bignonioides catclaw, Gregg Acacia greggii catclaw, Wright Acacia wrightii ceanothus Ceanothus maritimus ceanothus Ceanothus spp. ceanothus, feltleaf Ceanothus arboreus ceanothus, greenbark Ceanothus spinosus ceanothus, spiny Ceanothus spinosus Cedar of Lebanon Cedrus libani cedar, Alaska Chamaecyparis nootkatensis cedar, Atlantic white Chamaecyparis thyoides cedar, Atlas Cedrus atlantica cedar, deodar Cedrus deodara cedar, Port Orford Chamaecyparis lawsoniana cercocarpus, alderleaf Cercocarpus montanus cercocarpus, birchleaf Cercocarpus betuloides cercocarpus, curlleaf Cercocarpus ledifolius cercocarpus, hairy Cercocarpus breviflorus
Common name Scientific name
cercocarpus, little Cercocarpus intricatus
leaf
cherry Prunus spp.
cherry laurel, common Prunus laurocerasus
cherry, bitter Prunus emarginata
cherry, black Prunus serotina
cherry, Catalina Prunus lyonii
cherry, European bird Prunus padus
cherry, pin Prunus pensylvanica
cherry, sand Prunus pumila
cherry, sweet Prunus avium
cherry, West Indies Prunus myrtifolia
chestnut, American Castanea dentata
China berry Melia azedarach
chinkapin, Allegheny Castanea pumila
chinkapin, giant Castanopsis chrysophylla
chinkapin, Ozark Castanea ozarkensis
chittamwood Bumelia lanuginosa
chokecherry Prunus virginiana
Christmasberry Heteromeles arbutifolia
cliffrose Cowania mexicana
coast beefwood Casuarina stricta
coconut palm Cocos nucifera
cocoplum Chrysobalanus icaco
coffeetree, Kentucky Gymnocladus dioicus
coralbean, eastern Erythrina herbacea
coralbean, southeastern Erythrina herbacea
corkwood Leitneria floridana
cottonwood, black Populus trichocarpa
cottonwood, eastern Populus deltoides
cottonwood, Fremont Populus fremontii
cottonwood, narrowleaf Populus angustifolia
cottonwood, plains Populus sargentii
cottonwood, swamp Populus heterophylla
crabapple Pyrus spp.
cranberry bush Viburnum opulus
cucumbertree Magnolia acuminata
cypress pine, white Callitris glaucophylla
cypress, Arizona Cupressus arizonica
cypress, Baker Cupressus bakeri
cypress, Gowen Cupressus goveniana
cypress, Guadalupe Cupressus guadalupensis
cypress, Leyland Cupressocyparis leylandii
cypress, MacNab Cupressus macnabiana
cypress, Monterey Cupressus macrocarpa
cypress, Sargent Cupressus sargentii
cypress, Tecate Cupressus guadalupensis
cyrilla, swamp Cyrilla racemiflora
dahoon Ilex cassine
deer brush Ceanothus integerrimus
desertwillow Chilopsis linearis
devils walkingstick Aralia spinosa
devilwood Osmanthus americanus
dogwood Cornus spp.
dogwood, alternate leaf Cornus alternifolia
dogwood, flowering Cornus florida
dogwood, gray Cornus racemosa
dogwood, Pacific Cornus nuttallii
dogwood, red osier Cornus stolonifera
dogwood, roughleaf Cornus drummondii
dogwood, roundleaf Cornus rugosa
doveplum Coccoloba diversifolia
elder, American Sambucus canadensis
elder, Pacific red Sambucus callicarpa
Common name Scientific name elliottia Elliottia racemosa elm Ulmus spp. elm, American Ulmus americana elm, cedar Ulmus crassifolia elm, Chinese Ulmus parvifolia elm, European Ulmus procera elm, rock Ulmus thomasii elm, September Ulmus serotina elm, Siberian Ulmus pumila elm, slippery Ulmus rubra elm, water Planera aquatica elm, winged Ulmus alata elm, Wych Ulmus glabra eucalyptus Eucalyptus spp. eucalyptus, bluegum Eucalyptus globulus eucalyptus, horncap Eucalyptus tereticornis eucalyptus, silver Eucalyptus cinerea dollar euonymus, evergreen Euonymus japonicus falsebox Gyminda latifolia falsebox, West Indies Gyminda latifolia fig, benjamin Ficus benjamina fig, common Ficus carica fig, fiddle leaf Ficus lyrata fig, Florida strangler Ficus aurea filbert, European Corylus avellana fir, balsam Abies balsamea fir, bigcone Douglas Pseudotsuga macrocarpa fir, blue Chinese Cunninghamia lanceolata fir, bristlecone Abies bracteata fir, California red Abies magnifica fir, California white Abies lowiana fir, Douglas Pseudotsuga menziesii fir, Fraser Abies fraseri fir, grand Abies grandis fir, Manchurian Abies holophylla fir, noble Abies procera fir, Pacific silver Abies amabilis fir, Rocky Mountain Abies bifolia alpine fir, Sierra white Abies lowiana fir, subalpine Abies lasiocarpa fir, white Abies concolor fire thorn Pyracantha coccinea fishpoison tree, Piscidia piscipula Florida Florida fiddlewood Citharexylum fruticosum Florida silverpalm Coccothrinax argentata fringe tree Chionanthus virginicus gallberry, large Ilex coriacea geiger tree Cordia sebestena ginko Ginkgo biloba Grevillea Grevillea 'noellii' guava, common Psidium guajava Guiana plum Drypetes lateriflora guiana rapanea Rapanea guianensis gum bumelia Bumelia lanuginosa gum, black Nyssa sylvatica gum, cider Eucalyptus gunnii gum, desert Eucalyptus rudis gum, red Eucalyptus camaldulensis gum, silver dollar Eucalyptus polyanthemos gumbo limbo Bursera simaruba hackberry, dwarf Celtis tenuifolia hackberry, Georgia Celtis tenuifolia hackberry, northern Celtis occidentalis
Common name Scientific name Hakea Hakea spp. hawthorn Crataegus spp. hawthorn, barberry Crataegus berberifolia hawthorn, barberryleaf Crataegus berberifolia hawthorn, Biltmore Crataegus intricata hawthorn, black Crataegus douglasii hawthorn, blueberry Crataegus brachyacantha hawthorn, cockspur Crataegus crus-galli hawthorn, downy Crataegus mollis hawthorn, English Crataegus oxyacantha hawthorn, frosted Crataegus pruinosa hawthorn, littlehip Crataegus spathulata hawthorn, oneseed Crataegus monogyna hawthorn, parsley Crataegus marshallii hawthorn, riverflat Crataegus opaca hawthorn, scarlet Crataegus coccinea hawthorn, willow Crataegus saligna hazelnut, American Corylus americana hazelnut, beaked Corylus cornuta hemlock, Carolina Tsuga caroliniana hemlock, eastern Tsuga canadensis hemlock, mountain Tsuga mertensiana hemlock, western Tsuga heterophylla Hercules club Zanthoxylum clava-herculis hibiscus, Chinese Hibiscus rosa-sinensis hibiscus, sea Hibiscus tiliaceus hickory Carya spp. hickory, bitternut Carya cordiformis hickory, black Carya texana hickory, mockernut Carya tomentosa hickory, nutmeg Carya myristiciformis hickory, pignut Carya glabra hickory, red Carya ovalis hickory, sand Carya pallida hickory, scrub Carya floridana hickory, shagbark Carya ovata hickory, shellbark Carya laciniosa hickory, water Carya aquatica holly, American Ilex opaca holly, English Ilex aquifolium holly, tawnyberry Ilex krugiana honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos hophornbeam, eastern Ostrya virginiana hophornbeam, Knowlton Ostrya knowltonii hoptree, common Ptelea trifoliata hornbeam, American Carpinus caroliniana horsechestnut Aesculus hippocastanum horsetail casuarina Casuarina equisetifolia horsetail tree Casuarina equisetifolia huisache Acacia farnesiana huisachillo Acacia tortuosa incense cedar Calocedrus decurrens inkberry Ilex glabra inkwood Exothea paniculata ironbark, red Eucalyptus sideroxylon ironbark, white Eucalyptus leucoxylon Jamaica caper Capparis cynophallophora jasmine, winter Jasminum nudiflorum Jerusalem thorn Parkinsonia aculeata juniper, alligator Juniperus deppeana juniper, Ashe Juniperus ashei juniper, California Juniperus californica juniper, common Juniperus communis
Common name Scientific name juniper, drooping Juniperus flaccida juniper, one seed Juniperus monosperma juniper, Pinchot Juniperus pinchotii juniper, redberry Juniperus pinchotii juniper, redberry Juniperus erythrocarpa juniper, Rocky Mountain Juniperus scopulorum juniper, Utah Juniperus osteosperma juniper, western Juniperus occidentalis larch, European Larix decidua larch, subalpine Larix lyallii larch, western Larix occidentalis laurel, California Umbellularia californica laurelcherry, Carolina Prunus caroliniana leadwood Krugiodendron ferreum lemon Citrus limon lemonade berry Rhus integrifolia lime Citrus aurantifolia linden, European Tilia europaea linden, little leaf Tilia cordata loblolly bay Gordonia lasianthus locust Robinia spp. locust, black Robinia pseudoacacia locust, clammy Robinia viscosa locust, honey Gleditsia triacanthos locust, New Mexico Robinia neomexicana locust, water Gleditsia aquatica loquat tree Eriobotrya japonica Lyontree Lyonothamnus floribundus lysiloma, Bahama Lysiloma latisiliquum madrone, Arizona Arbutus arizonica madrone, Pacific Arbutus menziesii madrone, Texas Arbutus texana magnolia, Ashe Magnolia ashei magnolia, bigleaf Magnolia macrophylla magnolia, cucumber Magnolia acuminata magnolia, Fraser Magnolia fraseri magnolia, pyramid Magnolia pyramidata magnolia, southern Magnolia grandiflora magnolia, umbrella Magnolia tripetala mahogany, West Indies Swietenia mahogani manchineel Hippomane mancinella mangrove, button Conocarpus erectus mangrove, red Rhizophora mangle mangrove, white Laguncularia racemosa maple, Amur Acer ginnala maple, bigleaf Acer macrophyllum maple, bigtooth Acer grandidentatum maple, black Acer nigrum maple, boxelder Acer negundo maple, canyon Acer grandidentatum maple, chalk Acer leucoderme maple, Florida Acer barbatum maple, fullmoon Acer japonicum maple, hedge Acer campestre maple, Japanese Acer palmatum maple, mountain Acer spicatum maple, Norway Acer platanoides maple, red Acer rubrum maple, Rocky Mountain Acer glabrum maple, silver Acer saccharinum maple, striped Acer pensylvanicum maple, sugar Acer saccharum
Common name Scientific name
maple, sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus
maple, Tatar Acer tataricum
maple, vine Acer circinatum
marlberry Ardisia escallonioides
mastic, false Mastichodendron foetidissimum
mazzard Prunus avium
medlar, Chinese Photinia serrulata
medlar, European Mespilus germanica
melaleuca, lilac Melaleuca decussata
mescalbean Sophora secundiflora
mesquite, honey Prosopis glandulosa
mesquite, screwbean Prosopis pubescens
Mexican alvaradoa Alvaradoa amorphoides
mountain ash, American Sorbus americana
mountain ash, European Sorbus aucuparia
mulberry, black Morus nigra
mulberry, paper Broussonetia papyrifera
mulberry, red Morus rubra
mulberry, Russian Morus alba var. tatarica
mulberry, Texas Morus microphylla
mulberry, white Morus alba
myrtle of the river Calyptranthes zuzygium
nannyberry Viburnum lentago
nectarine Prunus persica
oak Quercus spp.
oak, Arizona gray Quercus grisea
oak, Arizona white Quercus arizonica
oak, bear Quercus ilicifolia
oak, black Quercus velutina
oak, blackjack Quercus marilandica
oak, blue Quercus douglasii
oak, bluejack Quercus cinerea
oak, bluejack Quercus incana
oak, bluff Quercus austrina
oak, bur Quercus macrocarpa
oak, California black Quercus kelloggii
oak, California red Quercus kelloggii
oak, California white Quercus lobata
oak, canyon live Quercus chrysolepis
oak, Chapman Quercus chapmanii
oak, cherrybark Quercus pagoda
oak, chestnut Quercus prinus
oak, chinkapin Quercus muehlenbergii
oak, coast live Quercus agrifolia
oak, cork Quercus suber
oak, Darlington Quercus hemisphaerica
oak, Durand Quercus durandii
oak, Emory Quercus emoryi
oak, Engelmann Quercus engelmannii
oak, Gambel Quercus gambelii
oak, gray Quercus grisea
oak, interior live Quercus wislizenii
oak, laurel Quercus laurifolia
oak, live Quercus virginiana
oak, Mexican blue Quercus oblongifolia
oak, myrtle Quercus myrtifolia
oak, northern pin Quercus ellipsoidalis
oak, northern red Quercus rubra
oak, Nuttall Quercus nuttallii
oak, Oglethorpe Quercus oglethorpensis
oak, Oregon white Quercus garryana
oak, overcup Quercus lyrata
Common name Scientific name oak, pin Quercus palustris oak, post Quercus stellata oak, sand post Quercus margaretta oak, scarlet Quercus coccinea oak, shingle Quercus imbricaria oak, Shumard Quercus shumardii oak, silverleaf Quercus hypoleucoides oak, southern red Quercus falcata oak, swamp chestnut Quercus michauxii oak, swamp white Quercus bicolor oak, turkey (scrub) Quercus laevis oak, valley Quercus lobata oak, water Quercus nigra oak, white Quercus alba oak, willow Quercus phellos olive Olea europaea olive, Russian Elaeagnus angustifolia orange Citrus sinensis orange, Osage Maclura pomifera oysterwood Gymnanthes lucida pagoda tree, Japanese Sophora japonica pale lidflower Calyptranthes pallens palm, buccaneer Pseudophoenix sargentii palm, California Washingtonia filifera palm, coconut Cocos nucifera palm, Manila Adonidia merrillii palm, paurotis Acoelorrhaphe wrightii palm, queen Arecastrum romanzoffianum palm, wine Caryota urens palmetto, cabbage Sabal palmetto paloverde, blue Cercidium floridum paloverde, yellow Cercidium microphyllum papaya Carica papaya paradise tree Simarouba glauca parasoltree, Chinese Firmiana simplex paulownia, royal Paulownia tomentosa pawpaw Asimina triloba peach Prunus persica pear Pyrus communis pecan Carya illinoensis pepperbush Clethra spp. pepperbush, sweet Clethra alnifolia peppermint, white Eucalyptus pulchella peppertree, California Schinus molle persimmon, common Diospyros virginiana persimmon, Texas Diospyros texana photinia Photinia spp. photinia, Japanese Photinia glabra pigeonplum Coccoloba diversifolia pinckneya Pinckneya pubens pine, Aleppo Pinus halepensis pine, Apache Pinus engelmannii pine, Austrian Pinus nigra pine, bishop Pinus muricata pine, bristlecone Pinus aristata pine, Coulter Pinus coulteri pine, Digger Pinus sabiniana pine, eastern white Pinus strobus pine, foxtail Pinus balfouriana pine, intermountain Pinus longaeva bristlecone pine, Italian stone Pinus pinea pine, jack Pinus banksiana
Common name Scientific name pine, Japanese black Pinus thunbergiana pine, Jeffrey Pinus jeffreyi pine, knobcone Pinus attenuata pine, limber Pinus flexilis pine, loblolly Pinus taeda pine, lodgepole Pinus contorta pine, longleaf Pinus palustris pine, Monterey Pinus radiata pine, pitch Pinus rigida pine, pond Pinus serotina pine, ponderosa Pinus ponderosa pine, red Pinus resinosa pine, sand Pinus clausa pine, Scotch Pinus sylvestris pine, Scots Pinus sylvestris pine, shortleaf Pinus echinata pine, slash Pinus elliottii pine, southwestern Pinus strobiformis white pine, spruce Pinus glabra pine, sugar Pinus lambertiana pine, Swiss mountain Pinus mugo pine, table mountain Pinus pungens pine, Torrey Pinus torreyana pine, Virginia Pinus virginiana pine, Washoe Pinus washoensis pine, western white Pinus monticola pine, whitebark Pinus albicaulis pinyon Pinus edulis pinyon, border Pinus discolor pinyon, Mexican Pinus cembroides pinyon, Parry Pinus quadrifolia pinyon, singleleaf Pinus monophylla pistache, Texas Pistacia texana pistachio Pistacia vera planetree, Oriental Platanus orientalis plum, Allegheny Prunus alleghaniensis plum, American Prunus americana plum, beach Prunus maritima plum, Canada Prunus nigra plum, Chickasaw Prunus angustifolia plum, common Prunus domestica plum, darling Reynosia septentrionalis plum, flatwoods Prunus umbellata plum, Guiana Drypetes lateriflora plum, hortulan Prunus hortulana plum, Japanese Prunus japonica plum, Klamath Prunus subcordata plum, Mexican Prunus mexicana plum, purple leaved Prunus cerasifera var. pissardi plum, wildgoose Prunus munsoniana poisontree, Florida Metopium toxiferum pomegranate Punica granatum pond apple Annona glabra poplar Populus spp. poplar, balsam Populus balsamifera poplar, Lombardy Populus nigra var. italica poplar, tulip Liriodendron tulipifera poplar, white Populus alba poplar, yellow Liriodendron tulipifera possum haw Ilex decidua
Common name Scientific name prickly ash, common Zanthoxylum americanum prickly ash, lime Zanthoxylum fagara princewood Exostema caribaeum princewood, Caribbean Exostema caribaeum privet, swamp Forestiera acuminata quince Cydonia oblonga quince, Japanese Chaenomeles lagenaria rapanea, guiana Rapanea guianensis redbay Persea borbonia redbud, California Cercis occidentalis redbud, eastern Cercis canadensis redbud, western Cercis occidentalis redcedar, eastern Juniperus virginiana redcedar, western Thuja plicata redwood, coast Sequoia sempervirens redwood, dawn Metasequoia glyptostroboides rose Rosa spp. rose, climbing prairie Rosa setigera rose, Macartney Rosa bracteata rose, sweetbriar Rosa eglanteria roseberry Juniperus coahuilensis roughbark lignumvitae Guaiacum sanctum royalpalm, Florida Roystonea elata rubber tree, India Ficus elastica Russian olive Elaeagnus angustifolia rustica rubra Magnolia soulangeana saguaro Cereus giganteus sassafras Sassafras albidum satinleaf Chrysophyllum oliviforme satinwood, West Indies Zanthoxylum flavum seagrape Coccoloba uvifera sequoia, giant Sequoiadendron giganteum serviceberry Amelanchier spp. serviceberry, downy Amelanchier arborea serviceberry, eastern Amelanchier canadensis serviceberry, smooth Amelanchier laevis serviceberry, western Amelanchier alnifolia Siberian pea tree Caragana arborescens silk oak Grevillea robusta silk tassel Garrya fremontii silk tree Albizia julibrissin silver bell Halesia carolina silverbell, Carolina Halesia carolina sloe Prunus spinosa smokethorn Dalea spinosa smoke tree Cotinus coggygria smoketree, American Cotinus obovatus snowberry Symphoricarpos albus soapberry, Florida Sapindus marginatus soapberry, western Sapindus drummondii soapberry, wingleaf Sapindus saponaria soldierwood Colubrina elliptica sophora, Texas Sophora affinis sourwood Oxydendrum arboreum spicebush Lindera benzoin spindle tree, European Euonymus europaeus spirea Spirea bumalda spruce Picea spp. spruce, black Picea mariana spruce, blue Picea pungens spruce, Brewer Picea brewerana spruce, dwarf Alberta Picea glauca var. albertiana spruce, Engelmann Picea engelmannii
Common name Scientific name spruce, Norway Picea abies spruce, red Picea rubens spruce, Sitka Picea sitchensis spruce, tigertail Picea polita spruce, white Picea glauca Stewartia Stewartia koreana Stewartia, mountain Stewartia ovata strawberry tree Arbutus unedo sugarberry Celtis laevigata sumac, lemonade Rhus integrifolia sumac, poison Toxicodendron vernix sumac, shining Rhus copallina sumac, smooth Rhus glabra sumac, staghorn Rhus typhina sweetbay Magnolia virginiana sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua sweetleaf, common Symplocos tinctoria sycamore Platanus occidentalis sycamore, American Platanus occidentalis sycamore, Arizona Platanus wrightii sycamore, California Platanus racemosa Sydney golden wattle Acacia longifolia tallowtree, Chinese Sapium sebiferum tallowwood Ximenia americana tamarack Larix laricina tamerisk, smallflower Tamarix parviflora tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus tesota Olneya tesota thatchpalm, brittle Thrinax microcarpa thatchpalm, Jamaica Thrinax parviflora torchwood Amyris elemifera torreya, California Torreya californica torreya, Florida Torreya taxifolia toyon Heteromeles arbutifolia tree lyonia Lyonia ferruginea tree of heaven Ailanthus altissima trema, Florida Trema micrantha tulip poplar Liriodendron tulipifera tulip tree Liriodendron tulipifera tung oil tree Aleurites fordii tupelo, black Nyssa sylvatica tupelo, Ogeechee Nyssa ogeche tupelo, swamp Nyssa biflora tupelo, water Nyssa aquatica vauquelinia, Torrey Vauquelinia californica velvetseed, elliptic Guettarda elliptica leaf velvetseed, roughleaf Guettarda scabra viburnum Viburnum tomentosum viburnum, leatherleaf Viburnum rhytidophyllum viburnum, oval leafed Viburnum ellipticum wahoo, eastern Euonymus atropurpureus wahoo, western Euonymus occidentalis walnut, Arizona Juglans major walnut, black Juglans nigra walnut, Hinds Juglans hindsii walnut, little Juglans microcarpa walnut, northern Juglans hindsii California walnut, southern Juglans californica California waterlocust Gleditsia aquatica waxmyrtle, Pacific Myrica californica wayfaring tree Viburnum lantana white cedar, northern Thuja occidentalis wild dilly Manilkara bahamensis
Common Name Scientific name willow Salix spp. willow bustic Dipholis salicifolia willow, arroyo Salix lasiolepis willow, basket Salix viminalis willow, Bebb Salix bebbiana willow, black Salix nigra willow, Bonpland Salix bonplandiana willow, coastal plain Salix caroliniana willow, crack Salix fragilis willow, diamond Salix eriocephala willow, feltleaf Salix alaxensis willow, golden weeping Salix alba var. tristis willow, heart leaved Salix cordata willow, Hooker Salix hookerana willow, laurel leaved Salix pentandra willow, Mackenzie Salix mackenzieana willow, Pacific Salix lasiandra willow, peachleaf Salix amygdaloides willow, pussy Salix discolor willow, red Salix laevigata willow, sandbar Salix exigua willow, Scouler Salix scoulerana willow, shining Salix lucida willow, weeping Salix babylonica willow, white Salix alba willow, yewleaf Salix taxifolia winterberry, common Ilex verticillata winterberry, mountain Ilex montana witchhazel Hamamelis virginiana yaupon Ilex vomitoria yellow poplar Liriodendron tulipifera yellowwood Cladrastis lutea yew, Florida Taxus floridana yew, Pacific Taxus brevifolia
Table 4.--Taxonomic checklist of tree species, codes following species names describe continent of origin (NA = North America, AS = Asia, AU = Australia, AF = Africa, EU = Europe)
Class: Ginkgoopsida
Order: Ginkgoales
Family: Ginkgoaceae
Ginkgo biloba AS
Class: Coniferopsida
Order: Coniferales
Family: Pinaceae
Abies bracteata NA
Abies amabilis NA
Abies grandis NA
Abies balsamea NA
Abies fraseri NA
Abies lasiocarpa NA
Abies bifolia NA
Abies concolor NA
Abies lowiana NA
Abies magnifica NA
Abies procera NA
Abies holophylla AS
Cedrus atlantica AF
Cedrus deodara AS
Cedrus libani AS
Tsuga caroliniana NA
Tsuga mertensiana NA
Tsuga canadensis NA
Tsuga heterophylla NA
Pseudotsuga macrocarpa NA
Pseudotsuga menziesii NA
Larix decidua EU
Larix laricina NA
Larix occidentalis NA
Larix lyallii NA
Picea abies EU
Picea mariana NA
Picea rubens NA
Picea glauca NA
Picea glauca var. albertiana NA
Picea engelmannii NA
Picea pungens NA
Picea sitchensis NA
Picea brewerana NA
Picea spp. EU, NA
Pinus Strobus albicaulis NA
Pinus Strobus strobus NA
Pinus Strobus monticola NA
Pinus Strobus lambertiana NA
Pinus Strobus flexilis NA
Pinus Strobus strobiformis NA
Pinus Strobus cembroides NA
Pinus Strobus edulis NA
Pinus Strobus quadrifolia NA
Pinus Strobus monophylla NA
Pinus Strobus discolor NA
Pinus Strobus balfouriana NA
Pinus Strobus aristata NA
Pinus Strobus longaeva NA
Pinus Pinus resinosa NA
Pinus Pinus nigra AS, EU
Pinus Pinus mugo EU
Pinus Pinus pinea EU
Pinus Pinus halepensis EU
Pinus Pinus sylvestris AS, EU
Pinus Pinus thunbergiana AS
Pinus Pinus palustris NA
Pinus Pinus taeda NA
Pinus Pinus echinata NA
Pinus Pinus glabra NA
Pinus Pinus rigida NA
Pinus Pinus serotina NA
Pinus Pinus pungens NA
Pinus Pinus elliottii NA
Pinus Pinus ponderosa NA
Pinus Pinus washoensis NA
Pinus Pinus jeffreyi NA
Pinus Pinus engelmannii NA
Pinus Pinus sabiniana NA
Pinus Pinus coulteri NA
Pinus Pinus torreyana NA
Pinus Pinus banksiana NA
Pinus Pinus contorta NA
Pinus Pinus virginiana NA
Pinus Pinus clausa NA
Pinus Pinus radiata NA
Pinus Pinus attenuata NA
Pinus Pinus muricata NA
Family: Taxodiaceae
Sequoia sempervirens NA
Sequoiadendron giganteum NA
Taxodium distichum NA
Taxodium mucronatum NA
Cunninghamia lanceolata AS
Metasequoia glyptostroboides AS
Family: Cupressaceae
Cupressus arizonica NA
Cupressus bakeri NA
Cupressus macnabiana NA
Cupressus sargentii NA
Cupressus goveniana NA
Cupressus macrocarpa NA
Cupressus guadalupensis NA
Chamaecyparis thyoides NA
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana NA
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis NA
Cupressocyparis leylandii NA
Thuja occidentalis NA
Thuja plicata NA
Thuja orientalis AS
Calocedrus decurrens NA
Juniperus communis AS, EU, NA
Juniperus flaccida NA
Juniperus scopulorum NA
Juniperus virginiana NA
Juniperus deppeana NA
Juniperus ashei NA
Juniperus occidentalis NA
Juniperus osteosperma NA
Juniperus californica NA
Juniperus monosperma NA
Juniperus coahuilensis NA
Juniperus pinchotii NA
Juniperus erythrocarpa NA
Callitris glaucophylla AU
Order: Taxales
Family: Taxaceae
Taxus brevifolia NA
Taxus floridana NA
Torreya californica NA
Torreya taxifolia NA
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Magnoliidae
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Magnoliaceae
Magnolia virginiana NA
Magnolia grandiflora NA
Magnolia acuminata NA
Magnolia tripetala NA
Magnolia fraseri NA
Magnolia macrophylla NA
Magnolia ashei NA
Magnolia pyramidata NA
Magnolia soulangeana AS
Liriodendron tulipifera NA
Family: Annonaceae
Annona glabra NA, SA
Asimina triloba NA
Family: Canellaceae
Canella winterana NA, SA
Order: Laurales
Family: Calycanthaceae
Calycanthus floridus NA
Family: Lauraceae
Persea americana NA
Persea borbonia NA
Sassafras albidum NA
Lindera benzoin NA
Cinnamomum camphora AS
Umbellularia californica NA
Subclass: Hamamelidae
Order: Hamamelidales
Family: Platanaceae
Platanus occidentalis NA
Platanus orientalis AS, EU
Platanus racemosa NA
Platanus wrightii NA
Family: Hamamelidaceae
Liquidambar styraciflua NA
Hamamelis virginiana NA
Order: Urticales
Family: Ulmaceae
Ulmus alata NA
Ulmus americana NA
Ulmus crassifolia NA
Ulmus glabra AS, EU
Ulmus parvifolia AS
Ulmus procera EU
Ulmus pumila AS
Ulmus rubra NA
Ulmus serotina NA
Ulmus thomasii NA
Ulmus spp. AS, EU, NA
Planera aquatica NA
Trema micrantha NA, SA
Celtis laevigata NA
Celtis occidentalis NA
Celtis tenuifolia NA
Family: Moraceae
Maclura pomifera NA
Broussonetia papyrifera AS
Morus alba AS
Morus alba var. tatarica AS
Morus microphylla NA
Morus nigra AS
Morus rubra NA
Ficus aurea NA
Ficus benjamina AS
Ficus carica AS
Ficus elastica AS
Ficus lyrata AF
Order: Leitneriales
Family: Leitneriaceae
Leitneria floridana NA
Order: Juglandales
Family: Juglandaceae
Juglans californica NA
Juglans cinerea NA
Juglans hindsii NA
Juglans major NA
Juglans microcarpa NA
Juglans nigra NA
Carya illinoensis NA
Carya cordiformis NA
Carya aquatica NA
Carya laciniosa NA
Carya tomentosa NA
Carya ovata NA
Carya ovalis NA
Carya glabra NA
Carya myristiciformis NA
Carya texana NA
Carya pallida NA
Carya floridana NA
Carya spp. AS, NA
Order: Myricales
Family: Myricaceae
Myrica californica NA
Myrica cerifera NA
Psidium guajava NA, SA
Order: Fagales
Family: Fagaceae
Fagus grandifolia NA
Fagus sylvatica AS, EU
Castanea dentata NA
Castanea ozarkensis NA
Castanea pumila NA
Castanopsis chrysophylla NA
Lithocarpus densiflorus NA
Quercus eucobalanus alba NA
Quercus eucobalanus stellata NA
Quercus eucobalanus margaretta NA
Quercus Leucobalanus lyrata NA
Quercus Leucobalanus macrocarpa NA
Quercus Leucobalanus bicolor NA
Quercus Leucobalanus michauxii NA
Quercus Leucobalanus prinus NA
Quercus Leucobalanus muehlenbergii NA
Quercus Leucobalanus prinoides NA
Quercus Leucobalanus gambelii NA
Quercus Leucobalanus durandii NA
Quercus Leucobalanus oglethorpensis NA
Quercus Leucobalanus austrina NA
Quercus Leucobalanus douglasii NA
Quercus Leucobalanus lobata NA
Quercus Leucobalanus garryana NA
Quercus Leucobalanus engelmannii NA
Quercus Leucobalanus suber AF, EU
Quercus Erythrobalanus imbricaria NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus cinerea NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus phellos NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus laurifolia NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus hemisphaerica NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus nigra NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus marilandica NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus ilicifolia NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus pagoda NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus falcata NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus laevis NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus virginiana NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus chrysolepis NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus wislizenii NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus velutina NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus rubra NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus palustris NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus shumardii NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus ellipsoidalis NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus coccinea NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus arizonica NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus emoryi NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus dunnii NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus kelloggii NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus agrifolia NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus grisea NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus oblongifolia NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus hypoleucoides NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus chapmanii NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus incana NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus myrtifolia NA
Quercus Erythrobalanus nuttallii NA
Family: Betulaceae
Corylus americana NA
Corylus avellana EU
Corylus cornuta NA
Ostrya knowltonii NA
Ostrya virginiana NA
Carpinus caroliniana NA
Betula alba AS, EU
Betula alleghaniensis NA
Betula lenta NA
Betula nigra NA
Betula occidentalis NA
Betula papyrifera NA
Betula pendula AS, EU
Betula populifolia NA
Betula pumila NA
Betula verrucosa AS, EU
Alnus maritima NA
Alnus oblongifolia NA
Alnus rhombifolia NA
Alnus rugosa NA
Alnus serrulata NA
Alnus sinuata NA
Alnus tenuifolia NA
Order: Casuarinales
Family: Casuarinaceae
Casuarina equisetifolia AS, AU
Casuarina stricta AU
Subclass: Caryophyllidae
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Cactaceae
Cereus giganteus NA
Order: Polygonales
Family: Polygonaceae
Coccoloba diversifolia NA
Coccoloba uvifera NA, SA
Subclass: Dilleniidae
Order: Theales
Family: Theaceae
Gordonia lasianthus NA
Stewartia ovata NA
Stewartia koreana NA
Order: Malvales
Family: Tiliaceae
Tilia americana NA
Tilia caroliniana NA
Tilia cordata EU
Tilia europaea EU
Tilia floridana NA
Tilia heterophylla NA
Family: Sterculiaceae
Firmiana simplex AS
Family: Malvaceae
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis AS
Hibiscus tiliaceus AS
Order: Violales
Family: Tamaricaceae
Tamarix parviflora EU, AS
Family: Caricaceae
Carica papaya NA, SA
Order: Salicales
Family: Salicaceae
Populus alba AS, EU
Populus angustifolia NA
Populus balsamifera NA
Populus deltoides NA
Populus fremontii NA
Populus grandidentata NA
Populus heterophylla NA
Populus nigra var. italica AS, EU
Populus sargentii NA
Populus tremuloides NA
Populus trichocarpa NA
Populus spp. AS, EU, NA
Salix caroliniana NA
Salix amygdaloides NA
Salix nigra NA
Salix lucida NA
Salix pentandra EU
Salix alba AF, AS, EU
Salix alba var. tristis AF, AS, EU
Salix fragilis AS, EU
Salix babylonica AS
Salix exigua NA
Salix bebbiana NA
Salix scoulerana NA
Salix eriocephala NA
Salix cordata NA
Salix discolor NA
Salix viminalis AS, EU
Salix alaxensis AS, NA
Salix bonplandiana NA
Salix hookerana NA
Salix laevigata NA
Salix lasiandra NA
Salix lasiolepis NA
Salix mackenzieana NA
Salix taxifolia NA
Order: Capparales
Family: Capparaceae
Capparis cynophallophora NA, SA
Order: Ericales
Family: Cyrillaceae
Cliftonia monophylla NA
Cyrilla racemiflora NA, SA
Family: Clethraceae
Clethra alnifolia NA
Family: Ericaceae
Arbutus arizonica NA
Arbutus menziesii NA
Arbutus texana NA
Arbutus unedo EU
Elliottia racemosa NA
Lyonia ferruginea NA
Oxydendrum arboreum NA
Order: Ebenales
Family: Sapotaceae
Manilkara bahamensis NA
Bumelia lanuginosa NA
Chrysophyllum oliviforme NA
Dipholis salicifolia NA
Mastichodendron oetidissimum NA
Family: Ebenaceae
Diospyros texana NA
Diospyros virginiana NA
Family: Styracaceae
Halesia carolina NA
Family: Symplocaceae
Symplocos tinctoria NA
Order: Primulales
Family: Myrsinaceae
Ardisia escallonioides NA
Ardisia japonica AS
Rapanea guianensis NA
Subclass: Rosidae
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Spirea bumalda AS
Rosa bracteata AS
Rosa eglanteria EU
Rosa setigera NA
Rosa spp. AS, EU, NA
Prunus alleghaniensis NA
Prunus americana NA
Prunus armeniaca AS
Prunus angustifolia NA
Prunus avium AS, EU
Prunus caroliniana NA
Prunus cerasifera var. pissardi AS
Prunus domestica AS
Prunus emarginata NA
Prunus fremontii NA
Prunus glandulosa AS
Prunus hortulana NA
Prunus japonica AS
Prunus laurocerasus AS, EU
Prunus lyonii NA
Prunus maritima NA
Prunus mexicana NA
Prunus munsoniana NA
Prunus myrtifolia NA, SA
Prunus nigra NA
Prunus padus EU, AS
Prunus pensylvanica NA
Prunus persica AS
Prunus pumila NA
Prunus serotina NA
Prunus spinosa AS, EU
Prunus subcordata NA
Prunus umbellata NA
Prunus virginiana NA
Prunus spp. AS, EU, NA, SA
Pyrus angustifolia NA
Pyrus communis AS, EU
Pyrus coronaria NA
Pyrus fusca NA
Pyrus ioensis NA
Pyrus malus AS, EU
Pyrus spp. EU, NA
Chaenomeles lagenaria AS
Cydonia oblonga AS
Eriobotrya japonica AS
Heteromeles arbutifolia NA
Sorbus americana NA
Sorbus aucuparia AS, EU
Amelanchier alnifolia NA
Amelanchier arborea NA
Amelanchier canadensis NA
Amelanchier laevis NA
Amelanchier spp. NA
Crataegus berberifolia NA
Crataegus brachyacantha NA
Crataegus coccinea NA
Crataegus crus-galli NA
Crataegus douglasii NA
Crataegus intricata NA
Crataegus marshallii NA
Crataegus mollis NA
Crataegus monogyna AS, EU
Crataegus opaca NA
Crataegus oxyacantha AF, EU
Crataegus pruinosa NA
Crataegus saligna NA
Crataegus spathulata NA
Crataegus spp. AF, AS, EU, NA
Cercocarpus betuloides NA
Cercocarpus breviflorus NA
Cercocarpus intricatus NA
Cercocarpus ledifolius NA
Cercocarpus montanus NA
Chrysobalanus icaco AF, NA, SA
Cowania mexicana NA
Lyonothamnus floribundus NA
Mespilus germanica AS, EU
Photinia glabra AS
Photinia serrulata AS
Photinia spp. AS
Pyracantha coccinea AS, EU
Vauquelinia californica NA
Order: Fabales
Family: Mimosaceae
Albizia julibrissin AS
Family: Caesalpinaceae
Cercis canadensis NA
Cercis occidentalis NA
Gleditsia aquatica NA
Gleditsia triacanthos NA
Gymnocladus dioicus NA
Family: Fabaceae
Cladrastis lutea NA
Robinia neomexicana NA
Robinia pseudoacacia NA
Robinia viscosa NA
Robinia spp. NA
Acacia baileyana AU
Acacia farnesiana NA
Acacia greggii NA
Acacia koa NA
Acacia longifolia AU
Acacia tortuosa NA, SA
Acacia wrightii NA
Acacia spp. AU, NA, SA
Caragana arborescens AS
Cercidium floridum NA
Cercidium microphyllum NA
Dalea spinosa NA
Erythrina herbacea NA
Olneya tesota NA
Lysiloma latisiliquum NA
Parkinsonia aculeata NA
Piscidia piscipula NA
Prosopis glandulosa NA
Prosopis pubescens NA
Sophora affinis NA
Sophora japonica AS
Sophora secundiflora NA
Order: Proteales
Family: Elaeagnaceae
Elaeagnus angustifolia AS, EU
Family: Proteaceae
Grevillea 'noellii' AU
Grevillea robusta AU
Hakea spp. AU
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus botryiodes AU
Eucalyptus camaldulensis AU
Eucalyptus camphora AU
Eucalyptus cinerea AU
Eucalyptus diversifolia AU
Eucalyptus globulus AU
Eucalyptus gunnii AU
Eucalyptus leucoxylon AU
Eucalyptus polyanthemos AU
Eucalyptus pulchella AU
Eucalyptus rudis AU
Eucalyptus sideroxylon AU
Eucalyptus tereticornis AU
Eucalyptus spp. AU
Melaleuca decussata AU
Melaleuca quinquenervia AU
Calyptranthes pallens NA
Calyptranthes zuzygium NA
Family: Punicaceae
Punica granatum AS, EU
Family: Combretaceae
Conocarpus erectus AF, NA, SA
Laguncularia racemosa AF, NA, SA
Order: Rhizophorales
Family: Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophora mangle AF, NA, SA
Order: Cornales
Family: Nyssaceae
Nyssa aquatica NA
Nyssa biflora NA
Nyssa ogeche NA
Nyssa sylvatica NA
Family: Cornaceae
Cornus alternifolia NA
Cornus drummondii NA
Cornus florida NA
Cornus nuttallii NA
Cornus racemosa NA
Cornus rugosa NA
Cornus stolonifera NA
Cornus spp. NA
Family: Garryaceae
Garrya fremontii NA
Order: Santalales
Family: Olacaceae
Ximenia americana NA, SA
Order: Celastrales
Family: Celastraceae
Canotia holacantha NA
Euonymus atropurpureus NA
Euonymus europaeus AS, EU
Euonymus japonicus AS
Euonymus occidentalis NA
Gyminda latifolia NA
Family: Aquifoliaceae
Ilex aquifolium AS, EU
Ilex cassine NA
Ilex coriacea NA
Ilex decidua NA
Ilex glabra NA
Ilex krugiana NA
Ilex montana NA
Ilex opaca NA
Ilex verticillata NA
Ilex vomitoria NA
Order: Euphorbiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Drypetes lateriflora NA
Gymnanthes lucida NA
Hippomane mancinella NA, SA
Sapium sebiferum AS
Order: Rhamnales
Family: Rhamnaceae
Ceanothus arboreus NA
Ceanothus integerrimus NA
Ceanothus maritimus NA
Ceanothus spinosus NA
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus NA
Ceanothus spp. NA
Colubrina elliptica NA
Rhamnus californica NA
Rhamnus caroliniana NA
Rhamnus cathartica AS, EU
Rhamnus frangula AF, AS, EU
Rhamnus purshiana NA
Krugiodendron ferreum NA
Reynosia septentrionalis NA
Order: Sapindales
Family: Sapindaceae
Exothea paniculata NA
Sapindus drummondii NA
Sapindus marginatus NA
Sapindus saponaria NA, SA
Family: Hippocastanaceae
Aesculus californica NA
Aesculus glabra NA
Aesculus hippocastanum AS, EU
Aesculus octandra NA
Aesculus pavia NA
Aesculus sylvatica NA
Aleurites fordii AS
Family: Aceraceae
Acer barbatum NA
Acer campestre AS, EU
Acer circinatum NA
Acer ginnala AS
Acer glabrum NA
Acer grandidentatum NA
Acer japonicum AS
Acer leucoderme NA
Acer macrophyllum NA
Acer negundo NA
Acer nigrum NA
Acer palmatum AS
Acer pensylvanicum NA
Acer platanoides AS, EU
Acer pseudoplatanus AS, EU
Acer rubrum NA
Acer saccharinum NA
Acer saccharum NA
Acer spicatum NA
Acer tataricum AS, EU
Family: Burseraceae
Bursera simaruba NA, SA
Family: Anacardiaceae
Cotinus coggygria AS, EU
Cotinus obovatus NA
Metopium toxiferum NA
Pistacia texana NA
Pistacia vera AS, EU
Rhus copallina NA
Rhus integrifolia NA
Rhus glabra NA
Rhus typhina NA
Schinus molle NA, SA
Toxicodendron vernix NA
Family: Simaroubaceae
Ailanthus altissima AS
Alvaradoa amorphoides NA
Picramnia pentandra NA, SA
Simarouba glauca NA
Family: Meliaceae
Melia azedarach AS
Swietenia mahogani NA
Family: Rutaceae
Zanthoxylum americanum NA
Zanthoxylum clava-herculis NA
Zanthoxylum fagara NA, SA
Zanthoxylum flavum NA
Amyris elemifera NA
Citrus aurantifolia AS
Citrus limon AS
Citrus sinensis AS
Ptelea trifoliata NA
Family: Zygophyllaceae
Guaiacum sanctum NA
Order: Apiales
Family: Araliaceae
Aralia spinosa NA
Fatsia japonica AS
Subclass: Asteridae
Order: Lamiales
Family: Boraginaceae
Bourreria ovata NA
Cordia sebestena NA, SA
Family: Verbenaceae
Avicennia germinans AF, NA, SA
Citharexylum fruticosum NA, SA
Order: Scrophulariales
Family: Oleaceae
Chionanthus virginicus AS, NA
Forestiera acuminata NA
Fraxinus americana NA
Fraxinus anomala NA
Fraxinus caroliniana NA
Fraxinus cuspidata NA
Fraxinus excelsior AS, EU
Fraxinus greggii NA
Fraxinus latifolia NA
Fraxinus nigra NA
Fraxinus pennsylvanica NA
Fraxinus profunda NA
Fraxinus quadrangulata NA
Fraxinus texensis NA
Fraxinus velutina NA
Fraxinus spp. AS, EU, NA
Jasminum nudiflorum AS
Olea europaea EU
Osmanthus americanus NA
Family: Bignoniaceae
Amphitecna latifolia NA, SA
Catalpa bignonioides NA
Catalpa speciosa NA
Catalpa spp. AS, NA
Chilopsis linearis NA
Paulownia tomentosa AS
Order: Rubiales
Family: Rubiaceae
Cephalanthus occidentalis NA
Exostema caribaeum NA
Guettarda elliptica NA, SA
Guettarda scabra NA, SA
Pinckneya pubens NA
Order: Dipsacales
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Symphoricarpos albus NA
Viburnum acerifolium NA
Viburnum ellipticum NA
Viburnum lantana AS, EU
Viburnum lentago NA
Viburnum opulus AF, AS, EU
Viburnum prunifolium NA
Viburnum pubescens NA
Viburnum rhytidophyllum AS
Viburnum tomentosum AS,
Viburnum spp. AF, AS, EU, NA
Sambucus callicarpa NA
Sambucus canadensis NA
Abelia chinensis var. grandiflora AS
Class: Liliopsida
Subclass: Arecidae
Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Arecastrum romanzoffianum SA
Caryota urens AS
Coccothrinax argentata NA
Cocos nucifera AS
Acoelorrhaphe wrightii NA
Pseudophoenix sargentii NA
Roystonea elata NA
Sabal palmetto NA
Thrinax microcarpa NA
Thrinax parviflora NA
Adonidia merrillii AS
Washingtonia filifera NA
Liebhold, Andrew M.; Gottschalk, Kurt W.; Muzika, Rose-Marie; Montgomery, Michael E.; Young, Regis; O'Day, Kathleen; Kelley, Brooks. 1995. Suitability of North American tree species to gypsy moth: a summary of field and laboratory tests. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE- . Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. P.
As the gypsy moth expands its range into new portions of the United States, there is a need to predict which tree species will be attacked by this defoliating insect. There have been several studies describing feeding preferences of the gypsy moth, but these results have not been summarized in a single list. We report and summarize all of the major tests of foliage suitability to gypsy moth for tree species found in the United States. Foliage suitability to gypsy moth is a trait that is correlated among closely related species. As a result, it is possible to extrapolate foliage suitability of North American tree species for which no screenings have been performed. A list of suitability is summarized as susceptible, resistant, or immune.
Keywords: Lymantria dispar, Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae, foliage, susceptibility