|
|
FEIS Home Page |
SPECIES: Paxistima myrsinites
 |
|
| Flowering branch of Oregon boxleaf. Image by Mary Ellen (Mel) Harte, Bugwood.org. |
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:
Snyder, S. A. 1991. Paxistima myrsinites.
In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/paxmyr/all.html [].
Images were added on 14 August 2018.
ABBREVIATION:
PAXMYR
SYNONYMS:
Pachistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. [24]
Pachystima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf.
[60]
NRCS PLANT CODE [51]:
PAMY
COMMON NAMES:
Oregon boxleaf
boxwood
false-box
Montana-box
mountain-box
mountain-lover
myrtle boxwood
myrtle-boxleaf
myrtle-bush
myrtle pachistima
Oregon boxwood
paxistima
pachistima
TAXONOMY:
The scientific name of Oregon boxleaf is Paxistima
myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. (Celastraceae) [58,59].
LIFE FORM:
Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status
OTHER STATUS:
No entry
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
Oregon boxleaf occurs from British Columbia south into California and Mexico
and east through the Rocky Mountains [24,52].
 |
| Distribution of Oregon boxleaf. Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [2018, August 14] [51]. |
ECOSYSTEMS [18]:
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
STATES:
AR AZ CA CO ID MT
NM OR TX UT
WA WY AB BC MEXICO
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [5]:
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
KUCHLER [30] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:
K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K007 Red fir forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
SAF COVER TYPES [17]:
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
207 Red fir
208 Whitebark pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
216 Blue spruce
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
224 Western hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock
231 Port-Orford-cedar
256 California mixed subalpine
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:
Oregon boxleaf is a dominant shrub in many forested and shrubland community
types, habitat types, and plant associations throughout western North America.
Some associates of Oregon boxleaf include Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii),
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa),
white fir (A. concolor), red fir (A. magnifica), hemlock (Tsuga
spp.), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), lodgepole pine (Pinus
contorta), Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), golden chinquapin (Chrysolepis
chrysophylla), Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), quaking
aspen (Populus tremuloides), Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum),
mountain snowberry (Symphoricarpos oreophilus), bunchberry dogwood (Cornus
canadensis), huckleberry (Vaccinium spp.), mallow ninebark (Physocarpos
malvaceus), lupine (Lupinus spp.), mountain sweetroot (Osmorhiza
chilensis), queencup beadlily (Clintonia uniflora), heartleaf arnica
(Arnica cordifolia), columbine (Aquilegia spp.) groundsel (Senecio
spp.), meadowrue (Thalictrum spp.), and pinegrass (Calamagrostis
rubescens) [2,13,22,25,26,34,36,39].
Publications listing Oregon boxleaf as an
indicator are listed below.
| Area | Classification | Reference |
| CO: White River-Arapaho NF | forest and shrubland habitat types | Hess and Wasser 1982 |
| ID: Caribou, Targhee NF | forest community types | Mueggler and Campbell 1982 |
| BC: Similkameen Valley | forest community types | McLean 1970 |
| northern UT | forest habitat type | Mauk and Henderson 1984 |
| OR: Wenema NF | forest plant association | Hopkins 1979b |
| CO: Gunnison, Uncompahgre NF | forest habitat type | Komarkova 1986 |
| CO: White River NF | forest habitat type | Hoffman and Alexander 1983 |
| CO: Routt NF | forest habitat type | Hoffman and Alexander 1980 |
| WA: Okanogan NF | forest plant association | Williams and Lillybridge 1983 |
| eastern WA, northern ID | forest habitat types | Daubenmire and Daubenmire 1968 |
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:
Oregon boxleaf is considered important forage for deer, elk, and moose
[9,13,19,43,56]. Mountain sheep and grouse also browse Oregon boxleaf [52].
Livestock occasionally eat Oregon boxleaf, but it is not considered an
important forage species [52,56].
PALATABILITY:
The degree of use shown by livestock for Oregon boxleaf has been
rated as follows [14]:
UT CO MT Cattle poor poor poor Sheep fair poor poor Horse poor poor poor
NUTRITIONAL VALUE:
Stark [46] has reported on the nutrient content of Oregon boxleaf following
harvest and burn treatments in western Montana. The nutritional value
of Oregon boxleaf has been rated as follows [14]:
UT WY MT Elk fair --- poor Mule deer fair poor --- White-tailed deer --- fair --- Antelope poor --- --- Upland game bird poor poor --- Waterfowl poor --- --- Nongame bird poor poor --- Small mammal poor --- ---
COVER VALUE:
The degree to which Oregon boxleaf provides environmental protection during
one or more seasons for wildlife species has been rated as follows
[14]:
MT UT WY Pronghorn --- poor --- Elk poor poor --- Mule deer poor poor --- White-tailed deer --- --- poor Small mammals poor fair --- Nongame birds poor fair --- Upland game birds poor fair --- Waterfowl --- poor ---
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:
Oregon boxleaf root cuttings or 2-0 stock can be used to revegetate
disturbed sites [38].
OTHER USES AND VALUES:
Oregon boxleaf is easily shaped and adapts well to both sunny and shady
spots, making it ideal for an ornamental and ground cover [23,29,52].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Oregon boxleaf is not easily controlled with herbicides, possibly because of
its leathery, evergreen leaves [3,21,37].
Oregon boxleaf appears to increase in logged areas compared to uncut areas
in grand fir (Abies grandis) types of western Montana [1]. In general,
Oregon boxleaf seems to increase following logging; however, it may not
really benefit from management treatments because undisturbed shrubs may
have the same growth rate as disturbed shrubs [32]. In logged grand
fir/Oregon boxleaf sites of northern Idaho, Oregon boxleaf decreased for the
first 7 years, then increased after 25 years to higher cover values than
in unlogged areas [55].
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Oregon boxleaf is a native, cool-season, evergreen shrub, with maroon
flowers [24]. It is low growing, reaching heights of 1 to 3 feet (0.3-1
m), sometimes spreading, and densely branched. Its leaves are
oblong and glabrous. Its fruit is a one- to two-seeded capsule [40,52].
RAUNKIAER [44] LIFE FORM:
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES:
Oregon boxleaf stems can layer and root, and the shrub can be propagated
easily through stem cuttings [29]. Seeds are dispersed by gravity, with
no evidence to suggest they are dispersed by any other means [42].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
Oregon boxleaf grows on dry to moist sites in shaded mountain areas as high
as subalpine habitats, but can be found at sea level in California
[29,31]. It can grow in frost pockets in steep ravines or in open
woods, ridgetops, and glades [12,22,28,29]. Oregon boxleaf can occur on
well-drained, shallow, gravelly soils, in clay and silt loams, and
cobbly clay [22]. In British Columbia Oregon boxleaf occurs on Podzols and
Regosols [36].
Elevational ranges have been listed for some western states and
provinces [2,14,36,39,52]:
from 5,000 to 10,500 feet (1,524-3,200 m) in Utah
from 6,600 to 11,000 feet (2,012-3,353 m) in Colorado
from 6,700 to 9,500 feet (2,042-2,896 m) in Wyoming
from 3,500 to 7,600 feet (1,067-2,317 m) in Montana
from 6,900 to 8,200 feet (2,103-2,499 m) in Idaho
from 6,000 to 10,000 feet (1,829-3,048 m) in Arizona/New Mexico
from 4,020 to 5,160 feet (1,279-1,600 m) in California/Oregon
from 3,950 to 4,950 feet (1,200-1,500 m) in British Columbia
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:
Oregon boxleaf is an indicator species in several western habitat types and
plant communities. It is a climax shrub and can tolerate both sun and
shade [23], but it usually indicates dry to moist, cool sites and
well-drained soils [19]. Quaking aspen/Saskatoon serviceberry
(Amelanchier alnifolia)-Oregon boxleaf community types in Idaho appear to be
stable but may be slowly successional to quaking aspen-Douglas-fir/
Saskatoon serviceberry community types which might be in the Oregon boxleaf
phase of the Douglas-fir/pinegrass habitat type or the
subalpine/pinegrass habitat type [39].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:
The following months have been noted for budding, flowering, and
fruiting of Oregon boxleaf.
State Buds Flowers Fruits Source CA May-July [40] AZ, MX April-June June-Sept [52] OR, WA April-June [19] ID, MT March-May March-June July-Sept [15,42] UT April-July [14] CO May-July [14] WY June-August [14]
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:
Following fire, Oregon boxleaf can sprout from buds on the taproot or from
the root crown [10,35,42]. Some seedling establishment via short-term
viablity seed stored on-site may also occur [49].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY [33]:
Small shrub, adventitious bud/root crown
FIRE REGIMES:
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes".
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:
Oregon boxleaf can survive low- to moderate-severity fires that do not
consume the duff or raise the soil temperature too high [10]. It can,
however, be killed by severe fires [9].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT:
No entry
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:
Oregon boxleaf usually sprouts from its root crown or from buds on its
taproot following low- to moderate-severity fires [10,42].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:
The development of Oregon boxleaf cover following wildfire and clearcutting/
broadcast burning has been recorded for western larch (Larix
occidentalis) and Douglas-fir forests in Montana [47]. Oregon boxleaf
appears to have a varied response to both wildfire and broadcast
burning, depending on site [8,16,47]. Stickney tracked first decade
postfire succession following a severe fire in western hemlock/
Oregon boxleaf habitat type. Oregon boxleaf exhibited a steady-state frequency
pattern throughout the decade, with little expansion or reduction in
distribution within the study site [48,49]. Some have classified
Oregon boxleaf as "neutral" in its resistance to fire, meaning that it has
less than a 12.5 percent frequency increase or decrease when compared to
average frequencies of those shrubs in unburned areas [53].
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Nalley [41] developed models for predicting fuel loading in western
redcedar/Oregon boxleaf types in northern Idaho. Brown [6] lists bulk
densities of some Montana and Idaho habitat types (in which Oregon boxleaf
is an indicator) for determining fuel depth. Fuel loadings and fire
ratings for quaking aspen/Oregon boxleaf community types have also been
listed [7].
1. Antos, Joseph A.; Shearer, Raymond C. 1980. Vegetation development on disturbed grand fir sites, Swan Valley, northwestern Montana. Res. Pap. INT-251. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 26 p. [7269]
2. Atzet, Thomas; Wheeler, David L. 1984. Preliminary plant associations of the Siskiyou Mountain Province. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 278 p. [9351]
3. Balfour, Patty M. 1989. Effects of forest herbicides on some important wildlife forage species. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Research Branch. 58 p. [12148]
4. Beetle, Alan A. 1962. Range survey in Teton County, Wyoming: Part 2. Utilization and condition classes. Bull. 400. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming, Agricultural Experiment Station. 38 p. [418]
5. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434]
6. Brown, James K. 1981. Bulk densities of nonuniform surface fuels and their application to fire modeling. Forest Science. 27(4): 667-683. [13269]
7. Brown, James K.; DeByle, Norbert V. 1989. Effects of prescribed fire on biomass and plant succession in western aspen. Res. Pap. INT-412. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 16 p. [9286]
8. Brown, James K.; Simmerman, Dennis G. 1986. Appraising fuels and flammability in western aspen: a prescribed fire guide. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-205. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 48 p. [544]
9. Canon, S. K.; Urness, P. J.; DeByle, N. V. 1987. Habitat selection, foraging behavior, and dietary nutrition of elk in burned aspen forest. Journal of Range Management. 40(5): 443-438. [3453]
10. Crane, M. F.; Fischer, William C. 1986. Fire ecology of the forest habitat types of central Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-218. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 85 p. [5297]
11. Crouch, Glenn L. 1985. Effects of clearcutting a subalpine forest in central Colorado on wildlife habitat. Res. Pap. RM-258. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 12 p. [8225]
12. Daubenmire, Rexford F.; Daubenmire, Jean B. 1968. Forest vegetation of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Technical Bulletin 60. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, Agricultural Experiment Station. 104 p. [749]
13. Daubenmire, Rexford. 1980. Mountain topography and vegetation patterns. Northwest Science. 54(2): 146-152. [7896]
14. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]
15. Drew, Larry Albert. 1967. Comparative phenology of seral shrub communities in the cedar/hemlock zone. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 108 p. Thesis. [9654]
16. Edgerton, Paul J. 1987. Influence of ungulates on the development of the shrub understory of an upper slope mixed conifer forest. In: Provenza, Frederick D.; Flinders, Jerran T.; McArthur, E. Durant, compilers. Proceedings--symposium on plant-herbivore interactions; 1985 August 7-9; Snowbird, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-222. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 162-167. [7411]
17. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
18. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
19. Halverson, Nancy M., compiler. 1986. Major indicator shrubs and herbs on National Forests of western Oregon and southwestern Washington. R6-TM-229. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 180 p. [3233]
20. Hanley, Donald P. 1976. Tree biomass and productivity estimated for three habitat types of northern Idaho. Bull. No. 14. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho, Forest Wildlife and Range Experiment Station. 15 p. [12923]
21. Hann, Wendel J. 1986. Evaluation of site preparation and conifer release treatments in north Idaho shrubfields. In: Baumgartner, David M.; Boyd, Raymond J.; Breuer, David W.; Miller, Daniel L., compilers and eds. Weed control for forest poductivity in the Interior West: Symposium proceedings; 1985 February 5-7; Spokane, WA. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, Cooperative Extension: 115-119. [1074]
22. Hess, Karl; Wasser, Clinton H. 1982. Grassland, shrubland, and forestland habitat types of the White River-Arapaho National Forest. Final Report. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 335 p. [1142]
23. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur. 1961. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 3: Saxifragaceae to Ericaceae. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 614 p. [1167]
24. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 730 p. [1168]
25. Hoffman, George R.; Alexander, Robert R. 1980. Forest vegetation of the Routt National Forest in northwestern Colorado: a habitat classification. Res. Pap. RM-221. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 41 p. [1179]
26. Hoffman, George R.; Alexander, Robert R. 1983. Forest vegetation of the White River National Forest in western Colorado: a habitat type classification. Res. Pap. RM-249. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 36 p. [1178]
27. Hopkins, William E. 1979. Plant associations of south Chiloquin and Klamath Ranger Districts--Winema National Forest. R6-Ecol-79-005. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 96 p. [7339]
28. Komarkova, Vera. 1986. Habitat types on selected parts of the Gunnison and Uncompahgre National Forests. Final Report Contract No. 28-K2-234. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 270 p. [1369]
29. Kruckeberg, A. R. 1982. Gardening with native plants of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 252 p. [9980]
30. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. United States [Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States]. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 1:3,168,000; colored. [3455]
31. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 648 p. [13798]
32. Laursen, Steven B. 1984. Predicting shrub community composition and structure following management disturbance in forest ecosystems of the Intermountain West. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 261 p. Dissertation. [6717]
33. Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1976. Early vegetal succession following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No. 14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373. [1496]
34. Mauk, Ronald L.; Henderson, Jan A. 1984. Coniferous forest habitat types of northern Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-170. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 89 p. [1553]
35. McLean, Alastair. 1968. Fire resistance of forest species as influenced by root systems. Journal of Range Management. 22: 120-122. [1621]
36. McLean, Alastair. 1970. Plant communities of the Similkameen Valley, British Columbia. Ecological Monographs. 40(4): 403-424. [1620]
37. Miller, Daniel L.; Kidd, Frank A. 1982. How to write a herbicide prescription for shrub control. Forestry Technical Paper TP-82-6. Lewiston, ID: Potlatch Corporation, Wood Products, Western Division. 12 p. [3390]
38. Monsen, Stephen B. 1983. Plants for revegetation of riparian sites within the Intermountain region. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Shaw, Nancy, compilers. Managing Intermountain rangelands--improvement of range and wildlife habitats: Proceedings of symposia; 1981 September 15-17; Twin Falls, ID; 1982 June 22-24; Elko, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-157. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 83-89. [9652]
39. Mueggler, Walter F.; Campbell, Robert B., Jr. 1982. Aspen community types on the Caribou and Targhee National Forests in southeastern Idaho. Res. Pap. INT-294. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 32 p. [1713]
40. Munz, Philip A. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1905 p. [6155]
41. Nalley, Roque Nolan. 1982. Relationships of dead downed woody fuels to site and stand characteristics within the Thuja plicata-Pachistima myrsinites ht. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 86 p. Thesis. [10015]
42. Noste, Nonan V.; Bushey, Charles L. 1987. Fire response of shrubs of dry forest habitat types in Montana and Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-239. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 22 p. [255]
43. Peek, J. M. 1974. A review of moose food habits studies in North America. Le Naturaliste Canadien. 101: 195-215. [7420]
44. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
45. Rickard, W. H. 1960. The distribution of small mammals in relation to the climax vegetation mosaic in eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Ecology. 41(1): 99-106. [8454]
46. Stark, N. 1983. The nutrient content of Rocky Mountain vegetation: a handbook for estimating nutrients lost through harvest and burning. Misc. Publ. 14. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 81 p. [8617]
47. Stickney, Peter F. 1980. Data base for post-fire succession, first 6 to 9 years, in Montana larch-fir forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-62. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 133 p. [6583]
48. Stickney, Peter F. 1985. Data base for early postfire succession on the Sundance Burn, northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-189. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 121 p. [7223]
49. Stickney, Peter F. 1986. First decade plant succession following the Sundance Forest Fire, northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-197. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 26 p. [2255]
50. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1937. Range plant handbook. Washington, DC. 532 p. [2387]
51. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Resource Conservation Service. 2018. PLANTS database (2004), [Online]. Available: https://plants.usda.gov /. [34262]
52. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the Southwest. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 1104 p. [7707]
53. Vogl, Richard J.; Ryder, Calvin. 1969. Effects of slash burning on conifer reproduction in Montana's Mission Range. Northwest Science. 43(3): 135-147. [8546]
54. Williams, Clinton K.; Lillybridge, Terry R. 1983. Forested plant associations of the Okanogan National Forest. R6-Ecol-132b. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 116 p. [2566]
55. Wittinger, W. T.; Pengelly, W. L.; Irwin, L. L.; Peek, J. M. 1977. A 20-year record of shrub succession in logged areas in the cedar- hemlock zone of northern Idaho. Northwest Science. 51(3): 161-171. [6828]
56. Young, Vernon A.; Payne, Gene F. 1948. Utilization of "key" browse species in relation to proper grazing practices in cutover western white pine lands in northern Idaho. Journal of Forestry. 46: 35-40. [2683]
57. Pengelly, William Leslie. 1966. Ecological effects of slash-disposal fires on the Coeur d'Alene National Forest, Idaho. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region. 23 p. [174]
58. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California [21992]
59. Kartesz, John T.; Meacham, Christopher A (1999). Synthesis of the North American flora (Windows Version 1.0), [CD-ROM] [36745]
60. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]