Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Lycium pallidum
|
|
 |
| Pale desert-thorn. Image by Patrick J. Alexander, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database. |
Introductory
SPECIES: Lycium pallidum
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/lycpal/all.html [].
Revisions:
On 3 August 2018, the common name of this species was changed in FEIS
from: pale wolfberry
to: pale desert-thorn. Images were also added.
ABBREVIATION:
LYCPAL
SYNONYMS:
NO-ENTRY
NRCS PLANT CODE:
LYPA
COMMON NAMES:
pale desert-thorn
boxthorn
desert thorn
pale wolfberry
rabbit thorn
TAXONOMY:
The scientific name of pale desert-thorn is Lycium pallidum Miers. (Solanaceae)
[23,31,33,43,47]. Infrataxa are:
Lycium pallidum var. oligospermum C. L. Hitch., rabbit thorn
Lycium pallidum var. pallidum [20,31,33,43], pale desert-thorn
LIFE FORM:
Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status
OTHER STATUS:
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Lycium pallidum
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
Pale desert-thorn ranges from southern Colorado, Utah, and Nevada south to
California, Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas [23,33,43,47]. The
typical variety apparently has a more southerly distribution than L.
pallidum var. oligospermum, which is found in the Mohave Desert and the
northern Sonoran Desert in California [20,31,33,43]. Pale desert-thorn is
also found in Mexico in Sonora, Chihuahua, Zacatecas, and San Luis
Potosi [43].
 |
| Distribution of pale desert-thorn in the United States. Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [2018, August 3] [41]. |
ECOSYSTEMS:
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES40 Desert grasslands
STATES:
AZ CA CO NV NM TX UT MEXICO
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS:
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K024 Juniper steppe woodland
K027 Mesquite bosque
K031 Oak - juniper woodlands
K032 Transition between K031 and K037
K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K039 Blackbrush
K040 Saltbush - greasewood
K041 Creosotebush
K042 Creosotebush - bursage
K043 Paloverde - cactus shrub
K044 Creosotebush - tarbush
K053 Grama - galleta steppe
K054 Grama - tobosa prairie
K057 Galleta - three-awn shrubsteppe
K058 Grama - tobosa shrubsteppe
K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna
K060 Mesquite savanna
K061 Mesquite - acacia savanna
SAF COVER TYPES:
68 Mesquite
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
235 Cottonwood - willow
239 Pinyon - juniper
241 Western live oak
242 Mesquite
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES:
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:
Pale desert-thorn is characteristic of Mohave Desert vegetation and, in
addition to species already mentioned, is associated in that region with
winterfat (Ceratoides lanata), range ratany (Krameria parvifolia),
ephedra (Ephedra spp.), spiny hopsage (Grayia spinosa), Schockley
goldenhead (Acamptopappus schockleyi), Fremont dalea (Dalea fremontii),
spiny menodora (Menodora spinescens), prickly pear (Opuntia spp.), and
yucca (Yucca spp.) [1,5,8,29,40,44].
Pale desert-thorn is also found throughout the Sonoran and Chihuahuan
deserts and is associated with species including ocotillo (Fouquieria
splendens), ironwood (Olneya tesota), saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea),
false-mesquite (Calliandra eriophylla), feather dalea (Dalea formosa),
brittle bush (Encelia farinosa), leatherstem (Jatropha dioica), yucca,
agave (Agave spp.), prickly pear and cholla (Opuntia spp.), and catclaw
(Acacia spp.) [9,19,32].
Pale desert-thorn sometimes occurs in riparian woodlands such as those in
the Rincon Mountains of Arizona. In these habitats it is associated
with species such as sycamore (Platanus wrightii), willow (Salix spp.),
Arizona walnut (Juglans major), Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii),
alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana), Arizona white oak (Quercus
arizonica), and velvet ash (Fraxinus velutina) [7].
Pale desert-thorn is not listed as a dominant or codominant shrub species
in available publications.
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Lycium pallidum
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:
Pale desert-thorn fruits are consumed by birds and some rodents [24,26,33],
and its foliage may be browsed by livestock [23,24,33,42,43]. It is
little used by big game, however [26].
Pale desert-thorn is an important postnesting food for phainopepla in the
Colorado River Valley. The spring phainopepla diet consists mainly
of pale desert-thorn fruits and insects [4].
Shrub-grasslands, in which pale desert-thorn occurs, are preferred habitat
of coyotes at the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site in southeastern Colorado
[16].
Woodrats in the Mohave Desert of California select pale desert-thorn
foliage significantly (p<.001) more often than creosotebush (Larrea
tridentata) foliage [30].
PALATABILITY:
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE:
Mineral composition values of pale desert-thorn collected in May in the
northern Mohave Desert are available [45].
COVER VALUE:
Dense thickets [43] of pale desert-thorn probably provide cover for birds
and small mammals.
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:
Specific information regarding the use of pale desert-thorn for
rehabilitating disturbed sites is not available in the literature.
Wolfberries (Lycium spp.), however, have been used to rehabilitate
abandoned farmland in the Sonoran Desert lowlands and disturbed sites
near Red Rock, Arizona. The sites were restored by establishing berms
on the contour and then seeding with wolfberries and other desert shrubs
[22].
OTHER USES AND VALUES:
Historically, Native Americans have eaten pale desert-thorn berries and
have used the plant for a wide variety of medicinal purposes [23,33,43].
Pale desert-thorn is grown as an ornamental [33,43].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
NO-ENTRY
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Lycium pallidum
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Pale desert-thorn is a spiny, densely branched shrub with stems 3.3 to 9.9
feet (1-3 m) tall. Branches may be spreading to erect. The axillary
flowers are bell-shaped and are borne singly or in clusters. The fruit
is a red juicy berry with 20 to 50 seeds [20,31,33,43,47]. Pale
desert-thorn may form dense thickets [43].
The distribution of small and large roots of pale desert-thorn on desert
pavement underlain by caliche at 20 to 40 inches (50-100 cm) [2] at Rock
Valley, Nevada follows (values are percent of total root system weight)
[44]:
Depth
0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50+ cm
______________________________________________________________________
large 27.5 28.3 9.8 5.4 3.5 0
small 2.9 10.5 6.5 3.2 2.6 0
The exact sizes of large and small roots were not given.
The roots of wolfberry species are tough and fibrous. Root systems are
relatively extensive in comparison with aerial portions, often extending
25 to 30 feet (7.5-9.0 m) from the plant [42].
Phytomass measurements for new leaf, stem, flower, and fruit
productivity of pale desert-thorn at Rock Valley, Nevada in wet and dry
years are available in the literature [5]. Estimated aboveground net
productivity values of pale desert-thorn at the same site for the period
1971 to 1976 are also available [39].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM:
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES:
Pale desert-thorn regenerates from cuttings, root suckering, and layering. It
also sprouts from the base when damaged [42,43].
Pale desert-thorn seeds are probably dispersed by birds and other animals,
like those of other wolfberry species [28].
Three pale desert-thorn seedlings established at a Rock Valley, Nevada, site
in 1972, but none survived to the following year [2].
Good seed crops are produced by wolfberry species almost every year.
After extraction, seeds should be dried and stored in sealed containers
at 41 degrees Fahrenheit (5 deg C), or stratified in moist sand.
Stratified seeds of other wolfberry species maintain good viability for
6 months. Dormancy in wolfberry seeds is variable. Some wolfberry
species seeds germinate well without pretreatment, while germination of
others is improved by stratification. Seeds can be sown in the fall as
soon as the fruits ripen, or stratified seed can be sown in the spring
and covered lightly with about 0.25-inch (0.64-cm) of soil.
Two-year-old seedlings may be outplanted [36].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
Pale desert-thorn is found on plains and flats, along washes and arroyos,
on dry rocky hills, mesas, and bajadas, and on rocky slopes and canyons
of hills and mountains [18,19,29,23,31,33,46]. It is tolerant of saline
soils [45].
In the Mohave Desert at Rock Valley, Nevada, pale desert-thorn occurs in
desert scrub vegetation on sites at 3,300 feet (1,000 m) elevation with
soils derived from calcareous alluvium. The soil surface is
well-developed desert pavement underlain by a caliche layer that
prevents root penetration [2,3,40].
Pale desert-thorn mostly occurs at the following elevations:
feet meters
_____________________________________________________________________
Arizona 3,500-7,000 1,060-2,120 [23]
California below 2,500 below 757 [31]
below 3,960 below 1,200 [20]
Colorado 5,000-7,000 1,500-2,120 [18]
Texas 3,000-7,000 900-2,120 [43]
Trans-Pecos, TX 400-5,200 120-1,575 [33]
Utah 3,300-6,170 1,000-1,870 [47]
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:
Little information is available on the successional status of pale
desert-thorn. It occurs in mid-seral and late seral communities of the
upper Rio Puerco watershed in New Mexico that are dominated by oneseed
juniper (Juniperus monosperma), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae),
or alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides) [14].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:
Pale desert-thorn flowers from February to May or June throughout its
range [23,31,33,43]. In the Mohave Desert pale desert-thorn is one of the
first plants to break dormancy, and does so when night temperatures are
around freezing and maximum air temperatures average 60 degrees
Fahrenheit (15 deg C) [1,3,38]. It is also one of the first species to
shed its leaves when air and soil temperatures increase above 86 degrees
Fahrenheit (30 deg C). Pale desert-thorn may produce leaf and flower buds
after summer and fall rains [1,3]. The following dates were recorded
for phenological development of pale desert-thorn at Rock Valley, Nevada,
over an 8-year period [38]:
Year first leaf first flower first fruit
___________________________________________________________________
1968 Feb. 2 Mar. 3 April 4
1969 Feb. 14 April 2 April 18
1970 Feb. 16 April 13 April 20
1971 Jan. 25 Mar. 12 none
1972 Feb. 18 Mar. 7 Mar. 15
1973 Feb. 20 Mar. 13 Mar. 22
1974 Feb. 4 Mar. 26 April 2
1975 Jan. 24 Mar. 18 April 2
1976 Mar. 4 April 2 April 16
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Lycium pallidum
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:
Many perennial desert shrubs are not well adapted to fire [12], but some
exhibit fire adaptive traits [27]. These traits are generally only
weakly developed [35].
Since pale desert-thorn sprouts from the root crown following damage [43],
it probably sprouts after fire [27]. However, it may take many years
for desert shrubs to regain their former densities on burned sites [35].
The sprouting ability of pale desert-thorn is most likely dependent on fire
severity. Dense clumps of brush containing pale desert-thorn may be
somewhat impervious to fire, as are clumps containing Berlandier's
wolfberry (L. berlandieri) [10].
Wolfberry species seedling establishment was noted after a fire at a
Sonoran Desert site. The seeds may have survived fire in the soil or on
burned plants, or may have been dispersed from adjacent unburned areas
[35].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY:
Tall shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
FIRE REGIMES: Find fire regime information for the plant communities in
which this species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes".
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Lycium pallidum
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:
Severe fires may kill pale desert-thorn, but low- to moderate-severity fires
probably only consume its aerial portions.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT:
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:
Specific information on the response of pale desert-thorn to fire is not
available in the literature. In general, wolfberry species sprouted
rapidly after controlled June fires in Sonoran Desert scrub vegetation
near Phoenix, Arizona. The well developed wolfberry root systems
escaped damage from the fire, allowing them to capitalize on increased
water and nitrogen availability in the postfire environment.
Wolfberries had established their former density and cover by 35
postfire months. Wolfberry plants had similarresponses in both open
shrub and tree microhabitats [27].
Wolfberry species sprouted and seedlings established within 3 years
following a June wildfire in a Sonoran desert scrub community near
Phoenix, Arizona. No information was given on fire severity or
intensity [35].
Berlandier's wolfberry, a related species, was reduced by prescribed
fires in southern Texas [10,11,17], but the effects were short-lived and
canopy diameter had recovered to prefire levels by the end of the first
growing season following the fire [17].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Fires are not prevalent in many desert communities due wide spacing
between shrubs and sparse ground cover [12,21]. Unusually heavy winter
rains, however, may produce a cover of annual species dense enough to
carry a fire when cured [21]. Many perennial desert shrubs are poorly
adapted to fire [12]. Wolfberries in particular may be susceptible to
repeated burning [27]. Postfire colonization by desert shrubs is very
slow initially and may take hundreds of years [12,35]. Rogers and
Steele [35] suggested a conservative approach when using fire to manage
desert regions.
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Lycium pallidum
REFERENCES:
1. Ackerman, T. L.; Romney, E. M.; Wallace, A.; Kinnear, J. E. 1980.
Phenology of desert shrubs in southern Nye County, Nevada. In: Great
Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 4. Nevada desert ecology. Provo, UT:
Brigham Young University: 4-23. [3197]
2. Ackerman, Thomas L. 1979. Germination and survival of perennial plant
species in the Mojave Desert. Southwestern Naturalist. 24(3): 399-408.
[12219]
3. Ackerman, Thomas L.; Bamberg, Sam A. 1974. Phenological studies in the
Mojave Desert at Rock Valley (Nevada Test Site). In: Lieth, Helmut, ed.
Phenology and seasonality modeling. New York: Springer-Verlag: 215-226.
(Ecological studies; Analysis and synthesis, volume 8). [21506]
4. Anderson, Bertin W.; Ohmart, Robert D. 1978. Phainopepla utilization of
honey mesquite forests in the Colorado River Valley. Condor. 80:
334-338. [12225]
5. Bamberg, Samuel A.; Vollmer, Arthur T.; Kleinkopf, Gale E.; Ackerman,
Thomas L. 1976. A comparison of seasonal primary production of Mojave
Desert shrubs during wet and dry years. American Midland Naturalist.
95(2): 398-405. [4190]
6. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
7. Bowers, Janice E.; McLaughlin, Steven P. 1987. Flora and vegetation of
the Rincon Mountains, Pima County, Arizona. Desert Plants. 8(2): 50-94.
[495]
8. Bowers, Michael A. 1987. Precipitation and the relative abundances of
desert winter annuals: a 6-year study in the northern Mohave Desert.
Journal of Arid Environments. 12: 141-149. [4850]
9. Bowers, Michael A.; Lowe, Charles H. 1986. Plant-form gradients on
Sonoran Desert bajadas. Oikos. 46: 284-291. [10864]
10. Box, Thadis W.; Powell, Jeff; Drawe, D. Lynn. 1967. Influence of fire on
south Texas chaparral communities. Ecology. 48(6): 955-961. [499]
11. Box, Thadis W.; White, Richard S. 1969. Fall and winter burning of south
Texas brush ranges. Journal of Range Management. 22(6): 373-376.
[11438]
12. Brown, David E.; Minnich, Richard A. 1986. Fire and changes in creosote
bush scrub of the western Sonoran Desert, California. American Midland
Naturalist. 116(2): 411-422. [537]
13. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
14. Francis, Richard E. 1986. Phyto-edaphic communities of the Upper Rio
Puerco Watershed, New Mexico. Res. Pap. RM-272. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station. 73 p. [954]
15. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
16. Gese, Eric M.; Rongstad, Orrin J.; Mytton, William R. 1988. Home range
and habitat use of coyotes in southeastern Colorado. Journal of Wildlife
Management. 52(4): 640-646. [6136]
17. Hamilton, Wayne T. 1980. Suppressing undesirable plants in buffelgrass
range with prescribed fire. In: White, Larry D., ed. Prescribed range
burning in the Rio Grande Plains of Texas: Proceedings of a symposium;
1979 November 7; Carrizo Springs, TX. College Station, TX: The Texas A&M
University System, Texas Agricultural Extension Service: 12-21. [11459]
18. Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2d ed.
Chicago: The Swallow Press Inc. 666 p. [6851]
19. Henrickson, James; Johnston, Marshall C. 1986. Vegetation and community
types of the Chihuahuan Desert. In: Barlow, J. C.; [and others], eds.
Chihuahuan Desert--U.S. and Mexico, II. Alpine, TX: Sul Ross State
University: 20-39. [12979]
20. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of
California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p.
[21992]
21. Humphrey, Robert R. 1974. Fire in the deserts and desert grassland of
North America. In: Kozlowski, T. T.; Ahlgren, C. E., eds. Fire and
ecosystems. New York: Academic Press: 365-400. [14064]
22. Jackson, Laura L.; McAuliffe, Joseph R.; Roundy, Bruce A. 1991. Desert
restoration. Restoration & Management Notes. 9(2): 71-79. [22746]
23. Kearney, Thomas H.; Peebles, Robert H.; Howell, John Thomas; McClintock,
Elizabeth. 1960. Arizona flora. 2d ed. Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press. 1085 p. [6563]
24. Kelly, George W. 1970. A guide to the woody plants of Colorado. Boulder,
CO: Pruett Publishing Co. 180 p. [6379]
25. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
26. Lamb, S. H. 1971. Woody plants of New Mexico and their value to
wildlife. Bull. 14. Albuquerque, NM: New Mexico Department of Game and
Fish. 80 p. [9818]
27. Loftin, Samuel Robert. 1987. Postfire dynamics of a Sonoran Desert
ecosystem. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University. 97 p. Thesis. [12296]
28. Lonard, Robert I.; Judd, Frank W. 1993. Phytogeography of the woody
flora of the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Texas Journal of Science.
45(2): 133-147. [22040]
29. MacMahon, James A. 1988. Warm deserts. In: Barbour, Michael G.;
Billings, William Dwight, eds. North American terrestrial vegetation.
Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press: 231-264. [19547]
30. Meyer, Michael W.; Karasov, William H. 1989. Antiherbivore chemistry of
Larrea tridentata: effects on woodrat (Neotoma lepida) feeding and
nutrition. Ecology. 70(4): 953-961. [7979]
31. Munz, Philip A. 1974. A flora of southern California. Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press. 1086 p. [4924]
32. Nichol, A. A. [revisions by Phillips, W. S.]. 1952. The natural
vegetation of Arizona. Tech. Bull. 68 [revision]. Tucson, AZ: University
of Arizona, Agricultural Experiment Station: 189-230. [3928]
33. Powell, A. Michael. 1988. Trees & shrubs of Trans-Pecos Texas including
Big Bend and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks. Big Bend National Park,
TX: Big Bend Natural History Association. 536 p. [6130]
34. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
35. Rogers, Garry F.; Steele, Jeff. 1980. Sonoran Desert fire ecology. In:
Stokes, Marvin A.; Dieterich, John H., technical coordinators.
Proceedings of the fire history workshop; 1980 October 20-24; Tucson,
AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-81. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment
Station: 15-19. [16036]
36. Rudolf, Paul O. 1974. Lycium L. wolfberry. In: Schopmeyer, C. S., ed.
Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agriculture Handbook No.
450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service:
522-524. [7699]
37. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern
Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire
Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090]
38. Turner, Frederick B.; Randall, David C. 1987. The phenology of desert
shrubs in southern Nevada. Journal of Arid Environments. 13: 119-128.
[2764]
39. Turner, Frederick B.; Randall, David C. 1989. Net production by shrubs
and winter annuals in southern Nevada. Journal of Arid Environments. 17:
23-36. [8699]
40. Turner, Raymond M. 1982. Mohave desertscrub. In: Brown, David E., ed.
Biotic communities of the American Southwest--United States and Mexico.
Desert Plants. 4(1-4): 157-168. [2374]
41. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2018.
PLANTS Database, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources
Conservation Service (Producer). Available: https://plants.usda.gov/. [34262]
42. Van Dersal, William R. 1938. Native woody plants of the United States,
their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture. 362 p. [4240]
43. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the Southwest.
Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 1104 p. [7707]
44. Wallace, A.; Romney, E. M.; Cha, J. W. 1980. Depth distribution of roots
of some perennial plants in the Nevada Test Site area of the northern
Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. 4: 201-207. [4210]
45. Wallace, A.; Romney, E. M.; Wood, R. A.; [and others]. 1980. Parent
material which produces saline outcrops as a factor in differential
distribution of native plants in the northern Mojave Desert. Great Basin
Naturalist Memoirs. 4: 140-145. [4216]
46. Warren, Peter L.; Hoy, Marina S.; Hoy, Wilton E. 1992. Vegetation and
flora of Fort Bowie National Historic Site, Arizona. Tech. Rep.
NPS/WRUA/NRTR-92/43. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona, School of
Renewable Natural Resources, Cooperative National Park Resources Studies
Unit. 78 p. [19871]
47. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry
C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo,
UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
FEIS Home Page
