Sign and Poster Guidelines for the Forest Service

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction and Principles Policy and Standards

• 1.1 Policy
  
  
• 1.2 Objectives
  
  
• 1.3 Principles
  
  
• 1.4 MUTCD-Standard for Traffic Control Devices
  
  
• 1.5 Sign Coordinators
  
  
• 1.6 EM-7100-15
  • 1.6.1 Purpose and Use
  • 1.6.2 Abbreviations Used in Guidelines
  • 1.6.3 Shall, Should, and May Defined
  • 1.6.4 Sign Identification
    
    
• 1.7 Sign and Poster Standards
  • 1.7.1 Design
• 1.7.2 Standard Abbreviations for Signs
• 1.7.3 Logotypes
  
  
• 1.8 Removing/Covering Signs
  
  
• 1.9 Temporary Signs and Posters
  
  
• 1.10 Overview of Chapters
  
  
• 1.11 References
  
  

Chapter 2 Plans and Documentation

• 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.1.1 Plan Contents
  • 2.1.2 Planning Unit
    
    
• 2.2 Inventory
  
  
• 2.3 Evaluation
  
  
• 2.4 Action Plan
  • 2.4.1 Planning Period
    
    
• 2.5 Documentation
  
  

Chapter 3 Traffic Control Devices

• 3.1 General
  • 3.1.1 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices Compliance Dates and Mandated Changes for Devices
    
    
• 3.2 Traffic Control Device Shapes
  
  
• 3.3 Traffic Control Device Sign Materials
  • 3.3.1 Substrates (Signboards)
  • 3.3.2 Retroreflective Sheeting and Retroreflectivity
    
    
• 3.4 Colors for Traffic Control Devices
  
  
• 3.5 Sign and Legend Size
  • 3.5.1 Sign Size
  • 3.5.2 Guide Sign Legend Size
  • 3.5.3 Letter Font Series
    
    
• 3.6 Signing Priority
  
  
• 3.7 Driver Expectancy and Behavior
  
  
• 3.8 Engineering Judgment and Studies
  • 3.8.1 Engineering Judgment and Studies Defined
  • 3.8.2 Documentation of Engineering Judgment and Studies
  • 3.8.3 Specific MUTCD Engineering Study and Judgment Requirements
  • 3.8.4 Placement or Removal of Traffic Control Devices Recommended in Engineering Judgment or Studies
    
    
• 3.9 Elements in Engineering Studies
  • 3.9.1 Speed Limits
  • 3.9.2 Safe Speeds on Horizontal Curves
  • 3.9.3 Speed Studies
  • 3.9.4 Encouraging Safe Speeds Without Speed Limits
  • 3.9.5 Surface Changes
  • 3.9.6 Vertical Curves
  • 3.9.7 Grades
  • 3.9.8 Traveled Way Width
  • 3.9.9 Traffic Composition
    
    
• 3.10 Mixed Use on NFSRs
  
  

Chapter 3A Traffic Control Devices—All Roads

• 3A.1 Regulatory Signs
  
  
• 3A.2 Intersection Controls-STOP/YIELD Signs
  • 3A.2.1 Where to Install STOP and YIELD Signs
  • 3A.2.2 Adequate Sight Distance
    
    
• 3A.3 Speed Limit Signs
  
  
• 3A.4 Road Closures and Restrictions
  • 3A.4.1 Weed Free Restrictions
    
    
• 3A.5 Commercial Use Permits and Other Restrictions
  
  
• 3A.6 Weight Limits
  
  
• 3A.7 Warning Signs
  • 3A.7.1 Horizontal Alignment Signing
  • 3A.7.2 Other Warning Signs
    • 3A.7.2a ROAD NARROWS Sign
    • 3A.7.2b Narrow, Rough, Steep, or Winding Road Signs
    • 3A.7.2c ONE-LANE ROAD Sign
    • 3A.7.2d Vehicular Traffic and Nonvehicular Signs
    • 3A.7.2e STREAM CROSSING or FORD Signs
    • 3A.7.2f IMPASSABLE DURING HIGH WATER and FLASH FLOOD AREA Signs
    • 3A.7.2g CLOSED GATE XX FT or CLOSED GATE AHEAD Signs
    • 3A.7.2h CATTLEGUARD XX FT or CATTLEGUARD AHEAD Signs
    • 3A.7.2i NO TRAFFIC SIGNS Signs
  • 3A.7.3 Coincident Routes
    • 3A.7.3a Concurrent Coincident Route Signing
    • 3A.7.3b Separate Coincident Route Signing
  • 3A.7.4 Additional Warning Signs
    • 3A.7.4a Supplemental Plaques
    • 3A.7.4b Advisory Speed Plaques
      
      
• 3A.8 Markings
  • 3A.8.1 Object Markers
    • 3A.8.1a Type 2 Object Markers
    • 3A.8.1b Type 3 Object Markers
  • 3A.8.2 Barricade Markers
  • 3A.8.3 End-of-Roadway Markers
  • 3A.8.4 Delineators
  • 3A.8.5 Gate and Cattleguard Signing
    • 3A.8.5a Cattleguards
    • 3A.8.5b Gates
    • 3A.8.5c Gate Markings
    • 3A.8.5d Wire Gates
      
      
• 3A.9 Pavement Centerline Markings
  • 3A.9.1 Edge Line Pavement Markings
  • 3A.9.2 Pavement Markings in Campgrounds and Parking Areas
    
    
• 3A.10 Guide Signs
  • 3A.10.1 Route Markers
    • 3A.10.1a Distinctive Route Markers
    • 3A.10.1b Horizontal Route Markers
    • 3A.10.1c Vertical Route Markers
  • 3A.10.2 Reference Location Signs
  • 3A.10.3 Destination Signs
    • 3A.10.3a Rules for Destination Signing
  • 3A.10.4 National Forest Access Signing
    • 3A.10.4a Trailblazer Assemblies
      
      
• 3A.11 Feature Signing
  • 3A.11.1 Elevation Signs
  • 3A.11.2 Pass and Continental Divide Signs
    
    
• 3A.12 Miscellaneous Road Information Signs
  
  
• 3A.13 Scenic Byway Signing
  • 3A.13.1 Scenic Byway Signs
  • 3A.13.2 Scenic Byway Logos
  • 3A.13.3 Logo Signing
    
    

Chapter 3B Traffic Control Devices—Recreation Site Roads

• 3B.1 Introduction
  
  
• 3B.2 Regulatory Signs in Recreation Sites
  
  
• 3B.3 Warning Signs in Recreation Sites
  
  
• 3B.4 Guide Signs Leading to Recreation Sites
  • 3B.4.1 Federal Recreation Symbol Use on Roads
  • 3B.4.2 Site Destination Signs
  • 3B.4.3 Site Approach Signs
  • 3B.4.4 Site Identification Signs
  • 3B.4.5 Site Interior Guide Signs
  • 3B.4.6 Pavement Markings in Recreation Sites and Parking Areas
    
    
• 3B.5 Accessible Signs and Markings
  
  

Chapter 3C Traffic Control Devices—Placement and Installation

• 3C.1 Introduction
  
  
• 3C.2 Sign Placement
  • 3C.2.1 Sign Spreading
  • 3C.2.2 Longitudinal Placement
  • 3C.2.3 Clear Zones
  • 3C.2.4 Lateral Placement
  • 3C.2.5 Mounting Height
  • 3C.2.6 Orientation of Sign Faces
  • 3C.2.7 Regulatory Sign Placement Location
  • 3C.2.8 Typical Warning Sign Placement Location
  • 3C.2.9 Guide Sign Placement Location
    
    
• 3C.3 Marker Placement
  • 3C.3.1 Object Marker and Barricade Marker
  • 3C.3.2 Delineator Positioning and Spacing
  • 3C.3.3 Single-Lane Road Pavement Markings
    
    
• 3C.4 Sign Installation
  • 3C.4.1 Sign Posts
  • 3C.4.2 Breakaway and Crashworthy Sign Posts
  • 3C.4.3 Hardware
  • 3C.4.4 Vandal-Resistant Hardware and Graffiti Film
    
    
• 3C.5 Installation Date and Vandal Warning Labels
  
  
• 3C.6 Other References
  
  

Chapter 3D Traffic Control Devices—Sign Drawings (pdf)

Chapter 4 Temporary Traffic Control

• 4.1 Temporary Traffic Control
  
  
• 4.2 Temporary Traffic Control Zones
  
  
• 4.3 Workers in Temporary Traffic Control Zones
  
  
• 4.4 Flaggers
  
  
• 4.5 Advance Temporary Traffic Control Warning Sign Spacing
  
  
• 4.6 Sign Supports for Temporary Traffic Control
  
  
• 4.7 Channelizing Devices
  
  
• 4.8 Slow-Moving Vehicle Emblem
  
  

Chapter 4A Temporary Traffic Control—Construction and Maintenance

• 4A.1 General
  
  
• 4A.2 Temporary Traffic Control Plans
  • 4A.2.1 Temporary Traffic Control Plans for Force Account Projects
  • 4A.2.2 Temporary Traffic Control Plans for Contract Projects
    
• 4A.3 Temporary Traffic Control Zones
  
  
• 4A.4 Specific Closure Devices
  • 4A.4.1 Road Closures
  • 4A.4.2 Barricades
  • 4A.4.3 Logging Operations
    
    

Chapter 4B Temporary Traffic Control—Incident Management

• 4B.1 General
  
  
• 4B.2 Incident Planning with Highway Agencies
  
  
• 4B.3 Signing for Incidents
  
  
• 4B.4 Incident Planning and Temporary Traffic Control Plans
  • 4B.4.1 Incident Traffic and Sign Plans for Recurrent Use Sites
    
    
• 4B.5 Sign Design
  • 4B.5.1 Sign Design, Shape, and Retroreflectivity
  • 4B.5.2 Sign Colors
  • 4B.5.3 Sign Placement and Installation
    
    
• 4B.6 Incident Signs
  
  

Chapter 4C Temporary Trafic Control—Sign Drawings (pdf)

Chapter 5 Trail Signing

• 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.1.1 ROS Guidelines
  • 5.1.2 Accessibility
  • 5.1.3 Access and Travel Management
  • 5.1.4 Sign Planning
    • 5.1.4a Recreational Studies, Engineering Studies and Judgment
  • 5.1.5 Coincident Routes
  • 5.1.6 Requirements for Retroreflection
  • 5.1.7 Sign Sizes
  • 5.1.8 Adopt-a-Trail Signs
    
    
• 5.2 Regulatory and Warning Signs
  • 5.2.1 Regulatory Signs
  • 5.2.2 Warning Signs and Markers
    
    
• 5.3 Guide Signs
  • 5.3.1 Signing Rules for Guide Signs
    • 5.3.1a Nonwilderness Trails
    • 5.3.1b Wilderness Trails
  • 5.3.2 Guide Sign Layout
    • 5.3.2a Arrows
    • 5.3.2b Arrow and Mileage Sequence
    • 5.3.2c Message Sequence
    • 5.3.2d Special Cases
    • 5.3.2e Mileage Layout
      
      
• 5.4 Sign Specifications
  
  
• 5.5 Junction Identity Signs
  
  
• 5.6 Locator Map Signs
  
  
• 5.7 Trail and Road Crossings
  • 5.7.1 Regulatory and Warning Signs
  • 5.7.2 Guide Signs
    
    
• 5.8 Reassurance Markers
  
  
• 5.9 Congressionally Designated Trails
  • 5.9.1 National Trail Systems
    • 5.9.1a National Recreation Trails
    • 5.9.1b National Scenic Trails
    • 5.9.1c National Historic Trails
  • 5.9.2 National Trail System Signing
    • 5.9.2a Trailheads
    • 5.9.2b Road Crossings
    • 5.9.2c Guide Signs
    • 5.9.2d Reassurance Markers
      
      
• 5.10 Summary of Standards and Guidelines by Trail Type
  
  

Chapter 5A Trail Signing —Placement and Installation

• 5A.1 Trail Sign Placement and Installation
  
  
• 5A.2 Placement
  
  
• 5A.3 Supports and Mountings
  
  

Chapter 5B Trail Signing—Sign Drawings (pdf)

Chapter 6 Travel Management Signing

• 6.1 Access and Travel Management - General
  
  
• 6.2 Definitions
  • 6.2.1 Restriction
  • 6.2.2 Closure
  • 6.2.3 Designated Road, Trail, or Area
    
    
• 6.3 Traffic Management Strategies
  • 6.3.1 Encourage
  • 6.3.2 Accept
  • 6.3.3 Discourage
  • 6.3.4 Eliminate
  • 6.3.5 Prohibit
    
    
• 6.4 Restriction Devices and Methods
  
  
• 6.5 Signs
  • 6.5.1 Regulatory Signs
  • 6.5.2 Portal Signs
  • 6.5.3 Travel Management Signs
  • 6.5.4 Warning Signs
  • 6.5.5 Guide Signs
    • 6.5.5a Route Markers
      
      
• 6.6 Use of Federal Recreation Symbols
  • 6.6.1 Destination Signs
    
    
• 6.7 Signing for Strategies
  • 6.7.1 Signing for Prohibitions
  • 6.7.2 Signing for Areas Open to Cross-Country Motorized Use, Including Snowmobiles
    
    
• 6.8 Public Notices
  • 6.8.1 Activities Behind Gate Notice
  • 6.8.2 Advance Restriction/Closure Notice
    
    
• 6.9 Accessibility
  • 6.9.1 Clear Passage Around Gates/Berms and Other Restriction Devices When Pedestrian Travel Is Permitted or Encouraged Beyond Gate
  • 6.9.2 Wheelchair
    
    

Chapter 6A Travel Management Signing—Placement and Installation

Chapter 6B Travel Management Signing—Sign Drawings (pdf)

Chapter 7 Recreation Site Signing

• 7.1 Introduction
  
  
• 7.2 Recreation Opportunity Spectrum Guidelines
  
  
• 7.3 Traffic Control Devices in Recreation Sites
  
  
• 7.4 Signs for Forest Service Managed Sites and Facilities
  
  
• 7.5 Site Identification Signs
  
  
• 7.6 Onsite Signing
  • 7.6.1 Federal Recreation Symbols
  • 7.6.2 Miscellaneous Onsite Signing
  • 7.6.3 Campground Host Sites
    
    
• 7.7 Registration and Payment
  
  
• 7.8 Self-Locator Maps
  
  
• 7.9 Sanitary Dumping Station Signs
  
  
• 7.10 Pack It In/Pack It Out
  
  
• 7.11 Signs for Privately Provided Recreation Sites and Facilities
  
  
• 7.12 National River Systems
  • 7.12.1 Wild Rivers
  • 7.12.2 Scenic Rivers
  • 7.12.3 Recreation Rivers
  • 7.12.4 National River System Signs
    
    
• 7.13 Congressionally Designated Special Areas
  • 7.13.1 Recreation Site Entrance
    
    

Chapter 7A Recreation Site Signing Placement and Installation

• 7A.1 Introduction
  
  
• 7A.2 Placement and Installation
  • 7A.2.1 Campsite Markers
    
    

Chapter 7B Recreation Site Signing—Sign Drawings (pdf)

Chapter 8 Forest Identification Signing

• 8.1 General
  
  
• 8.2 Forest Service Shield, USDA Identification, and Logotypes
  • 8.2.1 Forest Service Shield and USDA Credit Line
  • 8.2.2 Logotypes
    
    
• 8.3 Sign Design
  • 8.3.1 Shape
  • 8.3.2 Sizes
  • 8.3.3 Materials
  • 8.3.4 Colors
    
    
• 8.4 Traffic Control Devices in Administrative Sites
  
  

Chapter 8A Forest Identification Signing—Administrative Sites

• 8A.1 Administrative Site Signs
  
  
• 8A.2 Accessibility Signing
  • 8A.2.1 Other International Symbols
    
    
• 8A.3 Forest or Regional Headquarters and District Office Signs
  • 8A.3.1 Rural Situations
  • 8A.3.2 Urban Situations
  • 8A.3.3 Forest Service Office Combinations
    
    
• 8A.4 Interagency Office Combinations
  • 8A.4.1 USDA Offices
  • 8A.4.2 Forest Service and BLM Offices
  • 8A.4.3 USDA and Other Federal and State Offices
    
    
• 8A.5 Project Work Center and Other Permanent Facility Signs
  
  
• 8A.6 Research Signs
  • 8A.6.1 Research Station Signs, Research Laboratory, and Technology Development Center Signs
  • 8A.6.2 Experimental Forest Signs
    • 8A.6.2a Inside National Forest
    • 8A.6.2b Outside National Forests
      
      
• 8A.7 Approach Guide Signs
  
  
• 8A.8 Human Resource Signs
  • 8A.8.1 Symbols and Logotypes
    
    

Chapter 8B Forest Identification Signing—National Forest, Grassland, and Other Administrative Boundaries

• 8B.1 National Forest, Grassland, and Other Administrative Boundaries
  
  
• 8B.2 Forest, Grassland, and Other Units' Entrance Signs
  
  
• 8B.3 Congressionally Designated Special Areas
  • 8B.3.1 Special Area Entrances on Unit Boundaries
  • 8B.3.2 Special Area Entrances Not on Forest Boundaries
    
    
• 8B.4 Wilderness and Primitive Areas
  • 8B.4.1 Wilderness and Primitive Area Portal Signs
  • 8B.4.2 Wilderness and Primitive Area Boundary Signs
    
    
• 8B.5 Experimental Forests and Research Area Boundaries
  
  
• 8B.6 Supplemental Study Areas
  
  

Chapter 8C Forest Identification Signing—Sign Drawings (pdf)

Chapter 9 Cooperator and Commercial Enterprise Signing

• 9.1 Cooperator Signs
  • 9.1.1 Agreements
  • 9.1.2 Design and Location
    
    
• 9.2 Commercial and Noncommercial Enterprise Signs
  • 9.2.1 Types of Signs
  • 9.2.2 Facilities Located on National Forest Lands
  • 9.2.3 Facilities Located off National Forest Lands
  • 9.2.4 Tourist-Oriented Directional Signing
  • 9.2.5 Adopt-a-Road/Trail Signs
    
    

Chapter 10 Visitor Information Signing

• 10.1 Visitor Information Signs
  
  

Chapter 10A Visitor Information Signing—Interpretive

• 10A.1 Purpose
  
  
• 10A.2 Guidelines
  
  
• 10A.3 Planning
  
  
• 10A.4 Design
  • 10A.4.1 Text
  • 10A.4.2 Layout/Graphics
    
    
• 10A.5 Fabrication
  • 10A.5.1 Sign Face Materials
  • 10A.5.2 Sign Supports
    
    
• 10A.6 Installation
  
  
• 10A.7 Special Considerations
  
  
• 10A.8 Evaluating and Monitoring Effectiveness
  
  
• 10A.9 Other References and Resources
  
  

Chapter 10B Visitor Information Signing—Bulletin Boards, Fees, Registration

• 10B.1 General
  
  
• 10B.2 Visitor Information Services Signing at Recreation Sites
  
  
• 10B.3 Wilderness Trailhead Signs
  
  
• 10B.4 Bulletin Boards
  • 10B.4.1 Site identification
  • 10B.4.2 VIS Content
    
    
• 10B.5 Sign: Face Design, Materials, Mounting, Supports, and Installation
  • 10B.5.1 Sign Face Design
  • 10B.5.2 Sign Dimensions
  • 10B.5.3 Sign Face Materials
  • 10B.5.4 Installation
  • 10B.5.5 Sign Structures
    
    
• 10B.6 Trailhead VIS
  • 10B.6.1 Introduction and Orientation
  • 10B.6.2 Leave No Trace (LNT)
  • 10B.6.3 Rules and Regulations Subhead
  • 10B.6.4 Safety and Trip Planning
  • 10B.6.5 Special Messages
    
    
• 10B.7 Designated Wilderness Trailhead Messages
  • 10B.7.1 Graphic Identity and Continuity

Chapter 10C Visitor Information Signing—Fire Rating (pdf)

Chapter 11 Posters

• 11.1 General
  • 11.1a Procurement
    
    
• 11.2 Poster Series
  • 11.2.1 Woodsy Says Poster (P19 Series)
  • 11.2.2 Environmental Management Posters (P21 Series)
  • 11.2.3 Recreation Management Posters (P23 Series)
  • 11.2.4 Timber Management Posters (P24 Series)
  • 11.2.5 Watershed Management Posters (P25 Series)
  • 11.2.6 Wildlife Management Posters (P26 Series)
  • 11.2.7 Fire Management Posters (P51 Series)
  • 11.2.8 Law Enforcement Posters (P53 Series)
  • 11.2.9 Lands Posters (P54 Series)
  • 11.2.10 Safety Posters (P61 Series)
  • 11.2.11 Property Posters (P64 Series)
  • 11.2.12 Volunteer Program Posters (P65 Series)
  • 11.2.13 Water System Posters (P74 Series)
  • 11.2.14 Take Pride in America Posters (TPAS series)
    
    
• 11.3 Poster Mounts
  
  

Chapter 12 Small Metal Signs

• 12.1 General
  
  
• 12.2 Procurement
  
  
• 12.3 Small Metal Signs Series
  
  

Chapter 13 Accident Prevention and Safety Signing

• 13.1 General
  • 13.1.1 Sign Categories
  • 13.1.2 Sign Shapes
  • 13.1.3 Wording
  • 13.1.4 Materials
  • 13.1.5 Sign Placement and Mounting
    
    
• 13.2 Flood Hazard Warning Signs
  
  
• 13.3 Hazardous Materials Signs
  • 13.3.1 Hazardous Material Storage Building
  • 13.3.2 Hazardous Materials Containers
  • 13.3.3 Radioactive Material Signing
    
    
• 13.4 Explosives Signs
  
  
• 13.5 Work Area Signing
  • 13.5.1 Shops
  • 13.5.2 Gasoline and Automobile Service Stations
  • 13.5.3 Lookouts
  • 13.5.4 Laboratories
  • 13.5.5 Buildings and Administrative Sites
    
    

Chapter 14 Manufacturing Specifications

• 14.1 General
  
  
• 14.2 Applicable Documents and References
  • 14.2.1 U.S. Government Documents
  • 14.2.2 Nongovernment Publications
    
    
• 14.3 Retroreflective Signs
  • 14.3.1 Description
  • 14.3.2 Substrate
  • 14.3.3 Sheeting
  • 14.3.4 Clear Overlay Sheeting
  • 14.3.5 Top Edge Film
  • 14.3.6 Fonts
  • 14.3.7 Paint
  • 14.3.8 Silk-screen Inks
  • 14.3.9 Manufacturing Requirements
    • 14.3.9a Sign Panel Preparation
    • 14.3.9b Sizing Tolerance
    • 14.3.9c Beveling/Corner Rounding
    • 14.3.9d Drilling
    • 14.3.9e Edge Finishing
    • 14.3.9f Sheeting, Legend, Border, and Symbol Application
    • 14.3.9g Silk-screening
    • 14.3.9h Trimming and Edge Finishing
      
      
• 14.4 Routed Signs
  • 14.4.1 Description
  • 14.4.2 Substrate
  • 14.4.3 Adhesive
  • 14.4.4 Hardware
  • 14.4.5 Primer, Paint, and Stain
  • 14.4.6 Manufacturing Requirements
    • 14.4.6a Medium Density Overlay Plywood
    • 14.4.6b Lumber
      
      
• 14.5 Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Signs
  • 14.5.1 Design Requirements
  • 14.5.2 Materials
  • 14.5.3 Manufacturing Requirements
    • 14.5.3a Single-faced Signs Construction
    • 14.5.3b Double-Faced Signs Frame Construction
    • 14.5.3c Solid Sign Construction
  • 14.5.4 Sign Message
  • 14.5.5 Maintenance
    
    
• 14.6 Flexible Banner Signs
  
  
• 14.7 Legend, Layout, and Tolerances - All Signs
  • 14.7.1 Routing Wood and Fiberglass Signs
    
    
• 14.8 Finishing Operations
  
  
• 14.9. Maker's Mark
  
  
• 14.10 Materials Certification
  
  
• 14.11 Packaging and Shipping
  • 14.11.1 Packaging
  • 14.11.2 Shipping
  • 14.11.3 Receiving Inspection
    
    
• 14.12 Method of Measurement
  
  
• 14.13 Basis of Payment
  
  
• 14.14 Sign-Blank Standards
  
  

Chapter 15 Procurement

• 15.1 Procurement
  • 15.1.1 Small Metal Signs and Posters
  • 15.1.2 Commercial Stock and Custom Posters
    
    
• 15.2 Signs
  • 15.2.1 UNICOR Bidding Requirements
  • 15.2.2 Determining Sign Size and Weight
    
    

Chapter 16 Sign Maintenance, Repairs, Recycling and Disposal

• 16.1 Maintenance Objective
  
  
• 16.2 Condition Surveys
  • 16.2.1 Retroreflectivity Inspections
  • 16.2.2 Inspection Documentation
    
    
• 16.3 Maintenance Plan Development
  
  
• 16.4 Sign Maintenance
  • 16.4.1 Maintenance Performance
  • 16.4.2 Retroreflective Sign Repairs
    • 16.4.2a Aluminum Substrate Signs
    • 16.4.2b High-Density Overlay Plywood Substrate Signs
    • 16.4.2c Retroreflective Background Sheeting Repairs
    • 16.4.2d Retroreflective Characters and Border Repairs
  • 16.4.3 Routed Wood Sign Repairs
    • 16.4.3a Maintenance of Routed Fiberglass Substrate Signs
    • 16.4.3b Repair of Routed Fiberglass Substrate Signs
    • 16.4.3c Painting Routed Signs
    • 16.4.3d Staining Natural Wood Signs
    • 16.4.3e Other Sign Materials
  • 16.4.4 Supports and Hardware
    
    
• 16.5 Pavement Markings
  
  
• 16.6 Record Keeping
  
  
• 16.7 Recycling
  • 16.7.1 Recycling Retroreflective Signs
  • 16.7.2 Recycling Routed Wood Signs
    
    
• 16.8 Disposal
  • 16.8.1 Documentation of Disposal

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