Forest Inventory and Monitoring Environmetrics

Remote Sensing of Wildland Resources

General Technical Report RM-71 by Robert C. Aldrich is a seminal review of remote sensing for wildand resources in 1979. RM-71 is now available through the Forest Inventory and Monitoring Environmetrics project at the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station. This important review has been previously out of print since 1989. Although many sections are dated, Dr. Aldrich's review of aerial photography remains very valid today. More current information on other related technologies is available through the USDA Forest Service Remote Sensing Applications Center.

The following contains important excerpts. The full version of General Technical Report RM-71 is available as a .pdf file.  PDF files require the Acrobat Reader program. You can download the Acrobat Reader free of charge. Please read our disclaimers

Remote Sensing of Wildland Resources: A State-of-the-Art Review
Robert C. Aldrich

General Technical Report RM-71
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture

Aldrich, Robert C. 1979. Remote sensing of wildland resources: A state-of-the-art review. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-71, 56 p. Rocky Mt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colo.

Abstract:

A review, with literature citations, of current remote sensing technology, applications, and costs for wildland resource management, including collection, interpretation, and processing of data gathered through photographic and nonphotographic techniques for classification and mapping, interpretive information for specific applications, measurement of resource parameters, and observations and counts of occurrences.

Keywords: Remote sensing, photographic, nonphotographic, classification, mapping interpretation, measurements, observations, wildland, forest, range, soils, water

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Excerpts from General Technical Report RM-71

INTRODUCTION [ back to list ]

Remote sensing is a tool to aid gathering information about land cover with a minimum of ground verification. How much information is extracted from remotely sensed data is dependent upon the type of sensor and the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) used, the quality of the data recorded, and certain physical limitations including platform altitude, topography, variations in solar angle and solar altitude, and atmospheric interference. There are other limiting factors involved in processing the data once they have been collected (i.e., regardless of how well data are gathered, improperly processed and/or interpreted data will yield poor information, preventing realization of the full capabilities of remote sensing).

The "state" of something is the sum of the qualities involved in its existence at a particular time and place. The qualities of remote sensing as defined here include the data as well as the data collection, interpretation, and/or data processing. The end result must be cost-effective information useful to resource managers for land use planning and solving wildland management problems. Remote sensing as reviewed in this paper covers both photographic and nonphotographic data including microwave, radar, thermal infrared (thermal JR), ultraviolet (UV), as well as multispectral scanner (MSS) data. Nonimaging radiometers and spectrometers, however, are not included. Remotely sensed data may be interpreted manually (photo interpretation), by automatic data processing (ADP), or by a combination of the two.

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BACKGROUND [ back to list ]

A review of the state of remote sensing is a formidable task when one considers the abundance of literature printed on the subject during the past 10 years. This abundance has been caused largely by the Earth Resources Survey Program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Through this program NASA has made outstanding contributions to the development of remote sensing technology. It is unfortunate, however, that not all of what is written is worthy. Much of the "oversell" of remote sensing in recent years has come from overly enthusiastic individuals and their agencies. Many times speculative statements at the end of inconclusive studies have been quoted out of context (Buys 1973) and blown out of proportion, resulting in a credibility gap between the remote sensing community and the user community (Murtha 1976).

Space and time do not permit a thorough review of every paper published on wildland resources during the past 10 years. However, a careful review of indexes to scientific journals, publications of abstracts, and technical information digests revealed pertinent sources of information which were reviewed in greater detail. Source materials included Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing of Environment, Forest Science, Journal of Forestry, Journal of Range Management, Applied Ecology Abstracts, Forestry Abstracts, Selected Water Resource Abstracts, Wildlife Review, Forestry Chronicle, National Technical Information Service Index, LANDSAT Newsletter, NASA/SCAN Notification, Manual of Remote Sensing, proceedings of symposia, and research papers and reports. Not every wildland resource subject is addressed in the literature; however, information reported can be interpreted for subjects that are neglected. Publications on many subjects were inconclusive, and many times conclusions overstated the results of experiments.

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INFORMATION NEEDS-- THE USER REQUIREMENTS [ back to list ]

To manage wildlands, information is needed to address all USDA Forest Service resource systems (forest and rangeland, outdoor recreation and wilderness, wildlife and fish, range, timber, and water). To make an assessment of the potential effects of alternative land uses on resource systems requires basic information on soils, vegetative cover, water, landform (topography), and climate and their relationship to each other. An inventory of current and potential productivity of land is also needed by resource managers making land use and management decisions. Some local management and planning decisions require mapped or pinpointed information. Other decisions at the state, regional, and national levels may be based upon statistical data derived from extensive samples. Regardless, the basic information required to satisfy program plans (national, state, or regional), environmental impact statements, management plans, and day-to-day management operations differs only in resolution. For example, national planners may need to know timber volume by broad softwood or hardwood categories by regions, regional planners may need timber volume by states by broad forest types, and state planners may need timber volume by counties by specific forest types. The parameter to be measured, accuracy required, and the way the data are formatted will differ accordingly.

In 1978 a USDA Remote Sensing User Requirements Task Force (required by the Secretary's Memorandum No. 1822 dated August 17, 1973) identified over 800 USDA Forest Service information requirements. These requirements were compiled in a computer printout called the Data Users Requirements Task Force Catalog. Each requirement was addressed in terms of its current potential or its future potential for being classified, interpreted, or measured by remote sensing.

The USDA Forest Service's information requirements attainable now or by further remote sensing research and development were examined and recommendations were made for either aerial or satellite platforms, the required ground resolution, and the best remote sensor type. Platforms (vehicle type and altitude) in this present review are considered a consequence of the sensor type and the ground resolution required and not an independent, and thus limiting factor for sensor selection.

A review of the remote sensing user requirements revealed that most requirements can be divided into four major groups based upon application.

Classification and mapping application

--These applications require some observational and interpretive skills to delineate homogeneous areas of cover. Delineations might be made by drawing a boundary line or by point sampling with listings of points by cover type. Units of land are classified by vegetative cover, nonvegetative cover, land use, land form, or disturbance.
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Interpretive information for specific applications

--These applications may require some observational and measurement skills to answer a management problem within a designated area or at a certain location. Information interpreted from remotely sensed data in this sense does not result in a map. It could confirm that a certain condition exists, locate and flag the condition, and provide certain corollary information needed to manage condition. Some examples might be the location of an unusual stress condition, potential landslide, geological hazards, soil erosion, oil slicks, and other water pollutants.
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Measurements of resource parameters

--These measurements include linear distances, heights, numbers, area, and other expressions of the size, quantity, or quality of basic resources.
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Observation and counts of occurrences

--This category is defined as the determination of the presence or absence of something--a building, structure, cars, people, animals, road washouts, erosion, and others.
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Two hundred eleven nonoverlapping user requirements (app. B) were extracted from the User Requirements Catalog and assigned to 1 of these 4 major and 45 secondary application areas (table 3). The assignment of a particular requirement to one application area rather than another was based on the author's experienced judgment. The requirements were organized in this way to reduce the number of application problems to a reasonable number for this review.

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LITERATURE CITATIONS [ back to list ]

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Wert, S. L. 1969. A system for using remote sensing techniques to detect and evaluate air pollution effects on forest stands. p. 1169-1178. In Proc. 6th int. symp. on remote sensing of environ. [Ann Arbor, Mich., Oct. 13-16, 1969] Environ. Inst. Sci. and Tech., Univ. Mich., Ann Arbor.

Wert, S. L., P. R. Miller, and R. N. Larsh. 1970. Color photos detect smog injury to forest trees. J. For. 68(9):536-539.

Werth, L., M. Meyer, and K. Brooks. 1977. A wetlands survey of the twin cities 7-county metropolitan area--west half. Final Rep. to Minn. Dep. Nat. Resour., U.S. Army Corp. of Eng., U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., USDA Soil Cons. Serv., and Twin Cities Metro. Council. 18 p. Remote Sens. Lab., Inst. of Agric., For., and Home Econ., Univ. Minn., St. Paul.

Westin, F. C., and C. J. Frazee. 1975. Landsat-1 data, its use in a soil survey program. I-A:67-95. In Proc. NASA earth resour. surv. symp. [NASA, Houston, Tex., June 9-12, 19751 598 p. Rep. NASA TM-X-58168.

Wezernak, C. T., and F. C. Polcyn. 1971. Technological assessment of remote sensing systems for water pollution control. Infrared Optics Lab., Willow Run Lab., Inst. Sci. and Tech., Univ. Mich., Ann Arbor.

Whittlesey, Julian H. 1972. A multiband camera for archaeology. Photogr. Eng. 38:817.

Williams, Darrel L., and Gerald F. Haver. 1976. Forest management by satellite: Landsatderived information as input to a forest inventory system. 36 p. NASA, Inf. Transfer Lab. (Intralab) Goddard Space Flight Cent., Greenbelt, Md. Rep. on Interlab Proj. 75-1 in coop. with Weyerhauser Co. (N.C. Reg.)

Williams, K. S., Jr. P. G. Hasell, Jr., A. N. Sellman, and H. W. Smedes.1976. Thermographic mosaic of Yellowstone National Park. Photogr. Eng. and Remote Sensing 42(10):1315-1324.

Work, E. A., Jr. 1976. Utilization of satellite data for inventorying prairie ponds and lakes. Photogr. Eng. and Remote Sensing 42(5):685-694.

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