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TUCKER to ZON - PAGE 7 OF 7
UMATILLA15
Tucker, G. J. No date. Historical notes on early
day cordwood production in the Meacham area. Unpublished typescript
report obtained from
the National Archives, College Park, MD; record group 95. [Place
of publication unknown]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service. 1 p.
Abstract: This short accession consists of a one-page report
summarizing cordwood production in the vicinity of Meacham, Oregon.
It begins
by stating that average cordwood production was about 15,000
cords per year for the period of 1900 to 1909. The period immediately
preceding that one, 1884 to 1899, was estimated to have averaged
around 10,000 cords per year. For the following periods, the
annual
production averaged: 1910-1915, 8,000 cords; 1916-1920, 3,500
cords; and 1921-1924, 2,500 cords. Tucker also mentions that cordwood
production was as high as 50,000 cords annually for a few years
when electric power was generated in Pendleton using wood-fired
boilers. He also recounts how cordwood was shipped from the area
and the points to where it was shipped. He mentioned that most
wood cutters worked alone at their job and averaged between 200
and 250 cords per year per man.
UMATILLA16
Tucker, Gerald J. 1940. History of the northern
Blue Mountains. Unpublished Report. Pendleton, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Umatilla National Forest.
170 p.
Abstract: Provides a prehistory and history for the northern
Blue Mountains, primarily pertaining to the portion located in
southeastern
Washington (Columbia, Garfield, and Asotin counties, Washington).
The following subjects are covered: geology of the northern Blue
Mountains, the coming of Lewis and Clark, the Nez Perce and Captain
B.L.E. Bonneville, early Indian trails, the Treaty of 1855, early
pioneer accounts, early Garfield County history, pioneer history
of Columbia Center, pioneer history of the Alpowa region, pioneer
history of the Asotin sections, pioneer history of the Anatone
section, pioneer history of the Clarkston section, pioneer Eden
and Grouse Flat history, the beginning of the livestock industry
in the Blue Mountains, history of the livestock industry in the
national forest area of the northern Blues, wildlife ups and
downs, roads of the northern Blues, timber cuttings in the northern
Blues,
forest fires of the northern Blues, Forest Service improvements
in the northern Blues, and Forest Service personnel of the northern
Blues.
MARKING1
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1908. General
instructions for marking timber on the [blank] national forest;
Engelmann spruce
region. Unpublished typescript report obtained from the National
Archives, College Park, MD; record group 95. [Place of publication
unknown]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 15 p.
Abstract: This document provides general rules,
to be varied at the discretion of the forest officers in charge,
for marking
timber
on the [fill in the blank] national forest. The rules were supplementary
to the general instructions in “The Use Book.” These
rules pertain to the “Engelmann spruce region,” which
apparently meant those national forests where the Engelmann spruce
forest type was a major component. The instructions begin by stating
that in moist situations where Engelmann spruce is well adapted,
it should be favored over other species. In dense, pure stands
of spruce on cold, moist sites at high elevations, the recommendation
was to not cut any heavier than a thinning – removing overripe,
suppressed, and defective trees but not to the extent where less
than one-half to two-thirds of the stand would remain after harvest.
That and other recommendations were based primarily on the shallow-rooted
nature of spruce and its high windthrow risk, especially on exposed
sites. In mixed stands, the instructions state that subalpine fir
should be discriminated against whenever possible, although it
too could be thinned if growing in almost-pure stands where spruce
could not be favored. Instructions are also provided for selection
cutting in pure stands of lodgepole pine; windthrow considerations
were also important for that type. When marking uneven-aged lodgepole
stands, the primary considerations were the danger from windfall,
leaving enough trees to form the basis for a future cut, and the
removal of all undesirable individuals. For the more common situation
of even-aged stands of lodgepole pine, the instructions recommend
clean (clear) cutting in strips, with alternate strips either uncut
or lightly thinned to remove diseased and defective trees only.
Next, the instructions cover pure yellow (ponderosa) pine stands,
followed by a short narrative for mixed stands of various species.
The final section (3½ pages) is entitled “General
Rules.” It describes general policies such as: “as
a general rule, at least one-third of the present merchantable
stand should be left on every sale area to form the basis for a
second cut.” The balance of that section provides recommendations
about how to handle stands with insect or disease problems, form
defects, scenic concerns, previous harvest impacts, and other considerations.
The instructions end with two admonitions: “when in doubt
whether a defective tree contains merchantable material, mark it;” and “when
in doubt whether a tree is needed for seed or protection, or
is a proper tree to leave for the future crop, leave it.”
MARKING2
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1908. General
instructions for marking timber on the [blank] national forest;
lodgepole pine
region. Unpublished typescript report obtained from the National
Archives, College Park, MD; record group 95. [Place of publication
unknown]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 11 p.
Abstract: This document provides general rules,
to be varied at the discretion of the forest officers in charge,
for marking
timber
on the [fill in the blank] national forest. The rules were supplementary
to the general instructions in “The Use Book.” These
rules pertain to the “lodgepole pine region,” which
apparently meant those national forests where the lodgepole pine
forest cover type was a major component. This document contains
the following sections: pure lodgepole pine stands; pure yellow
pine stands; mixed stands of lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce and
other species; and general rules. For pure, uneven-aged lodgepole
pine stands, it was recommended that partial cuttings take the
form of either a very light “thinning,” or a very heavy
harvest that left only enough trees for another entry at some point
in the distant future. When marking those stands, the primary considerations
were the danger from windfall, leaving enough trees to form the
basis for a future cut, and the removal of all undesirable individuals.
In the more common situation of even-aged lodgepole pine, it was
recommended to clearcut in strips, with the orientation of the
strips based on the risk of windthrow, avalanches, or soil erosion.
The alternate strips were to be either uncut or lightly thinned
to remove diseased and defective trees only. There were four considerations
for pure yellow pine stands: 1) leave all young trees unless plainly
undesirable from serious unsoundness or overcrowding, or so misshapen
that they will not develop into valuable timber trees, and in general
all thrifty trees which will plainly be much more valuable at the
time a second cut may reasonably be expected in from thirty to
fifty years; 2) never make an opening of more than one-quarter
of an acre, unless good reproduction was already well established;
3) before marking a tree for removal, be sure that it is not needed
for seed, especially if it is a young, thrifty yellow pine or a
large, thrifty black jack; and 4) when an area includes enough
thrifty pine timber to make it possible to leave from 1,500 to
2,000 board feet of merchantable timber per acre without jeopardizing
the economic viability of the present cut, it should be left as
the basis for an early second crop. In partial cuttings without
advance regeneration, the recommendation was to leave two to five
young, thrifty yellow pines with full crowns on each acre. The
leave trees should be left in groups or clumps, since they were
more windfirm that way and tended to replicate the natural “clumpy” pattern
of virgin yellow pine forest. In mixed stands, market considerations
and site conditions were the main factor dictating the species
to be favored. It was recommended that subalpine fir or other low-value
species be removed whenever possible in order to provide more growing
space for Douglas-fir, Engelmann spruce, lodgepole pine, or any
species more economically valuable than the true firs. Spruce was
to be favored on moist sites; lodgepole pine on areas that were
sterile and drier. Douglas-fir tended to be most windfirm species
in mixed stands, so it was recommended for retention on exposed
sites. The final section (3½ pages) is entitled “General
Rules.” It describes general policies such as: “as
a general rule, at least one-third of the present merchantable
stand should be left on every sale area to form the basis for a
second cut.” The balance of that section provides recommendations
about how to handle stands with insect or disease problems, form
defects, scenic concerns, previous harvest impacts, and other considerations.
The instructions end with two admonitions: “when in doubt
whether a defective tree contains merchantable material, mark it;” and “when
in doubt whether a tree is needed for seed or protection, or
is a proper tree to leave for the future crop, leave it.”
MARKING3
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1908. General instructions
for marking timber on the [blank] national forest; western yellow
pine region (northern division). Unpublished typescript report
obtained from the National Archives, College Park, MD; record group
95. [Place of publication unknown]: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service. 16 p.
Abstract: This document provides general rules,
to be varied at the discretion of the forest officers in charge,
for marking
timber
on the [fill in the blank] national forest. The rules were supplementary
to the general instructions in “The Use Book.” These
rules pertain to the “western yellow pine region,” which
apparently referred to national forests where the western yellow
(ponderosa) pine forest cover type was a major component. The instructions
begin with these directions for pure yellow pine stands: “leave
all young trees unless plainly undesirable from serious unsoundness
or overcrowding, or so misshapen that they will not develop into
valuable timber trees, and in general all thrifty trees which will
plainly be much more valuable at the time a second cut may reasonably
be expected in from thirty to fifty years.” It also states
that an opening of more than one-quarter of an acre should never
be made in the pure yellow pine forest, unless good reproduction
was already well established. In partial cuttings without advance
regeneration, the recommendation was to leave two to five young,
thrifty yellow pines with full crowns on each acre. The leave trees
should be left in groups or clumps, since they were more windfirm
that way and tended to replicate the natural “clumpy” pattern
of virgin yellow pine forest. For pure, uneven-aged lodgepole pine
stands in the western yellow pine region, it was recommended that
partial cuttings take the form of a very light “thinning” or
a very heavy entry that left only enough trees for another entry
at some point in the distant future. When marking those stands,
the primary considerations were the danger from windfall, leaving
enough trees to form the basis for a future cut, and the removal
of all undesirable individuals. In the more common situation of
even-aged lodgepole pine, it was recommended to clearcut in strips,
with the orientation of the strips based on the risk of windthrow,
avalanches, or soil erosion. The alternate strips were to be either
uncut or lightly thinned to remove diseased and defective trees
only. When dealing with Engelmann spruce stands at high elevations,
it was recommended that cuttings be light, thinning-type entries
that would serve to protect the site and prevent the soil from
drying out. Windthrow risk was the primary concern in spruce stands.
In mixed stands, it was recommended that subalpine fir be removed
whenever possible in order to provide more growing space for Engelmann
spruce, lodgepole pine, or any species more economically valuable
than the true firs. The final section (3½ pages) is entitled “General
Rules.” It describes general policies such as: “as
a general rule, at least one-third of the present merchantable
stand should be left on every sale area to form the basis for a
second cut.” The balance of that section provides recommendations
about how to handle stands with insect or disease problems, form
defects, scenic concerns, previous harvest impacts, and other considerations.
The instructions end with two admonitions: “when in doubt
whether a defective tree contains merchantable material, mark it;” and “when
in doubt whether a tree is needed for seed or protection, or
is a proper tree to leave for the future crop, leave it.”
MARKING4
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1908. General
instructions for marking timber on the [blank] national forest;
western white
pine region. Unpublished typescript report obtained from the
National Archives, College Park, MD; record group 95. [Place of
publication
unknown]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 16
p.
Abstract: This document provides general rules,
to be varied at the discretion of the forest officers in charge,
for marking
timber
on the [fill in the blank] national forest. The rules were
supplementary to the general instructions in “The Use Book.” These
rules pertain to the “western white pine region,” which
apparently meant the national forests where the western white pine
forest cover type was a major component. This document contains
the following sections: pure white pine stands; pure yellow pine
stands; pure lodgepole pine stands; Engelmann spruce; Blue spruce;
mixed stands of various species; and general rules. For pure white
pine stands, the objective of marking was to remove undesirable
individuals (diseased, unsound, insect-attacked, dead, overmature,
etc.). If possible, the marking should leave 50 to 75 young, thrifty,
well-formed trees per acre. These directions are provided for pure
yellow pine stands: “leave all young trees unless plainly
undesirable from serious unsoundness or overcrowding, or so misshapen
that they will not develop into valuable timber trees, and in general
all thrifty trees which will plainly be much more valuable at the
time a second cut may reasonably be expected in from thirty to
fifty years.” It also states that an opening of more than
one-quarter of an acre should never be made in the pure yellow
pine forest, unless good reproduction was already well established.
In partial cuttings without advance regeneration, the recommendation
was to leave two to five young, thrifty yellow pines with full
crowns on each acre. The leave trees should be left in groups or
clumps, since they were more windfirm that way and tended to replicate
the natural “clumpy” pattern of virgin yellow pine
forest. For pure, uneven-aged lodgepole pine stands, it was recommended
that partial cuttings take the form of either a very light “thinning,” or
a very heavy harvest that left only enough trees for another entry
at some point in the distant future. When marking those stands,
the primary considerations were the danger from windfall, leaving
enough trees to form the basis for a future cut, and the removal
of all undesirable individuals. In the more common situation of
even-aged lodgepole pine, it was recommended to clearcut in strips,
with the orientation of the strips based on the risk of windthrow,
avalanches, or soil erosion. The alternate strips were to be either
uncut or lightly thinned to remove diseased and defective trees
only. When dealing with the Engelmann spruce stands that occurred
at higher elevations or on moist sites, it was recommended that
cuttings be light, thinning-type entries that would serve to protect
the site and prevent the soil from drying out. Windthrow risk was
the primary concern in spruce stands. In mixed stands, market considerations
were the main factor dictating the species to be removed. It was
recommended that subalpine fir or other low-value species be removed
whenever possible in order to provide more growing space for white
pine, Engelmann spruce, lodgepole pine, or any species more economically
valuable than the true firs. The final section (3½ pages)
is entitled “General Rules.” It describes general policies
such as: “as a general rule, at least one-third of the present
merchantable stand should be left on every sale area to form the
basis for a second cut.” The balance of that section provides
recommendations about how to handle stands with insect or disease
problems, form defects, scenic concerns, previous harvest impacts,
and other considerations. The instructions end with two admonitions: “when
in doubt whether a defective tree contains merchantable material,
mark it;” and “when in doubt whether a tree is
needed for seed or protection, or is a proper tree to leave
for the
future crop, leave it.”
1911REP1
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1911. District
Forester’s Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1911, District 6. Unpublished
typescript report obtained from the National Archives, College
Park, MD; record group 95. [Place of publication unknown]: [U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, District Office]. 63
p.
Abstract: This report covers the following topics for all of
District (Region) 6: claims and settlement; law enforcement; executive
force;
forest management; losses by forest fires; reforestation; stream
flow studies; range management; range conditions; use of private
lands; game preserves; studies of forest products; and silviculture.
1911REP2
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1911. Report
of offices in District Office, District 6. Unpublished typescript
report obtained from the National Archives, College Park, MD; record
group 95. [Place of publication unknown]: [U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service]. 241 p.
Abstract: This report describes the programs and status of District
6 for fiscal year 1911. The following topics are covered: public
sentiment, education, ranger schools, Supervisor and Ranger meetings,
information, water power, stream measurements, forest management,
lands, forest fires, permanent improvements, range management,
game, and a variety of others.
FORESTSURVEYS
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1912. Instructions
for making forest surveys and maps. Unnumbered Report. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 85 p.
Abstract: This document was designed to improve consistency in
Forest Service surveys and map compilation. It provides instructions
for completing relatively simple surveys (such as careful timber
cruising or in surveying with a magnetic compass) and tables
for use with common surveying instruments of the era. Over a dozen
illustrations are included. The following sections or chapters
are included: elements of surveying and mapping; instruments
used;
details of surveying; map-making in the field; determination
of areas by planimeter; land office surveys; and physiographic
features.
MARKING5
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1912. Instructions
for marking timber in the yellow pine region, District VI. Unpublished
typescript report obtained from the National Archives, College
Park, MD; record group 95. [Place of publication unknown]: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 4 p.
Abstract: Much of the commercial forest east of the Cascade
Mountains in Oregon and Washington was comprised mostly of western
yellow
(ponderosa) pine. Since those forests were primarily uneven-aged,
it was recommended that they be managed by the selection system.
Based on the information available, it was thought that the period
between cuttings (cutting cycle) should be 60 years, and that
no trees should be cut until they were at least 180 years old
(i.e.,
a rotation age of 180 years). The following general principles
pertained to the yellow pine region: 1) the cutting should be
fundamentally an improvement cutting, with the forest officer
doing the marking
first deciding what should be left, and then marking whatever
remains; 2) aim to mark the thoroughly mature trees of all species
and those
trees that will not survive and grow until the next cutting 60
years hence; 3) reserve a well distributed stand of thrifty saplings,
poles and young standards that are capable of surviving to form
the next crop; 4) reserve on average from 20 to 25 percent of
the estimated volume of trees over 12 inches in diameter; 5)
exclude
areas from timber sales that do not have enough mature volume
to make logging viable, since that would result in immature timber
being cut in order to make the unit profitable; 6) make the marking
group-wise if all the trees in an area are mature, although cleared
areas of more than an acre should be avoided; 7) mark the following
tree classes in this order of preference: a) all defective and
damaged trees, although small basal scars or similar injuries
should
be ignored since few perfect trees are to be found in the forest;
b) all insect-infested trees; c) all suppressed trees; and d)
all mature trees that will apparently not survive until the next
entry;
and 8) marking should favor tree species in this order: yellow
pine, sugar pine, western larch, Douglas-fir, grand fir, and
lodgepole pine (the last two species were considered forest weeds).
Pure
stands of yellow pine occurred on the “slope” type;
it was recommended that dense groups of young “blackjack” pine
be thinned when possible in a timber sale. Mixed stands tended
to occur as the “north slope” sub-type in the Blue
Mountains. Yellow pine should be favored in those stands, although
not necessarily at the expense of western larch or Douglas-fir.
Although those two species had low value at the time this report
was written, it was expected that their value would increase with
time and they should not be sacrificed for no good reason. Even
though neither larch nor Douglas-fir were considered to be inferior
species, it was recommended that larch be preferred over the Douglas-fir
when both occurred on the same site. Stands with little or no yellow
pine were referred to as the “transition” type – they
were typically not included in a timber sale unless it was impossible
to exclude them. As was the case for the north slope stands,
it was recommended that inferior species in the transition stands
(grand fir, lodgepole pine) be marked to the lowest possible
diameter
limit in order to remove as many of them as possible. If the
whole stand was comprised of inferior species and their removal
would
result in a clearcut, it was recommended that the stand not be
harvested.
BLUEMTN15
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1913. Memorandum
of general extent of insect infested areas on the various forests
of District 6. Unpublished typescript report obtained from the
National Archives, College Park, MD; record group 95. [Place of
publication unknown]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
District 6. 12 p.
Abstract: This memorandum provides comments
about insect infestations for each of the national forests in
District (Region) 6. For the
Malheur NF, it notes that a 1910 report showed that much lodgepole
and considerable yellow pine over much of the Forest has been
and was continuing to be killed by bark beetles. Conditions in
1912
were reported to be much the same as in 1910. For the Umatilla
NF, heavy attacks in lodgepole pine were occurring in T. 3
S., R. 33 E. and T. 5 S., R. 33 E. (North Fork John Day Ranger
District,
Camas Creek watershed), with severe attacks occurring in T.
4 and 5 S., R. 29 E. (NFJD District, Western Route area). A belt
of infested
lodgepole and yellow (ponderosa) pine ranged from T. 6 S.,
R. 29 E. to T. 6 S., R. 27 E. (NFJD and Heppner Districts). A
large bark
beetle outbreak occurred in yellow pine in sections 19-20 in
T. 7 S., R. 25 E. and sections 19-29 in T. 7 S., R. 24 E. (Heppner
RD, ranging from Davis Creek on the east to Alder Creek and
south
of Wheeler Point on the west). On the Wallowa NF, it was reported
that very little insect work was done during 1912 and it appeared
that the beetles had ceased working on both the Wallowa and
Minam NFs. However, there was still an active infestation in
lodgepole
pine, and a particularly severe infestation in whitebark pine
at higher elevations around Wallowa Lake. On the Whitman NF,
bark
beetle infestations were widespread. Bark beetle attacks had
first been noticed on that Forest in 1906; by 1912, an outbreak
was almost
general throughout the entire lodgepole and yellow pine types
on the northern end of the Forest (300,000 to 400,000 acres).
Control
efforts were begun in the fall of 1910 and continued in 1911
and beyond (see Edmonston’s report in the history archives
for more information about that outbreak). It was reported that
the
area was almost as badly infested as when control efforts began,
but that the spread of beetles toward the southwest had been
checked and that the infestation was finally starting to decline.
For the
Wenaha NF in Washington, it was noted that occasional yellow
and lodgepole pines were being killed throughout the Forest,
but there
were no infested areas of any importance.
EASTSIDE1
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1921. Sample
range appraisal vegetative types east of the Cascade Mountains
in Oregon and Washington. Unpublished Typescript Report. Portland,
OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, District
6. 15 p.
Abstract: This is a short report bound in a standard, 2-post
hardboard cover (shown as a Form 406 on the front cover). It
includes of a table showing the vegetative type numbers, subtype
identifiers, and a type discussion or narrative. The bulk of
the report consists of high-quality, black-and-white photographs
that illustrate the various vegetative types. Although each
photo includes the standard 6-digit negative number in the
lower right-hand
corner, it is unfortunate that no other location information
is provided that would help link the photos with a Forest Service
administrative unit (a National Forest or Ranger District).
BLUEMTN14
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1922. Memorandum
for Mr. Guthrie. Unpublished typescript report obtained from the
National Archives, College Park, MD; record group 95. [Place of
publication unknown]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
2 p.
Abstract: This short accession consists of
a series of interesting quotes from Washington Irving’s book entitled “Adventures
of Captain Bonneville U.S.A.” There are six passages quoted
from the book, all of which pertain to when Captain Bonneville
and his party of trappers were enroute across the Blue Mountains
from the Snake River to the Columbia River in August of 1833. During
that journey, they encountered “forest fires as fierce as
any we have nowadays but no pen has pictured the fire demon any
more effectively than did Washington Irving.” The quotes
are extremely detailed and evocative, with extensive references
to both fire and smoke conditions. They also refer to landmarks
such as Gun Creek, Ice River (sometimes called the Grand Rond),
and the headwaters of the Grand Rond where the “Skynses” pastured
their horses as well as to banquet upon the salmon which abound
in the neighboring waters.
MARKING6
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1924. Marking
instructions for the larch-fir type, District 1. Unpublished typescript
report
obtained from the National Archives, College Park, MD; record group
95. [Place of publication unknown]: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service. 6 p.
Abstract: These marking instructions include
the following sections: type characteristics affecting marking;
classification of stands;
immature even-aged stands; mature even-aged stands; uneven-aged
stands; treatment of minor species; tie cutting; slash disposal;
and examples. The larch-fir type, which typically originated
following fires, consists of larch and Douglas-fir, although
yellow pine,
white pine, white fir and lodgepole pine are frequent associates.
Since larch is not tolerant of shade, the instructions recommend
that Douglas-fir be removed at the expense of larch whenever
possible because larch was considered the more desirable tree.
Douglas-fir
was described as a prolific seed producer, bearing good seed
crops nearly every year. Larch also bore seed nearly every year,
but
good crops only occurred every 5 or 6 years. It was observed
that larch was frequently infected with dwarf mistletoe and that
infected
trees often died. In mixed stands, it was stated that yellow
pine and white pine should be encouraged whenever possible. The “examples” section
provides actual “acres” marked under varying conditions.
Acre 1 occurred on an east slope and had 18 mature larch, 3 mature
yellow pine, four mature Douglas-firs, and a variety of reproduction
dominated by 27 Douglas-firs. Acre 2 was on a flat ridge top
and consisted of a fairly heavy mixed stand of larch and yellow
pine.
A table shows the cut and leave recommendations for that acre.
Acre 3 was affected by fire and much of the area consists of
reproduction 10 to 20 feet tall. Recommendations are provided
for the cut and
leave trees for larch, Douglas-fir and yellow pine. Acre 4 is
on a north slope and consists mostly of Douglas-fir (70%) and
larch
(30%) saplings. Cutting recommendations for the mature trees
on that acre are also described.
USFS1
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1932. The forest
situation in the United States; a special report to the Timber
Conservation Board. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service. 46 p.
Abstract: Note that the page count for this accession is misleading
because it refers to numbered pages only; counting unnumbered
pages containing tables and charts, the total page count is actually
101 pages. This report summarizes the extent of present forest
areas, timber supplies, current and potential timber growth,
forest
depletion, and timber requirements in the United States as of
the late 1920s or early 1930s. It was based on investigations conducted
by the U.S. Forest Service during an 18-month period before this
report's release on January 30, 1932. The objective of the report
was to provide the best possible estimate of forest conditions
in 1930 as was possible at the time. Although this accession
consists
of a scanned copy of an original, the scanning quality was high
and it is very readable.
MAPSTANDARDS
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1936. Forest Service
map standards. M-5192. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service. 31 p.
Abstract: This document provides a list of all symbols used on
early Forest Service maps and a short description of what each
symbol means. Each symbol is depicted with an illustration. The
symbols are grouped into these categories: works and structures;
boundaries and monuments; drainage; relief; lettering; administrative
map title and legend; special map legends; marginal data, credit
note, bar scale, gage for border and gage for main line of title;
map sheet sizes; township plat layout; atlas folio sheet layout;
abbreviations; color formulas; color legends; scales and equivalents;
and planimeter chart.
WHITMAN4
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology. 1910-1911. Miscellaneous
memoranda regarding an insect infestation, Whitman National Forest.
Unpublished typescript memoranda obtained from the National Archives,
College Park, MD; record group 95. [Place of publication varies]:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology. 25 p.
Abstract: This document consists of a series of memoranda about
a mountain pine beetle infestation in northeastern Oregon – in
particular an outbreak and associated control measures on the Whitman
National Forest. The earliest memo, a one-pager dated December
13, 1910 from Henry S. Graves (The Forester [Chief]) to the District
(Regional) Forester for District 6 in Portland, references a memo
from the District Forester (DF) to The Forester on November (actually
October) 25th in which the DF stated that it would not be possible
to give away the infested timber for free. The Forester asks the
DF to check with the Forest Supervisor of the affected Forest because
he was uncomfortable requesting a special appropriation from Congress
to pay for control work based merely on the DF’s impression
that it would not be possible to give them away. The second memo
is a 2-pager from Henry Graves to Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the
Bureau of Entomology. It is also dated December 13, 1910. This
memo mentions that Graves had received correspondence from Dr.
A. D. Hopkins on October 10th in which Hopkins stated that 30 to
50 thousand dollars would be required for effective control of
the insect infestation on the Whitman NF. Graves mentioned that
the $5,000 supplied by the Forest Service for experimental control
measures in 1910 was taken from the fire fighting fund – and
that fund was in arrears by $915,000 due to a devastating fire
year in 1910. Graves then stated that he was in favor of seeking
a special appropriation from Congress in the amount of $40,000,
although he was going to follow up with the DF in Portland to be
sure that the trees couldn’t be sold at a loss or given away
to a lumberman for free (the first memo mentioned above). The third
memo is a 2-pager from Howard to Graves, dated December 14, 1910,
in which Howard states that the cooperative control project would
probably have to be abandoned if the Forest Service was unable
to obtain the special appropriation they were seeking from Congress.
He states that agents of the Bureau estimated that the infestation
had increased by 300% during the last year in certain yellow pine
areas, and that the Bureau had already expended over $3,000 for
field investigations and assistance they had rendered to the Forest
Service and private landowners in northeast Oregon. Howard states
that, in his opinion, a special appropriation of not less than
$40,000 is needed for control work to be completed between April
and July 1st, 1911, and that some of those funds be used for control
work on private lands as well. The next 2-page memo is dated December
20, 1910 and is from A. F. Potter (?) to the Secretary (of Agriculture?).
This memo lays out the previous history of the cooperative beetle
control effort, as described in the other memos, and requests a
special appropriation of $40,000 to continue the insect control
project for the remainder of that fiscal year. The next memo, a
3-pager from the DF in Portland to The Forester in Washington,
is dated December 20, 1910. The DF states that he had not taken
up The Forester’s idea of giving away the infested timber
because he had just returned from the Whitman NF prior to writing
his memo of October 25th and felt certain that it would not be
possible to convince the lumbermen to take the trees, since they
could not afford to do it on their own lands. The DF then states
that he thinks the idea of selling large timber sales, in which
some of the trees are infested and could be offered for a reduced
stumpage price, has merit. He mentions that a sale of about 20
million board feet had just been made in that area (W. H. Eccles
sale?) and that they believed an application for another sale of
70,000,000 feet was imminent. The next memo is a 2-pager dated
December 23, 1910 from Henry Ireland, Forest Supervisor for the
Whitman NF, to the DF in Portland. In it, Ireland states that the
Forest had given careful consideration to The Forester’s
proposal, but that they had not had luck with that approach locally
due to the isolation of the infested areas from transportation
and market facilities. The next memo, a 3-pager dated December
26, 1910, is from H. W. Harris, Forest Supervisor for the Wallowa
National Forest, to the DF in Portland. As was the case for Ireland,
Harris states that it would be impossible to give the infested
timber away due to its isolated location, the low volumes per acre,
and the fact that most of it was low-value lodgepole pine. The
next memo, a 4-pager from the DF in Portland to The Forester in
Washington, was dated January 3, 1911. It reports the opinions
from the Wallowa and Whitman Supervisors, and states that any control
operations would probably have to be conducted with no thought
of selling the timber that was cut, and without receiving any returns
for the cost of the insect control project. The next memo, a short
1-pager from The Forester to Howard and dated January 19, 1911,
states that there is definitely no possibility of selling or giving
away the infested timber, and that a special appropriation would
have to be obtained to continue the control work. The next memo
is a short 1-pager from Howard to Graves, and dated January 21,
1911, in which he states that he had called at the Secretary’s
office yesterday (the 20th) and left word that it was time for
the Secretary (of Agriculture) to write to Senator Chamberlain
about a Senate amendment to provide the special appropriation.
The next memo, a 2-pager with a colored map enclosure, was from
George Cecil, acting DF for District 6, to The Forester and dated
January 27, 1911. This memo states that a map had been prepared,
in anticipation of further control work on the Whitman, Wallowa,
and Malheur NFs, showing the land ownership in 80 townships in
the vicinity of those three Forests. It was felt that such a
map would be helpful for any future control ventures where private
landowners would cooperate. The township plat maps also showed
general vegetation types (pure yellow pine, mixed conifers, cut-over
land, open grazing land, cultivated land) in addition to ownership
data. A copy of the colored map, which shows the townships for
which plats were developed, was copied with this memo (the copy
is in color too). The last memo, a very short 1-pager, is from
F. E. Ames, Acting Assistant Forester, to the DF in Portland
and
dated February 1, 1911. It states that the memo of January 27th,
along with the accompanying map, had been received, although
it was doubtful that cooperative work would be resumed during
the
coming season.
UMATILLA14
Wakeman, William J. 1936. Report and accompanying
appraisal of First National Bank of Heppner lands in Morrow County,
Oregon.
Typescript Report. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service. 14 p.
Abstract: This report was prepared by a “timber expert.” It
describes the land uses, characteristics, and timber values associated
with a 4,870-acre land exchange located at the head of Willow,
Ditch, and Potamus Creeks about 20 miles southeast of Heppner,
Oregon. The report includes the following sections, all of which
pertain to the “offered lands” in the exchange: description;
acreage by dominant types (866 acres of merchantable ponderosa
pine; 2,001 acres of merchantable white fir, larch, Douglas fir
type; 43 acres of ponderosa pine seedlings and saplings; 224 acres
of open grass and sagebrush; 4 acres of brush; 601 acres of lodgepole
pine protection forest; and 1,111 acres of white fir, larch, Douglas
fir type protection forest); physical and climatic conditions (elevation,
topography, soil, precipitation, temperature, frost); agricultural
possibilities; accessibility; existing uses, easements or forms
of occupancy; actual or potential values of subsidiary character;
grazing values; timber values (including a table showing net volumes
in thousand board feet by township, range, and section for seven
species or merchantability classes); appraisal; summary of logging
costs (including logging, milling and selling, and interest charges);
reduction to present net worth; distribution of income; and summary
of appraised values and recommendations. This accession also included
a full-color map contained in a back pocket. The map was removed
and processed as a separate item (see “Land exchange – First
National Bank of Heppner” by William J. Wakeman (1936)
for more information about the map).
BLUEMTN17
Weidman, Robert H. 1920. A study of windfall loss
of western yellow pine in selection cuttings fifteen to thirty
years old. Journal
of Forestry. 18: 616-622.
Abstract: A few years before this article
was written, several severe windstorms blew down a large volume
of timber in timber
sale cuttings in western yellow (ponderosa) pine forests in
eastern and southern Oregon. For example, on a 1624-acre cutting
unit on
the Whitman National Forest in the Blue Mountains of northeastern
Oregon, nearly one million board feet of yellow pine timber
was blown down during windstorms on May 26, 1913 and September
18,
1914. That volume of blowdown represented 17½ percent
of all the reserved trees in the cutting unit. Since the blowdown
occurred soon after the sale was completed, there was immediate
concern about the longevity of reserve trees and whether partial
(selection) cutting could ever be a viable, long-term silvicultural
practice based on the high windfall losses experienced in this
instance. In order to examine that question, the Forest Service
initiated a study where plots were installed in old partial
cuttings
ranging up to thirty years in age. Plots of various sizes were
installed in old cuttings (cut years ranging from 1889 to 1900)
located in or near three national forests in the Blue Mountains
region of eastern Oregon. The important conclusions from this
study were: heavy windfall in the first few years after cutting
does
not presage the total destruction of the reserve stand or even
endanger the method of cutting; losses as high as 25 percent
by volume could be expected over the course of 20 years on
high windrisk
areas; of all the windthrow that could be expected to occur
over a long period of years, two-thirds or more of it usually
took place
in the first four or five years after cutting, with the remainder
occurring in rapidly decreasing percentages until about 20
years later when the windfall was so slight as to be negligible;
and
the selection cutting method was not prohibitive in the yellow
pine stands of eastern Oregon based on the heaviest windfall
losses encountered in this study.
BLUEMTN16
Weidman, Robert H. 1921. Forest succession as
a basis of the silviculture of western yellow pine. Journal of
Forestry. 19: 877-885.
Abstract: Since the beginning of timber sales
on the national forests 15 years before this article was published,
the silvicultural
system
generally used in western yellow pine forests was characterized
as selection cutting, often referred to as the “maturity
selection system” (see articles by Munger in the history
archives for more information about that system). In the beginning,
the selection cuts aimed to remove about two-thirds of the virgin
stand in the first entry. The silvicultural objective was to cut
over the forest rapidly in order to save the decadent timber, to
maintain an uneven-aged structure by leaving part of the original
stand, and to leave an overwood as a seed source and to provide
shelter or protection for young reproduction. By reserving part
of the original stand, it was thought that periodic entries could
be made at intervals of one-third or one-fourth of the rotation
length. Tentatively, a rotation of 180 to 200 years was considered,
with a cutting cycle of 40 to 60 years. The objective of this article
was to describe the results of studies and observations made over
the previous 15 years with respect to the national forests, and
up to 50 years for private lands. All of the observations involved
yellow pine cuttings in Oregon and Washington only. In general,
pure yellow pine forests in that area were characterized as open,
irregular or uneven-aged stands with a preponderance of mature
and overmature trees, although there was usually an excellent ground
cover of advance reproduction made up of dense groups of seedlings
established in openings in the forest, but it often consisted of
uniformly distributed and suppressed little seedlings struggling
along directly beneath the overstory. The suppressed cohort of
seedlings established under the overstory was small and inconspicuous,
but had a great power of recovery and would respond quickly and
favorably after the overstory was removed. The age range of these
stands was unbalanced and could scarcely be referred to as uneven-aged.
For example, two 20-acre plots from the Whitman NF showed that
of all trees 4 inches DBH and greater, 9% was in the 20-100 year
class, 22% in the 100-200 year class, 45% in the 200-300 year class,
6% in the 300-400 year class, 15% in the 400-500 year class, and
3% in the 500-600 year class. This meant that 69% of the virgin
stands were over 200 years of age (not counting the reproduction
less than 4 inches DBH), the maximum rotation age usually considered
for yellow pine. On other plots totaling 417 acres, it was found
that 67 to 74 percent of the trees were over 12 inches diameter
at breast height. These figures showed that unmanaged yellow pine
forests had a stand structure that was opposite what would have
been expected for a balanced, uneven-aged condition, where the
young (small) trees greatly outnumber the old (large) ones. The
author then describes old cuttings (50 years previous) on private
land near Galena, where the advance reproduction responded after
the timber harvest and resulted in an even-aged stand of saplings
and poles. As a result of these studies and observations, Weidman
comes to the following conclusions: 1) an even-aged successional
structure in western yellow pine is an established fact; 2) an
even-aged forest is developing on older private cuttings and heavily-cut
national forest sale areas regardless of the silvicultural intent;
3) the maturity selection system being practiced was not resulting
in a balanced uneven-aged structure, as intended, and it could
not do so based on the ecology of yellow pine; 4) if it was decided
to continue the present system (maturity selection cutting), then
it should be recognized that a “conversion” structure
would result and persist for at least a hundred years before
approaching a balanced uneven-aged distribution; and 5) clearcutting,
with
provision for protection of established advance regeneration,
would be an acceptable silvicultural system for yellow pine forests
in
the Northwest, although four or five seed trees per acre should
be reserved as a guard against fire and to seed up any openings
created by timber harvest. The seed trees should be reserved
for the entire rotation.
WEIGLE
1911
Weigle, W. G.; Frothingham, E. H. 1911. The aspens: their growth
and management. Bulletin No. 93. Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service. 35 p.
Abstract: This bulletin describes aspen forests of the United
States, including a discussion of the following topics:
the species of aspen and how to distinguish them; wood characteristics;
uses
for pulp, excelsior, and other products; logging practices;
range and distribution of aspen forests; commercial range
of aspen;
silvics and dendrological characteristics of aspen; stand
characteristics; stand development in the Northeastern U.S.;
forest management
practices for aspen stands; and volume tables (as an appendix).
BLUEMTN12
Weitknecht, Robert H. 1915. Frost damage to larch
in the Blue Mountains. Unpublished typescript report obtained from
the National Archives,
College Park, MD; record group 95. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service. 3 p.
Abstract: This short report describes a frost damage episode
involving western larch during the spring of 1915. An unusually
warm April
was followed by a rainy and cold May; several killing frosts
occurred during May. Larch needles were only partially-developed
and still
very tender during the frosts. The result was a generalized killing
of larch crowns throughout most of the Blue Mountains. During
May and June, the larches presented a brownish appearance that
was
especially obvious and apparent when the trees were intermixed
with the green crowns of other conifers. Most of the larches
established new crowns by early summer and then had their normal
summer appearance.
Where damage was particularly severe, not only the tender needles
were killed, but current-year and previous-year shoots were also
killed. The author states that no case of a larch tree dying
from frost damage was ever observed or reported. At the end of
summer,
Weitknecht removed increment borings from selected larches growing
near Sumpter, Oregon. Of the cores examined, 75% showed a normal
annual ring for the present year (1915). The author then recounts
comments from Mr. R. M. Evans of the Whitman NF, who described
a cold snap that occurred in early June of 1914, when for four
days there was a light snowfall at Sumpter, followed by noticeable
frost damage to larch crowns. The damage then was not as severe
as in 1915 because the larch foliage had hardened off to a greater
degree by early June.
OREGON3
Weitknecht, Robert H. 1915. Progress report; methods of cutting
yellow pine. Unpublished typescript report obtained from the National
Archives, College Park, MD; record group 95. [Place of publication
unknown]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Whitman
National Forest. 26 p.
Abstract: In the yellow pine forests of Oregon, the first
extensive cuttings on national forest lands began about 1910. The predominant
cutting method was a form of selective cutting in which about
25%
of the stand was reserved. That method was considered the best
for quick removal of preponderant overmature trees and for the
safeguarding of advance reproduction. The study described in
this report was initiated in 1914 to examine the effects of the selective
cutting that had occurred since about 1910, and to determine
if
another cutting method would be more effective. A longer report
on this study was published in 1916 (see “Study of methods
of cutting yellow pine in Oregon” by Weitknecht, a copy of
which is present in the history archives). The main objective of
the study was to answer silvicultural questions such as these:
is accelerated growth after selective cutting important enough
to influence the selected cutting method, and would it appreciably
shorten the rotation?; how great is the windfall danger in cut-over
stands and is there a high risk that all of the reserved trees
will eventually be blown down, or does windthrow of reserved trees
gradually decrease with time?; does the dense reproduction that
exists after cutting start before the cutting or is it a result
of natural regeneration that occurs shortly after harvest?; and
what is the effect of fire on cut-over stands, especially if some
stands were clearcut due to abundant advance regeneration and then
subsequently burned by a fire? The field work that formed the basis
for this progress report was completed by the author during August
and September of 1914. Field work had been scheduled for the whole
summer but was cut short due to a lack of funds caused by a fire-related
deficit. Field work occurred entirely on cut-over areas located
within the Whitman National Forest. This report contains the following
sections: manner of conducting the field work; accelerated growth
of reserve trees; conclusions – tables I and II; quantity
of reproduction; conclusions – table III; height growth of
reproduction; conclusions – table IV and figures 1 and
2; and recommendations for field work next season. The report
contains
four tables and two figures. The author recommends that field
work for the following season (1915) be completed by two men
working
for at least two months. He also recommended that future plots
be installed in cuttings considerably older than 10 years, with
extra effort made to locate at least two or three cuttings between
30 and 50 years old. Clearcut areas should also receive plots,
so that information could be obtained about the source, amount
and condition of reproduction.
OREGON4
Weitknecht, Robert H. 1916. Study of methods of cutting yellow
pine in Oregon. Unpublished typescript report obtained
from the National Archives, College Park, MD; record group 95.
[Place
of publication unknown]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service. 99 p.
Abstract: In the yellow pine forests of Oregon, the
first extensive cuttings on national forest lands
began about
1910. The predominant
cutting method was a form of selective cutting in
which about 25% of the stand was reserved. That method was
considered
the best
for quick removal of preponderant overmature trees
and for the safeguarding of advance reproduction.
The study
described
in
this report was initiated in 1914 to examine the
effects of the selective
cutting that had occurred since about 1910, and to
determine if another cutting method would be more
effective. A
progress report
on one portion of this study was also published in
1917 (see “Yellow
pine management study in Oregon in 1916” by Weitknecht, which
is present in the history archives). The main objective of the
study was to answer silvicultural questions such as these: is accelerated
growth after selective cutting important enough to influence the
selected cutting method, and would it appreciably shorten the rotation?;
how great is the windfall danger in cut-over stands and is there
a high risk that all of the reserved trees will eventually be blown
down, or does windthrow of reserved trees gradually decrease with
time?; does the dense reproduction that exists after cutting start
before the cutting or is it a result of natural regeneration that
occurs shortly after harvest?; and what is the effect of fire on
cut-over stands, especially if some stands were clearcut due to
abundant advance regeneration and then subsequently burned by a
fire? The field work for this study was conducted almost entirely
on cut-over areas located within the Whitman and Minam National
Forests. This report contains the following sections: introduction;
reserved trees and accelerated growth; windfall and other loss
in reserved trees; reproduction under cutting conditions; reproduction
as affected by fire; and conclusion. The report contains numerous
tables and several figures. The author concludes that an abundance
of advance reproduction in eastern Oregon’s yellow pine type
would allow either an even-aged or uneven-aged cutting method to
be used. An even-aged cutting method would offer advantages in
areas where windfall risk was particularly high. However, in many
of the cut-over stands the accelerated growth exhibited by reserve
trees was greater than losses due to windthrow. And, if clearcutting
was selected as the even-aged cutting method, there was always
the risk that advance reproduction would be destroyed by fire,
resulting in the site sitting “idle” for 15 years or
more before trees gradually seeded back in. While the data seemed
to show that the yellow pine forests of eastern Oregon were “roughly
even-aged,” the author believed that the true
habit of yellow pine was to occur in many-aged stands.
From
the results
of this
study and from personal observations, the author
tentatively believed that a cutting method which
produced a many-aged
stand was the
proper one for western yellow pine. The author also
stated that the study did not reveal anything that
would indicate
that the
existing cutting method (selective cutting with about
25% of the volume left as reserve trees) was radically
out of
harmony
with
the silvical habits and requirements of yellow pine
in eastern Oregon.
OREGON5
Weitknecht, Robert H. 1917. Yellow pine management
study in Oregon in 1916. Unpublished typescript report obtained from
the National
Archives, College Park, MD; record group 95. [Place of
publication unknown]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
46
p.
Abstract: This was a progress report on one portion of
a large study of western yellow pine management. It
deals with a permanent
sample plot on the Whitman National Forest and a field
study conducted on old cut-over areas. The results
of the 1916 field
season are
described in this report; a larger report published
in 1916 (see “Study
of methods of cutting yellow pine in Oregon,” a copy of which
is present in the history archives) disclosed the results of the
two previous field seasons. The main objectives of the cut-over
study were to determine the practical importance of accelerated
volume growth after a partial cutting, to investigate loss of trees – particularly
by windfall – as it occurs in the years following such a
cutting, and to study reproduction in relation to cutting methods.
Those objectives were met by the field studies of 1914 and 1915
on the Whitman and Minam National Forests. The purpose of the 1916
field work was to determine if findings from the first two years
would also apply to the western part of the Blue Mountains. With
that objective in mind, old cuttings on the Ochoco, Malheur, and
Whitman National Forests were studied during 1916, with the work
accomplished by the author and one field assistant. The report
contains the following sections: introduction; accelerated growth
of trees in a partial cutting; distribution of accelerated increment;
relation of accelerated growth to yield tables; loss by windfall
after a partial cutting; reproduction after cutting; reproduction
in relation to stock grazing; reproduction problem on land exchange
areas; age classes in the yellow pine forest; summary of results
obtained in 1916; and present status of study and future work.
Some of the results reported in this paper are: 1) accelerated
growth in trees after a partial cutting was found to behave exactly
the same in the western part of the Blue Mountains as in the eastern
part; 2) it was found that accelerated area growth in the individual
tree is greatest in the lower portion of the trunk and diminishes
with increasing height; 3) for the first time for western yellow
pine, yield tables were prepared in this study that make a quantitative
allowance for increased growth and loss after cutting; 4) the windfall
results of last year’s study show that heavy windthrow may
occur anywhere in the Blue Mountains, but that some cut-overs have
very light windfall losses amounting to less than 2% after 18 to
27 years; 5) it was found that on two 20-acre plots, 73% and 76%
of all the yellow pines above 4 inches DBH were over 180 years
old; 6) the reproduction on old cuttings in the western part of
the Blue Mountains was found to be as uniformly abundant and thrifty
as on cuttings elsewhere in the Blue Mountains; 7) although pine
reproduction was abundant, it required from 20 to 30 years of gradual
seeding and establishment to reach that point; 8) the density of
reproduction in older open stands of virgin yellow pine is beginning
to affect stock grazing and in a few years will present quite a
serious problem; and 9) if large, privately-owned cut-overs near
Austin and Whitney are acquired by the Government (via exchange
of land for timber stumpage), a policy regarding reproduction on
those areas should be adopted immediately. Weitknecht offers some
interesting insights, as demonstrated with this quote: “And
in open, overmature stands this [yellow pine] reproduction
is even now so dense and large in many places as to
practically prevent
grazing. This advance reproduction has mostly come
in during the last 25 or 30 years, and is due to the
protection
from
fire which
the forest has received partly by the Forest Service
and partly by the unconscious efforts of the settlers
and stockmen.”
BLUEMTN3
Wernstedt, Lage. 1906. A favorable report on a proposed
addition to the Blue Mountains Forest Reserve. Unpublished typescript
report obtained from the National Archives, College Park,
MD; record group
95. [Place of publication unknown]: [U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service]. 18 p.
Abstract: This report describes an examination of a 273
square-mile area comprising the headwaters of the North and Middle Forks
of the Malheur River in Grant, Malheur, and Baker counties
in Oregon.
The following topics are discussed: topography, waters, climate;
agricultural possibilities; classes of range, forest types,
amount of merchantable material; cuttings, roads; cultivated
and cultivable
lands; alienated lands; grazing; and reasons for recommendation,
and arguments against.
WALLOWA15
Westveld, R. H. 1926. Preliminary report on brush
disposal in the yellow pine region of Washington and Oregon. Unpublished
typescript
report obtained from the National Archives, College
Park,
MD; record group 95. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Pacific Northwest Forest Experiment Station.
49 p.
Abstract: Disposal of brush (slash) after logging
in the western yellow pine (ponderosa pine) forest
was a matter
of controversy
in the early 1900s. The main question centered
on economics – was
the added expense of brush disposal worth the benefits from a fire
protection, insect hazard, and silvicultural standpoint? That some
sort of brush disposal is necessary was considered a foregone conclusion – the
main question was how much (intensity) and to what
extent. This question was particularly important
from a silvicultural
standpoint,
since foresters noticed that young growth (advanced
regeneration, residual or seed trees, etc.) was
often damaged during piling
and burning of slash, and that natural reproduction
was most abundant
and most thrifty when established in the protection
of brush. To address these concerns and questions,
a study was initiated
in
1925 on the Deschutes, Crater, Whitman, and Wallowa
National Forests to determine the effect of different
brush disposal
methods on
advance and subsequent reproduction. This report
presents the preliminary results from that study.
It includes the
following sections: introduction;
scope of the study; composition and character of
the yellow pine forest; brush disposal practices;
fire lines; intensive
fire protection
on cut-over lands; brush in relation to fire hazard;
silvicultural effects of undisposed brush; brush
as a protection against
erosion; brush as it affects grazing; entomological
aspects of brush disposal;
relation of logging to brush disposal; logging
damage; and practical applications of brush disposal.
Numerous
hand-prepared
bar charts
and tables are also included in this report.
GTR638A; GTR638B; GTR638C; GTR638D
Wickman, Boyd E. 2005. Harry E. Burke and John M. Miller, pioneers
in western forest entomology. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-638.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 163 p.
Abstract: This history was compiled from the
memoirs, diaries, and other personal documents of the two forest
entomologists
in charge of the first forest insect laboratories on
the west coast.
It traces the lives of the two pioneers from 1902 to
1952 as they pursued their careers in the USDA Bureau of Entomology,
Division
of Forest Insect Investigations. Cooperative bark beetle
control
projects with the USDA Forest Service, Park Service,
and
private timber owners guided much of their early activities.
Later,
when the laboratories were located on university campuses,
cooperative
research was undertaken with Forest Service Research
Stations. The focus shifted to more basic research and, particularly,
studies on the silvicultural management of bark beetle
populations.
IDAHO1
Williams, Hubert C. 1912. Annual silvical report
for the Idaho National Forest. Unpublished typescript report
obtained from
the National Archives, College Park, MD; record group
95. [Place of
publication unknown]: [U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service]. 42 p.
Abstract: Discusses the vegetation and general characteristics
of the Idaho National Forest (much of which is now included
within the Boise National Forest?). The following topics
are described:
list of trees, list of shrubs, forest types (yellow pine,
yellow pine and red fir, balsam- spruce, lodgepole pine,
alpine, grassland,
and barrens types). The balance of the report provides
silvical descriptions of each forest type, as well as
the silvics
of each individual species, in which the description,
habitat, growth,
reproduction, and dangers and diseases are discussed.
The following
species are described: yellow (ponderosa) pine, lodgepole
pine, limber pine, tamarack (western larch), Engelmann
spruce, Douglas
fir, white (grand) fir, subalpine fir, black cottonwood,
quaking aspen, common juniper, water birch, thinleaf
alder, mountain
ash, Douglas hawthorne, mountain mahogany, buckthorne,
serviceberry, cherry, and willow. Species are ranked
in terms of soil and
moisture requirements, shade tolerance, and susceptibility
to damage from
lightning. The effect of grazing on forest conditions
is described, as is the condition of forest reproduction on
cut-over lands.
The
final section of the report (4 pages) provides black-and-white
photographs of the Forest.
WOOLSEY 1911
Woolsey, Theodore S., Jr. 1911. Western yellow pine in Arizona
and New Mexico. Bulletin 101. Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service. 64 p.
Abstract: This bulletin describes the following as related to
ponderosa pine in the Southwestern United States: characteristics
of the
tree itself (size, root system, tolerance, susceptibility to
injurious agents, growth, etc.); characteristics of pine stands
and the forest
type; timber yields; wood characteristics and its uses; lumbering
practices in the Southwest; markets for ponderosa pine; management
of ponderosa pine on the National Forests; and conservative lumbering
practices on private land.
WALLOWA8
Zon, Raphael; Cecil, George H.; Hopkins, A. D. 1909. Memoranda
regarding identification of mountain pine beetle on the
Wallowa National Forest. Unpublished typescript memoranda
obtained
from the National Archives, College Park, MD; record
group 95. [Place
of publication unknown]: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service. 6 p.
Abstract: This is a collection of three memoranda
that relate to identification of mountain pine
beetle on
the Wallowa
National Forest in northeastern Oregon. The oldest
memorandum, signed
by
A. D. Hopkins of the USDA Bureau of Entomology,
was dated February 18, 1907 and addressed to The Forester,
care
of Raphael Zon,
in Washington DC. It mentions depradations caused
by bark beetles in the lodgepole pine type on the
Wallowa.
As a
result of a
memo that Hopkins received on January 9th, he wrote
to request that
specimens of the beetles be collected and returned
to him for definitive
identification. A collection was made, and the
specimens received by Hopkins on February 14th. The memorandum
of February 18th
was to notify The Forester (Chief of the Forest
Service)
that the beetles
were identified as Dendroctonus monticola, the
mountain pine beetle. Hopkins mentioned that they had studied
the beetle
in considerable
detail and that a circular (publication) describing
the insect and its control would be released in
the
near
future. Hopkins
also provides some control recommendations in the
memo, stating that “it
is necessary that at least seventy-five percent of the insects
in the infested trees should be destroyed during the period between
the middle of October and the middle of the following June.” He
goes on to describe several alternative control methods, including
use of a forest fire to kill beetles (and their host trees) in
large infestations. The second memorandum, prepared by George H.
Cecil, Acting District (Regional) Forester for District 6, was
addressed to The Forester and dated November 6, 1909. It describes
some bark beetle specimens that were forwarded to Dr. Hopkins from
a yellow (ponderosa) pine tree in the T. W. Odell timber sale.
The actual collection was made in section 18, Township 7 S., Range
47 E. in the Wallowa National Forest. Cecil mentions that yellow
pines in that area had only recently been attacked, but that large
areas of lodgepole pine had been destroyed over the last 5 years.
Cecil mentions that the damage to lodgepole was not viewed as a
serious problem due to the low value of the species, its general
remoteness, and the fact that it was being replaced by western
larch in the affected areas. Damage to the commercially-valuable
yellow pine was considered very important, however. The third memo,
prepared by Raphael Zon, was addressed to A. D. Hopkins and dated
November 12, 1909. It acknowledges a memo from Hopkins on October
27th, and a reply to Hopkins from a Mr. Allen on November 2nd.
Zon’s memo recapitulates Cecil’s memo
of November 6th, quoting virtually all of the text
in
this memorandum.
Zon asks
that Hopkins provide any information about the
insects and their control directly to Cecil.
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