Deschutes & Ochoco National Forests
Crooked River National Grassland

Birds

Birds of Prey - Hawks & Eagles

Hawks are a group of diurnal (active by day) raptors. Hawks have excellent hearing and eyesight. Their vision is eight times greater than that of a human! Many will pair for life, unless a mate is lost to death. Bald eagles usually live near water (oceans, rivers, lakes), while golden eagles live in open, mountainous country. Eagles' nests are very large, possibly measuring up to six feet wide and weighing 100 pounds; many of the nests are used year after year. The average wingspan of an eagle can vary from six to seven feet.

The following hawks and eagles are found in Central Oregon:

Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) Y

RANGE: Breeds from central Alaska and northern Yukon across Canada to Labrador and Newfoundland, south locally to the Aleutian Islands, southern Alaska, central Arizona, southwestern and central New Mexico, Baja California, and the Gulf Coast; very locally distributed in the interior of North America. Winters generally throughout the breeding range, but most frequently from southern Alaska and southern Canada southward.

STATUS: Endangered and threatened in parts of the lower 48 states.

HABITAT: Closely associated with lakes and large rivers in open areas, forests and mountains, and along seacoasts. In Alaska and Canada, where human disturbance is slight, habitat is composed of a narrow strip of land along lakeshores and rivers that provides trees for nesting, fishing, and loafing. Needs large trees adjacent to water, preferably snags, but also live trees or boulders that provide good visibility, for perching. Winters in coastal habitats and inland where ice-free waters allow access to fish.

SPECIAL HABITAT REQUIREMENTS: Large bodies of water containing abundant fish resources, large trees for nesting, perching, and roosting, and freedom from human disturbance. Strongest Oregon nesting habitat association along lake or pond shorelines and islands.

NEST: Prefers to build a large, heavy nest 10 to 150 feet above ground in very tall living trees, usually close to water. If suitable trees are not available, nests are built on rocky cliffs or on the ground. Shows strong attachment to the nest site, and characteristically adds new material to the nest each year.

FOOD: Feeds primarily on fish it catches or takes from an osprey. Will feed on waterfowl and other birds, carrion, small- to medium-sized mammals, and turtles. Inland, subsists mainly on dead waterfowl during winter.

IN CENTRAL OREGON: Common permanent resident, increasing in numbers in winter. Widespread breeder in the region in all but desert habitats, with known breeding locations around large water bodies and rivers including Suttle and East lakes, Upper Deschutes River, and Wickiup, Prineville and Ochoco reservoirs. Nesting begins very early, often in late winter, with nestlings usually remaining into June. Fall and winter concentrations most easily observed at upper Wickiup Res. during fish passage and Lake Billy Chinook.

REFERENCES: Adamus et al. 2001, DeGraff et al. 1980, Evans 1982, Fielder 1982, Grubb and Kennedy 1982, Heintzelman 1979, Mackenzie 1977, Miller 1999, Shunk 2004, Sprunt 1955.

Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii) Y

RANGE: Breeds from southern British Columbia and central Alberta to southern Quebec and Maine south to Baja California, Mexico, Louisiana, central Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Winters from Washington, Colorado, and southern Minnesota to New England south through the southern United States, to Costa Rica.

STATUS: Uncommon.

HABITAT: Inhabits various types of mixed and deciduous forests and open woodlands including small woodlots, riparian woodlands in dry country, open arid pinyon woodlands, and forested mountainous regions. May use almost any type of habitat containing trees or shrubs during winter and in migration.

SPECIAL HABITAT REQUIREMENTS: Mature coniferous or deciduous woodlands.

NEST: Usually nests in deciduous or coniferous trees near the edge of a wooded area, with large open fields and water nearby. Places nest from 20 to 60 feet above ground (usually 35 to 45 feet). Occasionally uses old crow nests.

FOOD: Hunts from inconspicuous perches, and catches its prey, primarily birds, by surprise. Consumes medium-sized birds such as thrushes, jays, starlings, and quail primarily but also takes smaller birds and larger birds up to the size of ruffed grouse. Also eats chipmunks, red squirrels, rabbits, other small mammals, amphibians, and insects.

IN CENTRAL OREGON: Common, widespread permanent resident, with numbers increasing in migration. Most easily observed during post-breeding dispersal and fall migration when juveniles forage conspicuously among juniper and pine forests and forested developed areas. Likely more abundant than records indicate due to normally stealthy hunting behavior. Secretive nester, although at least nine recent records exist of regional breeding confirmation, with highest concentration in central Jefferson County. Young usually fledge by June or early July.

REFERENCES: Adamus et al. 2001, DeGraff et al. 1980, Evans 1982, Heintzelman 1979, Miller 1999, Jones 1979, Reynolds et al. 1982., Shunk 2004.

Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) B

RANGE: Breeds from eastern Washington, southern Alberta, and southern Saskatchewan south to eastern Oregon, Nevada, northern and southeastern Arizona, northern New Mexico, north-central Texas, western Oklahoma, and Kansas. Winters primarily from the central and southern parts of breeding range south to Mexico.

STATUS: Common; population is stable or declining slowly.

HABITAT: Inhabits the semiarid western plains and arid intermountain regions; prefers relatively unbroken terrain, with scattered trees, rock outcrops, or tall trees along creek bottoms available for nesting sites. Generally winters on the southern plains.

SPECIAL HABITAT REQUIREMENTS: Open country with elevated nesting sites. Strongest Oregon nesting habitat association in sagebrush steppe.

NEST: Prefers tall trees for nesting; will use a wide variety of sites, including ground nests on riverbed mounds, cutbanks, low hills, buttes and small cliffs, in short trees in open country, powerline structures, and haystacks. Tree nests are usually in the upper canopy, from 6 to 55 feet above ground. Nests are often used year after year.

FOOD: Hunts from a perch, while soaring, during low, rapid flight over open country, or while systematically searching and hovering at 40 to 60 feet. One study found its diet to be 70 percent mammals, 27 percent birds, and 3 percent reptiles. Feeds primarily on rabbits, ground squirrels, and prairie dogs; also takes mice, rats, gophers, birds, snakes, locusts, and crickets.

IN CENTRAL OREGON: Uncommon permanent resident, occasionally increasing in numbers in winter. Most easily observed in winter when nesting birds disperse, often westward, into agricultural areas throughout the region. Nests exclusively east of the Cascades, with only regional breeding confirmations from southeast Crook and Deschutes counties. Earliest regional breeding confirmation from mid-April, with most breeding activity observed in June.

REFERENCES: Adamus et al. 2001, Blair and Schitoskey 1982, Evans 1982, Heintzelman 1979, Miller 1999, Shunk 2004, Snow 1974a, Sprunt 1955, Tate and Tate 1982, Weston 1969, Woffinden and Murphy 1983.

Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) Y

RANGE: Breeds from northern and western Alaska east to Labrador, south to southern Alaska, Baja California, western and central Texas, western Oklahoma, and western Kansas; in eastern North America to New York and New England. Winters from south-central Alaska and the southern portions of the Canadian provinces south throughout the breeding range, rarely to coastal South Carolina.

STATUS: Fairly common in the West, rare in the East.

HABITAT: Inhabits open country, from barren areas to open coniferous forests, primarily in hilly and mountainous regions, but also in rugged deserts, on the plains, and in tundra. Prefers large trees with large horizontal branches and cliffs for roosting and perching. In the West, often moves down from the mountains onto the plains and valleys for winter.

SPECIAL HABITAT REQUIREMENTS: Elevated nest sites, especially cliffs, that are isolated from human disturbance and are close to hunting (stet) areas. Strongest Oregon nesting habitat association along cliffs surrounded by open forest, shrubland or grassland.

NEST: Usually nests on cliff ledges, preferably overlooking grasslands, but also nests in trees or on the ground. In the western mountains, nests at elevations of 4,000 to 10,000 feet above sea level. May use the same nest year after year, or pairs may use alternate nests in successive years.

FOOD: An opportunist; hunts for a variety of prey by soaring over open country or by sighting prey from perch. Feeds primarily on mammals (mainly lagomorphs), but also marmots, prairie dogs, ground squirrels, weasels, woodrats, skunks, and mice, rarely on larger mammals. Also eats grouse, pheasants, owls, hawks, rock doves, magpies, and other birds, as well as rattlesnakes and some carrion.

IN CENTRAL OREGON: Locally common permanent resident from pine forest eastward to deserts, especially in canyons and areas with precipitous exposed rimrock. Most easily observed in early June at accessible nest sites, such as Smith Rocks State Park, when adults are actively feeding nestlings. Also easily observed in sagebrush desert and agricultural areas during post-breeding dispersal when young are learning to hunt. Breeds mostly east of the Cascades with widespread breeding records concentrated in the center of the region.

REFERENCES: Adamus et al. 2001, DeGraff et al. 1980, Heintzelman 1979, Jollie 1943, McGahan 1968, Miller 1999, Shunk 2004.

Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) Y

RANGE: Breeds from western and central Alaska and northern Yukon to Labrador and Newfoundland, south to southern Alaska, central California, southern New Mexico, western South Dakota, northern Minnesota, and northwestern Connecticut, and in the northern Appalachian Mountains. Winters throughout the breeding range may extend as far south as the Gulf States during periodic invasions related to food shortage.

STATUS: Uncommon to rare but increasing; range is expanding southward in Appalachians.

HABITAT: Inhabits mixed hardwood and coniferous forests in temperate and boreal regions, from sea level to tree line. Prefers woodlands with intermediate canopy coverage interspersed with fields or wetlands, especially in remote areas.

SPECIAL HABITAT REQUIREMENTS: Extensive mixed woodlands with large trees for nesting. Strongest Oregon nesting habitat association in mixed coniferous forests from subalpine to ponderosa pine zones.

NEST: Prefers to nest in large hardwood trees 30 to 40 feet above ground, where clear, level access is afforded by a stream or other opening. Frequently selects birch, maple, aspen, and beech for nesting trees; occasionally selects juniper, pine, spruce, and fir. Usually builds a new nest each year, but may build on top of an old hawk nest.

FOOD: Hunts for prey in dense woodlands, clearings, and open fields. In one study, its diet consisted of 54 percent birds, 37 percent mammals, and 9 percent insects. Eats grouse, quail, pheasants, small hawks, owls, crows, gulls, ducks, doves, thrushes, rabbits, squirrels, chipmunks, mice, woodchucks, muskrats, weasels, shrews, grasshoppers, and caterpillars. .

IN CENTRAL OREGON: Uncommon, widespread permanent resident in mature forests of the region. Most easily observed in post-breeding dispersal when young often conspicuously hunt in open forests or in harsh winters when birds are driven to lower elevations for food. Highest regional concentration likely occurs in Ochoco Mtns. of central Crook County and East Cascades of northwest Deschutes County. Most breeding activity occurs in June with most young fledged by early July.

REFERENCES: Adamus et al. 2001, Cramp and Simmons 1980, DeGraff et al. 1980, Evans in Farrand 1983a, Heintzelman 1979, Jones 1979, McAtee 1935, Miller 1999, Shunk 2004, Shuster 1980, Terres 1980.

Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus) Y

RANGE: Breeds from northern Alaska to southern Quebec and Newfoundland south to Baja California, southern Arizona, southern and eastern Texas, southern Illinois, and southeastern Virginia. Winters from Alaska (casually) and southern British Columbia east to South Dakota, southern Ontario, and Massachusetts south through the United States to South America.

STATUS: Common; populations are increasing slightly in the Southwest, and declining in the Northeast and Midwest.

HABITAT: Typically inhabits sloughs, wet meadows, fresh or salt marshes, swamps, prairies and plains. Generally roosts on the ground or perches on very low objects such as fence posts or tree stumps. During the non-breeding season, inhabits areas far removed from nesting habitat. Roosts in undisturbed fields or marshes in winter.

SPECIAL HABITAT REQUIREMENTS: Open country with herbaceous or low woody vegetation for concealing nests. Strongest Oregon nesting habitat association with alkaline desert scrub, wet montane meadow and freshwater marsh.

NEST: Nests singly or sometimes semi-colonially, on the ground in a variety of sites, but usually near or above water. Nests in tall grass in open fields, in swamps with low shrubs and clearings, sometimes built up over water on a stick foundation, sedge tussock, or willow clump, or on a knoll of dry ground.

FOOD: Hunts for food, primarily on the wing, over fields, marshes, and meadows, taking a wide variety of prey including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, insects, and fishes. Mostly eats small mammals.

IN CENTRAL OREGON: Common permanent resident, primarily in the eastern half of the region. Occasionally observed as far west as Sisters and rarely over the Cascades during migration. Most easily found in agricultural areas across the region. Four confirmed breeding records concentrated in north central Jefferson County, north of Madras, with one record for northwest Crook County. Most breeding activity observed in May.

REFERENCES: Adamus et al. 2001, DeGraff et al. 1980, Evans 1982, Heintzelman 1979, Low and Mansell 1983, McAtee 1935, Miller 1999, Shunk 2004, Sprunt 1955, Tate and Tate 1982, Terres 1980.

Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) B

RANGE: Breeds from northwestern Alaska and northern Yukon to central Labrador and Newfoundland south locally to Baja California, central Arizona, southern Texas, the Gulf Coast, and southern Florida. Winters from central California, southern Texas, the Gulf Coast and Florida south to South America.

STATUS: Locally common to uncommon; population declining due to destruction of habitat, pesticides, human disturbance, and reduction of food resources.

HABITAT: Nearly cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on every continent except Antarctica. Occupies a wide range of habitats in association with water, primarily near lakes, rivers, and along coastal waters with adequate supplies of fish.

SPECIAL HABITAT REQUIREMENTS: Elevated nest sites near water with rich fish resources. Strongest Oregon nesting habitat association along lake or pond shorelines and islands.

NEST: Nests in loose colonies or singly, and uses a wide variety of structures to support large stick nests, which may be 60 feet or more above ground. Prefers a snag in or near water, with a broken top or side limbs able to support the nest. Prefers tall snags that provide good visibility and security. Also nests on pilings, utility poles, duck blinds, buildings, steel towers for transmission lines, windmills, channel markers, fences, a wide variety of living, partially dead, or dead trees, wooden platforms in marshes, on cliffs, and sometimes on the ground. Nest site may be used by the same pair year after year.

FOOD: Feeds almost exclusively on fish; flies 50 to 100 feet above (preferably shallow) water, then hovers and plunges into the water to catch fish. Also eats frogs, snakes, ducks, crows, night-herons, and small mammals. .

IN CENTRAL OREGON: Common, conspicuous summer resident in the region, arriving as early as mid-March and remaining as late as early November. Typical arrival and departure mid-April through early October. Easily seen along the region's three major rivers, the Crooked, Metolius and Deschutes, as well as around large irrigation reservoirs and mountain lakes. Confirmed breeding records also concentrated on the three rivers with breeding behavior observed between April and August.

REFERENCES: Adamus et al. 2001, DeGraff et al. 1980, Heintzelman 1979, Miller 1999, Shunk 2004, Sprunt 1955, Zarn 1974a.

Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus)

RANGE: Breeds from northern California south, west of the Sierra Nevada divide, to Baja California; and from eastern Nebraska, central Minnesota, southern Ontario, and southern New Brunswick south to Mexico. Winters primarily from eastern Kansas and central Missouri to southern New England southward, but also sporadically throughout breeding range.

STATUS: Common, but population is unstable.

HABITAT: Inhabits moist, well-drained woodlands, wooded river swamps, bottomlands, and wooded margins of marshes, often close to cultivated fields. Seems to prefer mature forests and is usually more common in lowland areas than in mountainous regions.

SPECIAL HABITAT REQUIREMENTS: Riparian deciduous woodlands with tall trees for nesting. Strongest Oregon nesting habitat association in South Coast mixed forest.

NEST: Nests 20 to 60 feet above ground in tall trees. Usually builds nest 35-45 feet above ground on a main fork and close to the tree trunk. Has built nests in oak, pine, baldcypress, mangrove, cottonwood, birch, beech, sycamore, yellow-poplar, ash, sweetgum and maple. Occasionally uses an abandoned hawk, crow, or squirrel nest as a foundation for a new nest; often uses the same nest site year after year.

FOOD: Perches on a fence post, tree, or telephone pole and overlooks a meadow, marsh, open field, or forest to sight prey. Feeds primarily on small mammals but also takes rabbits, squirrels, small birds, frogs, small snakes, toads, lizards, fishes, and large insects. Small mammals and some reptiles and amphibians.

IN CENTRAL OREGON: Rare transient, with observations increasing in frequency. One possible and one probable breeding record from central Crook County, although most sightings occur in central Deschutes County. Multiple reports from Tumalo Reservoir, Sparks Lake, and Sunriver, with additional records from La Pine and Davis Lake.

REFERENCES: Adamus et al. 2001, Bednarz and Dinsmore 1982, DeGraff et al. 1980, Forbush and May 1955, Heintzelman 1979, Marshall et al. 2003, McAtee 1935, Miller 1999, Portnoy and Dodge 1979, Shunk 2004, Sibley 2000. Sprunt 1955, Stewart 1949, Tate and Tate 1982.

Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) Y

RANGE: Breeds from western and central Alaska and central Yukon to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia south to Central America. Winters from southern Canada throughout the remainder of the breeding range.

STATUS: Common, but population is declining.

HABITAT: Inhabits a wide variety of different habitats throughout its range, preferring mixed country of open pasture, fields, meadows, or swampy areas interspersed with coniferous or deciduous woods. Inhabits deserts and plains with scattered trees and open mountain forests, generally avoiding dense, unbroken woodlands and tundra.

SPECIAL HABITAT REQUIREMENTS: Strongest Oregon nesting habitat association in pine mixed with white oak, juniper, or mixed conifer, as well as sagebrush steppe, northeast modified grassland, and edges of recently cut-over or burnt forest.

NEST: Usually nests in a tall tree in or at the edge of a woodland, or in an isolated tree in an open area. Frequently selects the largest and tallest tree (of a wide variety of species) available. Constructs nest next to the trunk in a crotch from 35 to 90 feet above ground. In treeless areas, nests on rocky cliffs, shrubs, or cactus.

FOOD: Frequently hunts for prey while perching in snags, live trees, or on poles in rather open areas or at forest edges. Also locates prey while soaring. Primarily eats small mammals; also eats birds, reptiles, and some insects.

IN CENTRAL OREGON: Common permanent resident, abundant in winter. Widespread throughout the region, and observed most frequently in agricultural areas. Multiple confirmed nesting records everywhere except western and southern Deschutes County. Many individuals in the region exhibit characteristics of the "rufous morph," with wide variation between light-rufous and rufous-dark intergrades. Where sufficient prey and nesting sites exist, multiple pairs may nest within less than a mile of each other.\

REFERENCES: Adamus et al. 2001, Austin 1964, Bednarz and Dinsmore 1982, DeGraff et al. 1980, ECBC 2003, Evans in Farrand 1983a, Fitch et al. 1946, Forbush and May 1955, Heintzelman 1979, Miller 1999, Shunk 2004, Terres 1980.

Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus) W

RANGE: Breeds from western and northern Alaska, northern Yukon, and northern Labrador south to northern and southeastern Mackenzie, east to northern Quebec and Newfoundland; also from Kodiak Island and Umnak in the eastern Aleutian Islands and the Arctic Islands north to Prince Patrick, Victoria, Bylot, and southwestern Baffin Islands. Winters from south-central Alaska (casually) and southern Canada south to southern California, southern Arizona east to southern Texas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Virginia, casually to eastern Texas and the Gulf Coast. Concentrates in areas of high prey density during winter.

STATUS: Most common hawk of the American arctic.

HABITAT: Inhabits open tundra and mountainsides; does not inhabit forests unless there is much open ground. Essentially an open country dweller that occupies a large range in its seasonal wanderings. In winter, prefers conifer groves for roosting and open, treeless areas for hunting.

NEST: Nests primarily on cliffs along river bluffs, but is flexible in selecting nesting substrate. Locates nests usually under overhangs on rocky cliffs, outcroppings, and ledges; occasionally nests in stunted trees or on the ground. Often returns to the same nest for many years.

FOOD: Hunts for food in wet meadows, bogs, and riparian areas. Generally seeks prey from the air rather than from a perch. Microtine rodents such as brown lemming, collared lemming, tundra vole, Alaska vole, red-backed vole, and other small mammals comprise the bulk of the diet. Shifts to other prey when rodents become scarce. Also consumes young ptarmigan, arctic ground squirrels, and sometimes small rabbits. During the breeding season, may consume up to 20 percent of diet as birds; during winter, consumes mammalian prey almost exclusively.

IN CENTRAL OREGON: Common winter resident in open areas, primarily in the eastern half of the region. Found in agricultural areas throughout the juniper belt and into sagebrush desert. Highest concentrations usually occur December through February with birds easily seen in Powell Butte, Cloverdale, and eastern Crook and Deschutes counties.

REFERENCES: Heintzelman 1979, Miller 1999, Shunk 2004, Sprunt 1955, Terres 1980, White and Cade 1971, Zarn 1975.

Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus) Y

RANGE: Breeds from western and central Alaska and northern Yukon to southern Labrador and Newfoundland, south to central California, southern Texas, the northern parts of the Gulf States, and South Carolina. Winters from southern Alaska, the southernmost portions of the Canadian Provinces south through the United States to Panama.

STATUS: Fairly common; the population appears to be recovering from earlier declines that occurred until the early 1970's in the eastern United States.

HABITAT: Primarily inhabits coniferous and mixed conifer-birch-aspen forests of the Canadian and Transition life zones northward to the Arctic tree line. Less commonly inhabits other woodland types except in mountainous areas. During migration and in winter it may occur in almost any type of habitat containing trees or shrubs.

SPECIAL HABITAT REQUIREMENTS: Dense coniferous-deciduous forest.

NEST: Usually nests in trees with dense foliage, primarily conifers, from 6 to 90 feet, typically 30 to 35 feet above ground and below a well-developed canopy. Nests may be in small groves of conifers surrounded by deciduous trees. Generally constructs a new nest each year in the immediate area of the previous year's nest.

FOOD: Feeds primarily on birds sighted while flying over forest floor, meadows, and brushy pastures. Sparrow-sized birds are taken most often, but occasionally attacks birds larger than itself. Also eats a few small mammals, reptiles, and insects.

IN CENTRAL OREGON: Common, widespread permanent resident throughout the region, except in the most remote desert habitats. Numbers increase in fall migration. Usually seen by accident anywhere prey birds concentrate and shrubby cover is available. Very difficult to confirm nesting, with the nearest confirmed records northeast of Mt. Jefferson and in northwest Harney County. Only five records of probable breeding in the region, mostly of individuals defending territory.

REFERENCES: Adamus et al. 2001, DeGraff et al. 1980, Evans 1982, Heintzelman 1979, Jones 1979, Miller 1999, Platt 1976, Reynolds et al. 1982, Shunk 2004, Tate and Tate 1982.

Swainson's Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) B

RANGE: Breeds locally in east-central Alaska, Yukon, and Mackenzie, and from central Alberta and central Saskatchewan to western Illinois south to southern California, central and southern Texas, and western Missouri. Winters primarily on the pampas of southern South America, casually north to the southwestern United States and southeastern Florida.

STATUS: Common; population has decreased in the southern Great Plains.

HABITAT: Inhabits prairies, plains, deserts, large mountain valleys, savannahs, open pine-oak woodlands, and cultivated lands with scattered trees. Strongest Oregon nesting habitat association in grasslands and sagebrush shrublands of Eastern Oregon.

NEST: Nests in isolated trees, in shrubs and trees along wetlands and drainages, in windbreaks in fields and around farmsteads, in giant cactus, or on the crossbars of telephone poles. Occasionally nests on the ground, on low cliffs, on rocky pinnacles, or on cutbanks. May build nest up to 100 feet above ground in cottonwoods, or lower in willows or other shrubs. May repair and use same nest year after year; sometimes builds on old black-billed magpie nests.

FOOD: Hunts primarily from perches such as fence posts or low trees and from a vantage point on the ground. Diet consists of small mammals, birds, fishes, salamanders, frogs, snakes, and insects.

IN CENTRAL OREGON: Uncommon summer resident, breeding primarily in Eeastern Jefferson and Crook counties. Found in the region typically between late April and August, with most breeding activity observed between mid-May and mid-July. Most easily observed in agricultural areas and grasslands of easternE Crook County, especially around Paulina.

REFERENCES: Adamus et al. 2001, Dunkle 1977, Evans in Farrand 1983a, Heintzelman 1979, Miller 1999, Shunk 2004, Sprunt 1955, Tate and Tate 1982, Terres 1980.