ÿþ<HTML> <HEAD> <SCRIPT><!-- function fix(e) { var par = e.parentNode; e.id = ""; e.style.marginLeft = "0.42in"; var pos = e.innerText.indexOf("\n"); if (pos > 0) { while (pos > 0) { var t = e.childNodes(0); var n = document.createElement("PRE"); var s = t.splitText(pos); e.insertAdjacentElement("afterEnd", n); n.appendChild(s); n.style.marginLeft = "0.42in"; e = n; pos = e.innerText.indexOf("\n"); } var count = (par.children.length); for (var i = 0; i < count; i++) { e = par.children(i); if (e.tagName == "PRE") { pos = e.innerText.indexOf(">"); if (pos != 0) { n = document.createElement("DD"); e.insertAdjacentElement("afterEnd", n); n.innerText = e.innerText; e.removeNode(true); } } } if (par.children.tags("PRE").length > 0) { count = (par.children.length); for (i = 0; i < count; i++) { e = par.children(i); if (e.tagName == "PRE") { e.id = ""; if (i < (count-1)) { var e2 = par.children(i + 1); if (e2.tagName == "PRE") { e.insertAdjacentText("beforeEnd", e2.innerText+"\n"); e2.removeNode(true); count = count-1; i = i-1; } } } } } } else { n = document.createElement("DD"); par.appendChild(n); n.innerText = e.innerText; e.removeNode(true); } } --></SCRIPT> </HEAD> <BODY oncontextmenu="return true"> <A name="Top" /> <H1>NWFP_ChangeDet03_07</H1> <H2>Metadata:</H2> <UL> <LI><A HREF="#Identification_Information">Identification_Information</A></LI> <LI><A HREF="#Data_Quality_Information">Data_Quality_Information</A></LI> <LI><A HREF="#Spatial_Data_Organization_Information">Spatial_Data_Organization_Information</A></LI> <LI><A HREF="#Spatial_Reference_Information">Spatial_Reference_Information</A></LI> <LI><A HREF="#Entity_and_Attribute_Information">Entity_and_Attribute_Information</A></LI> <LI> <A HREF="#477803040"> Distribution_Information </A> </LI> <LI><A HREF="#Metadata_Reference_Information">Metadata_Reference_Information</A></LI> </UL> <A name="Identification_Information"><HR /></A> <DL> <DT><I>Identification_Information:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Citation:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Citation_Information:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Originator:</I> USDA-Forest Service, Region 5, Remote Sensing Lab, Ecosystem Planning</DT> <DT><I>Publication_Date:</I> November 2008</DT> <DT><I>Title:</I></DT> <DD>NWFP_ChangeDet03_07</DD> <DT><I>Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form:</I> vector digital data</DT> <DT><I>Online_Linkage:</I> <A TARGET="viewer" HREF="."> .</A> </DT> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Description:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DIV> <DT><I>Abstract:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">The NWFP_ChangeDetection_03_07 feature class represents change detection and cause of change between 2003 and 2007 in the Northwest Forest Plan Monitoring Project area of California. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery was used to identify land cover change within the five-year time interval across all vegetation types and ownerships. The dates of TM imagery used in the analysis are contained in the supplemental information.</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> <DIV> <DT><I>Purpose:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">This data was created by the USDA Forest Service, Region 5, Remote Sensing Lab Inventory to map and assess changes in California's vegetation. This effort provides monitoring data for regional assessment across all ownerships and vegetation types to support the multi-agency Northwest Forest Plan monitoring project. The program identifies the cause of changes using current fire perimeter data, USFS harvest/plantation data, fieldwork and other ancillary GIS data layers.</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> <DIV> <DT><I>Supplemental_Information:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">PROCEDURES: The spatial extent of the Northwest Forest Plan Monitoring Project (~14.9 million acres) was subdivided into natural regions and stratified into national forest and non-national forest lands. Segmentation across all ownerships was performed using 2007 Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery that was pansharpened with normalized 2007 5-meter panchromatic Spot imagery. National Forest natural region segmentation was performed using a change mask so that the integrity of the legacy 2003/2004 Existing Vegetation was preserved where no change was identified. TM imagery from 2003 and 2007 was orthorectified, coregistered and converted to reflectance before performing change detection on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images. The resultant change classes were used to populate the 2007 segmentation outputs and were then reviewed for false change due to phenological differences or poor localized coregistration. Cause of change was initially produced in an automated look-up table based on ancillary data then verified manually through photointerpretation. Ancillary data for cause assignment included the Forest Service ACtivity Tracking System (FACTS), Aerial Detection Survey (ADS) from R5 Forest Health Protection and fire history perimeters from the USDA Forest Service and the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF - Cal Fire). Additional ancillary datasets included Timber Harvesting Plans from Cal Fire and R5 USFS Existing Vegetation from 1998 and 2003/2004. A heirarchy was established amongst ancillary data sources to automate the process of assigning cause of change. Data was first crosswalked into cause of change codes and then sorted into two time classes - 1998 to pre-2003 imagery and post-2003 imagery to 2007 imagery dates. In general, fire data took precedence in cause of change, then forest activites, followed by mortality events as determined by the ADS dataset. Conflicts were resolved amongst data sources by spatially cross-checking data from other sources and location characteristics. Common conflicts included assessing the cause of a decrease in vegetation post-2003 when a fire occured pre-2003. An increase in vegetation would be expected due to fire occurance before the 2003 TM image was acquired. The change detection and cause of change portion of the NWFP project was developed concurrently with the Anderson II landuse classification. Many of the same data sources were utilized and the consistency between the two datasets has been verified. FIELD DEFINITIONS: VEGETATION COVER CHANGE CLASSES Change Description Code ----------------------------------------------- 1 Large Decrease in Vegetation Cover 2 Moderate Decrease in Vegetation Cover 3 Slight Decrease in Vegetation Cover 4 Little or No Change 5 Slight Increase in Vegetation Cover 6 Moderate/Large Increase in Vegetation Cover VEGETATION COVER CHANGE CAUSE CODES Cause Description Code ------------------------------------------------ AC Accuracy assessment related update for map improvement AG Land conversion to agriculture crops or orchards BD Downed forests due to high winds, blow down CU Update change where cause is unknown DE Defoliation related update from insects or pathogens FI Fire related update FT Fuel Treatment related update GL Receding or advancing glaciers IN Change in vegetation type due to invasive species IV Increasing vegetation cover or size due to re-growth LS Changes in vegetation cover due to landslides MO Mortality from insect or pathogens related update PL Plantation related update, reforestation activity RC Rangeland conversion RS Reference Site related update for map improvement SC Sucessional change in lifefom or vegetation type due to regrowth SI Timber stand improvement, precommercial thin, veg control, rehab SO Source original for baseline map, not an update TH Tree harvest related update UB Land conversion to urban, built-up or development WC Changes in water impoundments, rivers, or stream meanders PHYSIOGNOMIC PROVINCE (see http://www.reo.gov/gis/data/gisdata/index.htm) Province Code Description 2 Cascades 8 Klamath 5 Coast NOTES: PROJECT AREA TM IMAGE INDEX/DATES Path Row Time 1 (Date) Time 2 (Date) 44 33 7/26/2003 8/22/2007 44 34 7/26/2003 8/22/2007 45 31 8/18/2003 8/18/2007 45 32 8/18/2003 8/18/2007 45 33 7/17/2003 8/18/2007 46 31 8/25/2003 9/5/2007 46 32 8/25/2003 9/5/2007 PROCESSING AREA 4 TM IMAGE INDEX/DATES NR Time 1 (Scene - Date) Time 2 (Scene - Date) 53 P45 R33 7/17/2003 P45 R34 8/13/2007 (6/26/2007 - Cloud Substitution) 54 P45 R34 7/17/2003 P45 R33 8/13/2007 P44 R33 7/26/2003 P44 R33 8/22/2007 55 P45 R34 7/17/2003 P45 R33 8/13/2007 P44 R34 8/11/2003 P44 R34 8/22/2007</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Time_Period_of_Content:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Time_Period_Information:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Range_of_Dates/Times:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Beginning_Date:</I> 01/25/2008</DT> <DT><I>Ending_Date:</I> 09/19/2008</DT> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> <DIV> <DT><I>Currentness_Reference:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">This dataset is current as of 09/19/2008</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Status:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Progress:</I> Complete</DT> <DT><I>Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency:</I> None planned</DT> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Spatial_Domain:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Bounding_Coordinates:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>West_Bounding_Coordinate:</I> -122.787203</DT> <DT><I>East_Bounding_Coordinate:</I> -121.414794</DT> <DT><I>North_Bounding_Coordinate:</I> 42.103305</DT> <DT><I>South_Bounding_Coordinate:</I> 40.507056</DT> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Keywords:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Theme:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus:</I> REQUIRED: Reference to a formally registered thesaurus or a similar authoritative source of theme keywords.</DT> <DT><I>Theme_Keyword:</I> Cause</DT> <DT><I>Theme_Keyword:</I> Vegetation Cover Change</DT> <DT><I>Theme_Keyword:</I> Change Detection</DT> <DT><I>Theme_Keyword:</I> Northwest Forest Plan</DT> <DT><I>Theme_Keyword:</I> Forest Disturbance</DT> <DT><I>Theme_Keyword:</I> Remote Sensing</DT> <DT><I>Theme_Keyword:</I> GIS</DT> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Access_Constraints:</I> This data is acceptable and allowable for use by the USDA Forest Service, Region 5, Remote Sensing Lab Staff. Users should be aware that this dataset has been created for landcover monitoring on a landscape or regional scale. Map features represent approximate locations and may involve errors of omission and/or commission. Analysis of the data at the pixel level requires ground verification. Accuracy assessment information for the change detection data is available upon request.</DT> <DIV> <DT><I>Use_Constraints:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">None</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> <DT><I>Point_of_Contact:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Contact_Information:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Contact_Person_Primary:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Contact_Person:</I> Carlos Ramirez</DT> <DT><I>Contact_Organization:</I> USDA-Forest Service, Region 5, Remote Sensing Lab, Ecosystem Planning</DT> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Contact_Position:</I> Remote Sensing Project Leader</DT> <DT><I>Contact_Address:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Address_Type:</I> mailing and physical address</DT> <DIV> <DT><I>Address:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">3237 Peackeeper Way, Suite 207</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> <DT><I>City:</I> McClellan</DT> <DT><I>State_or_Province:</I> CA</DT> <DT><I>Postal_Code:</I> 95652</DT> <DT><I>Country:</I> USA</DT> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Contact_Voice_Telephone:</I> (916) 640-1275</DT> <DT><I>Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:</I> carlosramirez@fs.fed.us</DT> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Native_Data_Set_Environment:</I></DT> <DD>Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.0.1770</DD> <DT><I>Cross_Reference:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Citation_Information:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Originator:</I> USDA Forest Service Forest Health Protection Region 5</DT> <DT><I>Publication_Date:</I> 9/19/2008</DT> <DT><I>Title:</I></DT> <DD>California Northwest Forest Plan Change - 2003 to 2007</DD> <DT><I>Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form:</I> vector digital data</DT> <DT><I>Online_Linkage:</I> <A TARGET="viewer" HREF="http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/spf/fhp/data"> http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/spf/fhp/data</A> </DT> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> </DL> <A HREF="#Top">Back to Top</A> <A name="Data_Quality_Information"><HR /></A> <DL> <DT><I>Data_Quality_Information:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Lineage:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Process_Step:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DIV> <DT><I>Process_Description:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">Dataset copied.</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> <DT><I>Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:</I></DT> <DD>Server=sv05; Service=5151; User=fssde; Version=SDE.DEFAULT</DD> <DT><I>Process_Date:</I> 20081106</DT> <DT><I>Process_Time:</I> 13543800</DT> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> </DL> <A HREF="#Top">Back to Top</A> <A name="Spatial_Data_Organization_Information"><HR /></A> <DL> <DT><I>Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method:</I> Vector</DT> <DT><I>Point_and_Vector_Object_Information:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>SDTS_Terms_Description:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type:</I> G-polygon</DT> <DT><I>Point_and_Vector_Object_Count:</I> 9245</DT> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> </DL> <A HREF="#Top">Back to Top</A> <A name="Spatial_Reference_Information"><HR /></A> <DL> <DT><I>Spatial_Reference_Information:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Planar:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Map_Projection:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Map_Projection_Name:</I> Albers Conical Equal Area</DT> <DT><I>Albers_Conical_Equal_Area:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Standard_Parallel:</I> 34.000000</DT> <DT><I>Standard_Parallel:</I> 40.500000</DT> <DT><I>Longitude_of_Central_Meridian:</I> -120.000000</DT> <DT><I>Latitude_of_Projection_Origin:</I> 0.000000</DT> <DT><I>False_Easting:</I> 0.000000</DT> <DT><I>False_Northing:</I> -4000000.000000</DT> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Planar_Coordinate_Information:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method:</I> coordinate pair</DT> <DT><I>Coordinate_Representation:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Abscissa_Resolution:</I> 0.000639</DT> <DT><I>Ordinate_Resolution:</I> 0.000639</DT> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Planar_Distance_Units:</I> meters</DT> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Geodetic_Model:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Horizontal_Datum_Name:</I> North American Datum of 1983</DT> <DT><I>Ellipsoid_Name:</I> Geodetic Reference System 80</DT> <DT><I>Semi-major_Axis:</I> 6378137.000000</DT> <DT><I>Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio:</I> 298.257222</DT> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Altitude_System_Definition:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Altitude_Resolution:</I> 1.000000</DT> <DT><I>Altitude_Encoding_Method:</I> Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates</DT> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> </DL> <A HREF="#Top">Back to Top</A> <A name="Entity_and_Attribute_Information"><HR /></A> <DL> <DT><I>Entity_and_Attribute_Information:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Detailed_Description:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Entity_Type:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Entity_Type_Label:</I> NWFP_ChangeDet03_07</DT> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Attribute:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Attribute_Label:</I> OBJECTID</DT> <DIV> <DT><I>Attribute_Definition:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">Internal feature number.</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> <DIV> <DT><I>Attribute_Definition_Source:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">ESRI</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> <DT><I>Attribute_Domain_Values:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Unrepresentable_Domain:</I></DT> <DD>Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.</DD> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Attribute:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Attribute_Label:</I> CLASS</DT> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Attribute:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Attribute_Label:</I> PROVINCE</DT> <DIV> <DT><I>Attribute_Definition:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">Physiographic Province Number</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> <DIV> <DT><I>Attribute_Definition_Source:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">http://www.reo.gov/gis/data/gisdata/index.htm</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> <DT><I>Attribute_Domain_Values:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Attribute:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Attribute_Label:</I> SHAPE</DT> <DIV> <DT><I>Attribute_Definition:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">Feature geometry.</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> <DIV> <DT><I>Attribute_Definition_Source:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">ESRI</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> <DT><I>Attribute_Domain_Values:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Unrepresentable_Domain:</I></DT> <DD>Coordinates defining the features.</DD> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Attribute:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Attribute_Label:</I> CAUSE</DT> <DIV> <DT><I>Attribute_Definition:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">Vegetation cause of change</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> <DT><I>Attribute_Domain_Values:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Enumerated_Domain:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DIV> <DT><I>Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">see FRDB table @ http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/rsl/projects/frdb/tables/table164c.html</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Attribute:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Attribute_Label:</I> SHAPE_Length</DT> <DIV> <DT><I>Attribute_Definition:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">Length of feature in internal units.</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> <DIV> <DT><I>Attribute_Definition_Source:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">ESRI</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> <DT><I>Attribute_Domain_Values:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Unrepresentable_Domain:</I></DT> <DD>Positive real numbers that are automatically generated.</DD> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Attribute:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Attribute_Label:</I> SHAPE_Area</DT> <DIV> <DT><I>Attribute_Definition:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">Area of feature in internal units squared.</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> <DIV> <DT><I>Attribute_Definition_Source:</I></DT> <PRE ID="original">ESRI</PRE> <SCRIPT>fix(original)</SCRIPT> </DIV> <DT><I>Attribute_Domain_Values:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Unrepresentable_Domain:</I></DT> <DD>Positive real numbers that are automatically generated.</DD> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> </DL> <A HREF="#Top">Back to Top</A> <A NAME="477803040"> <HR /> </A> <DL> <DT><I>Distribution_Information:</I> </DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Resource_Description:</I> Downloadable Data</DT> </DL> </DD> </DL> <A HREF="#Top">Back to Top</A> <A name="Metadata_Reference_Information"><HR /></A> <DL> <DT><I>Metadata_Reference_Information:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Metadata_Date:</I> 20081107</DT> <DT><I>Metadata_Contact:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Contact_Information:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Contact_Person_Primary:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Contact_Person:</I> Brandon Lee</DT> <DT><I>Contact_Organization:</I> USDA Forest Service, Sanborn Solutions</DT> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Contact_Position:</I> GIS Analyst - On-Site Contractor</DT> <DT><I>Contact_Address:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Address_Type:</I> REQUIRED: The mailing and/or physical address for the organization or individual.</DT> <DT><I>City:</I> REQUIRED: The city of the address.</DT> <DT><I>State_or_Province:</I> REQUIRED: The state or province of the address.</DT> <DT><I>Postal_Code:</I> REQUIRED: The ZIP or other postal code of the address.</DT> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Contact_Voice_Telephone:</I> 916-640-1282</DT> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Metadata_Standard_Name:</I> FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata</DT> <DT><I>Metadata_Standard_Version:</I> FGDC-STD-001-1998</DT> <DT><I>Metadata_Time_Convention:</I> local time</DT> <DT><I>Metadata_Extensions:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Online_Linkage:</I> <A TARGET="viewer" HREF="http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html"> http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html</A> </DT> <DT><I>Profile_Name:</I> ESRI Metadata Profile</DT> </DL> </DD> <DT><I>Metadata_Extensions:</I></DT> <DD> <DL> <DT><I>Online_Linkage:</I> <A TARGET="viewer" HREF="http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html"> http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html</A> </DT> <DT><I>Profile_Name:</I> ESRI Metadata Profile</DT> </DL> </DD> </DL> </DD> </DL> <A HREF="#Top">Back to Top</A> </BODY> </HTML>