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Wilson20010 Witt1979̧ Woerheide1973 Woerheide1973 Wolf1945̖ Wolfe2000 Wolfe2000^ Woods1968V Woods1968Woodwell1974̷ Wuenscher1971a̸ Wuenscher1971b Wullstein1980 Yarwood1972 Yarwood1972 Yoder19939 Yoder1993 Youngberg1955% Zammit1991̺ Zinke1977 Zirul1967 Zumrawi1989 Yoder199393G `acdfijl knmop !#$%"&'()W\]_aY !#$%   & ()\[^_*`scbde+fh,./02456"%&7'Z([8]^cbd9fh:;_<=>?@BDEFHIJKLMNOPQRSTVWY[\M\^ Authors NJournals 1Keywords "\                                  r Abe, Nobuyuki Abrams, M.D.Abrams, Marc D. Acker, S.A.Acker, Steven A. Adams, A.S. Adams, E.M.Adams, T.E., Jr.Adams, Theodore E. JrAdams, Theodore E., Jr.Afzal-Rafii, Z. Agee, J.K.Agee, James K. Ahlers, U. Ahrens, G.R.Ahrens, Glenn R. Aitkens, F. Aitkens, Fr. Aitkens, Fran al., et Allen, E. Allen, Eric Allen, G. Allen, G.A. Allen, G.B.Allen, Geraldine A.Allen, GregoryAllen, Gregory B. Allen, M. Allen, S.W.Allen, Shirley W.Allen-Diaz, B.Allen-Diaz, B. H.Allen-Diaz, Barbara Alverson, E. Alverson, EdAmaranthus, M. P.Amaranthus, M.P.America, Better Homes in American Forestry Associationand Cadrin, C.Anderson, A. R.Anderson, A.R.Anderson, H.W.Anderson, Harry W.Anderson, M. KatAnderson, M.K.Anderson, M.V.Anderson, Melanie VaelAnderson, P. D.Anderson, P. M.Anderson, P.D.Anderson, P.M.Anderson, S.H.Anderson, Stanley H. Antieau, C.J.Antieau, Clayton J. Antos, J.A.Antos, Joseph A. Anzinger, D.Anzinger, Dawn Appel, D.N.Appel, David N.Appleton, D.L.Appleton, Donald L.Armentano, T.V.Armentano, Thomas V. Arno, S.F.Arno, Stephen F. Arnold, R.A.Arnold, Richard A. Asher, J.E.Asher, James E.Ashley, Mary V.$Association, American Forestry Atzet, T. Atzet, Thomas Atzet, Tom Aubry, K. B. Aubry, K.B.Auchmoody, L. R.Auchmoody, L.R.Austin, George T. Axelrod, D.I.Axelrod, Daniel I. B., UlrichBabcock, E. B. Babcock, E.B. Backes, K. Bailey, L. H. Bailey, L.H.Bailey, Robert G.Bainbridge, D.A.Bainbridge, David A. Baines, L. Baker, F.S.Baker, Frederick S. Bakker, M. R.Baldocchi, D. D.Baldocchi, D.D. Ballard, G. Ballard, H. Barbour, M.G.Barbour, Michael G. Barnes, B.V.Barnes, Burton V.Barnett, J. P. Barnett, J.P. Barnett, R.J.Barnett, Raymond J.Barnhardt, S.J.Barnhardt, Stephen J. Barnhart, S.Barnhart, S.J.  (PKActa Oecologica / Oecologia Plantarum Acta Oecologica / Oecologia PlantarumLGActa Oecologica/Oecologia Plantarum Acta Oecologica/Oecologia Plantarum American Birds American Birds$American Forest American Forest$!American Forests American Forests85American Journal of Botany American Journal of Botany\WAmerican Journal of Enology and Viticulture American Journal of Enology and Viticulture<7American Journal of Science American Journal of Science<7American Midland Naturalist American Midland NaturalistXUAmerican Philosophical Society Proceedings American Philosophical Society Proceedings(%American Scientist American ScientistDAAnnales des Sciences Forestieres Annales des Sciences Forestieres83Annales of Forest Science Annales of Forest Science$!Annals of Botany Annals of BotanyhcAnnals of the Association of American Geographers Annals of the Association of American Geographers(%Arboretum Bulletin Arboretum BulletinAudubon AudubonBartonia BartoniaBioline BiolineXSBiological Journal of the Linnean Society Biological Journal of the Linnean Society(#Botanical Gazette Botanical GazettedaBulletin of the Entomological Society of America Bulletin of the Entomological Society of AmericaPKBulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club0-California Agriculture California Agriculture41California Fish and Game California Fish and Game0-Canadaian Entomologist Canadaian Entomologist0+Canadian Entomologist Canadian EntomologistDACanadian Journal Forest Research Canadian Journal Forest Research85Canadian Journal of Botany Canadian Journal of BotanyHCCanadian Journal of Earth Science Canadian Journal of Earth ScienceLGCanadian Journal of Forest Research Canadian Journal of Forest Research(#Chronica Botanica Chronica Botanica Condor Condor\WContribution of the U.S. National Herbarium Contribution of the U.S. National HerbariumLIDissertation Abstracts International Dissertation Abstracts International Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR Down to Earth Down to EarthEcography Ecography4/Ecological Applications Ecological Applications0+Ecological Monographs Ecological Monographs  " dacorn developmentacorn dispersalntacorn maturationtacorn placementntacorn productiont acorn sizeuct acorn sowingt acorn storage acornsstoaerial biomassontaerial biomass removalageiaair temperaturere allelopathytu amphibiansytu anatomyananthropogenic impacts Appalachiansc aspectchi Bald Hillsnscbark  basal areansc bibliographyc biodiversityc,'biogeoclimatic ecosystem classificationbiological controlsys biomasscabirds branchingBritish Columbiao browseh C bryophyteslum budbreakebudsr burning by Native Americansas California NaCalifornia oaksve cankersni canopysnicarbon allocation catkinsal cavitationoca cavitiesochemosystematicsn climatestclimatic changesn clonesic compartmentalizatione competitional conservationlcrowncrown structureat Cynipidaedecaydecay resistancet decomposition defectssi defoliationon diameteri diseasesi distributionn disturbancenn droughtan dryingtan eastern oaksn ecology o economics ecosystemsksnectomycorrhizaeet ectomycorrhizal morphotypesas educationelectronic link m elevationenvironmental factorsenvironmental gradientsypepicormic branchesienepicormic budsche epiphytesepisodic shoot growthErythrobalanus grestimating acorn cropssypevapotranspirationrop evolutionexisting research exotic plants fertilizationfertilizer applicationsyp fibersize fine roots apfire fire resistanceic fire scarstan flowering flowersng foliagengforbs Fort Lewistan frost damagenfrost hardinessicfungiFVSgigalls general oakne geneticso geologyso germinationneGISmi graftingi grasslandsnne grazingndground treatmentcground-penetrating radarp growth-pe habitatpehabitat fragmentationhabitat protectionion hardwoods harvestds heart-rot heightrotheight-diameter equations herbicidesmethistorical distributionns historyca hormonesahuman food source huntingoo hybridization insectsza interceptionn interferencen invasione inventory irrigationcenisland biogeographyti land useilate-quaternary historynsleaf abscission hleaf area index hleaf mass density Lepidobalanus lichensallight limingsalLiriodendron tulipiferansLithocarpus densiflorusns litterarp litterfalls d livestock macrofossilsd managementlsd mappingen mastingen meadowsen measurementsdMelanerpes formicivorusnsmeteorological conditions microclimateamicroenvironmento mistletoe mixed standsm modelinga monitoringdsm morphologydsm mortalitymother tree methoddit mycorrhizae mNative Americansonitrogen fixation nondormancyxa noxious weeds nurse plantdsnutrient compositiontnutrient cyclingt nutrientsnutritional value oak savannasv oak woodlandsOlympic Peninsula Oregonc P ORGANON Posmotic potential palynologytenparenchyma cellslpHrenphenolic charactersnt phenologyphotosynthesisctePhytophthora ramorumtplant associationsumtplant communitiesplant description plantings pollenngspollen analysison pollinationys prairieti precipitation predationpredator satiationumtprescribed fireio preservationi proceedingsni productivityi propagationyi protectionnyi pruningioctionnyi pruningioruningioruningiorotectionnyi pruningiorotectionnyi pruningio pruningioruningio pruningio pruningio dd 6 6p$"& eaYY   !#   )&n  & Anderson, M.V. Pasquinelli, R.L. 1984leEcology and management of the northern oak woodland community, Sonoma, California: A research project Rohnert Park, CA Sonoma State Universityc 125 p.Quercus garryana; Quercus spp.; Quercus kelloggii; Quercus douglasii; oak woodlands; acorns; competition; seedlings; seedling survival; regeneration; seedling predation; management; precipitation; hybridization; plant communities; wildlife; growth; California; California oaks;tRegeneration of Quercus species within California has declined within the last century. An investigation of the Northern Oak Woodland plant community was conducted to determine the existing status of the woodlands and to develop guidelines for their management. Study sites were chosen along a mesic to xeric moisture gradient within Sonoma County, California. Field studies and literature research were used to determine species compositions, densities, basal areas, growth rates, animal/plant interactions, and factors governing survival of seedlings. A computer model of the oak woodland ecosystem was formulated to simulate the effects of perturbations on oak populations.eAnderson, P. D.eb[The effects of light intensity on the establishment and growth of Quercus alba L. seedlingsForestry Abstracts 1984457  388avoQuercus alba; light; growth; seedlings; acorns; germination; age; shoot length; foliage; seedling establishmentr This report describes the effects of various levels of light intensity on the growth of white oak seedlings of three ages. New germinants, 1+0 seedlings and 1+2 transplants were grown in full sunlight and under four shade cloth shelters which transmitted 19, 24, 31 and 39% full sunlight. Although results from the first growing season indicated that light treatment and seedling age class effects were generally statistically nonsignificant, growth differences amoung seedlings of the various treatment combinations were observed. Dominant shoot elongation of 1+0 seedlings and 1+2 transplants were favored by light intensities of 39 and 100% relative illuminations, respectively. The occurrence of multiple flushing was greater for 1+0 seedlings than for 1+2 transplants and was maximized under 31% relative illumination. Stem caliper growth was maximized under 39% relative illumination with 1+2 transplants showing significantly greater caliper growth than 1+0 seedlings. Seedling dry weight production was maximized under 39 and 100% sunlight for 1+0 seedlings and 1+2 transplants respectively. The 1+2 transplants demonstrated a greater capacity for rapid root regeneration than did the 1+0 seedlings, as the transplants demonstrated a greater decrease in top/root ratios over the first season. Germination of acorns was poor within and amoung light treatments, therefore a statistical analysis of growth data for the new germinants was not feasible and measurements were discontinued. Results from the first flush of the second growing season indicated that both light intensity and seedling age class effects were significant in relation to dominant shoot elongation and the number of leaves produced per dominant shoot. Dominant shoot elongation was mximized under 39 and 24% relative illumination for 1+0 seedlings and 1+2 transplants, respectively. Shoot elongation for seedlings of both age classes was significantly less under 100% relative illumination. The number of leaves produced per dominant shoot was maximized in the same light treatments as was dominant shoot elongation. Dominant shoot elongation and leaf production were greater for 1+2 transplants than for 1+0 seedlings. It is concluded that, given the artificial environmental conditions of this study, light levels near 39% relative illumination are best for white oak seedling establishment, but a full release of seedlings at a relatively early age many be desirable. It is also concluded that 12 transplants outerform 1+0 seedlings under the conditions present in this study. Further investigation of the effects of light intensity and seedling age class on the establishment and growth of white oak seedlings should be conducted in natural forest environments.Anderson, M. Kat 1996Tending the wilderness& Restoration and Management Notes142n154-166Native Americans; oak woodlands; fire; disturbance; restoration; management; California; California oaks; grasslands; prairie; utilization; hunting;RKThis article discusses the manipulation of ecosystems by Native Americans to produce useful materials and to clear areas for hunting and other purposes. Indigenous people changed the types, seasons, frequencies and scales of disturbances operating in many vegetation types, thus increasing the variety of disturbance patterns operating in the landscape and ultimately increasing its diversity. Reintroducing some of the cultural processes that shaped the plant communities of the pre-Columbian landscape may assist in restoring and maintaining biodiversity in North American wildlands.o*$Antieau, Clayton J. Gaynor, Peggy E. 1990F?Native grassland restoration and creation in western Washington& Restoration and Management Notes8e1\ 34-35 B B_ B B B B BP B BR B^ Bb BU B B B B B B B BI BD B' Be B B BV BY BZ eX oa aB p TN h E W s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ssandsXialee Kajimuralargelatter Lepidopteralosslowermaturematuremoremothsofofofofonon predation predation probably providedQuercusQuercusQuercusradicleraterates relation Research Researchresultsseed seedlingshowedsignificantlysoundsuccesssuccesssuggest suggests survival survival survivalthanthatthereTheseto tortricid Tortricidaeuntil variabilis variabilis variabiliswasweevilweevilswerewhenwhichwithyearPuget|l~llll%lqllllllll!lJlsllllll8llllOllcllllllll%lglYlqllll|lllllllll!lsllllll8lOlclllllllYlqllllllllll'licarislening manJsll!l%lJlYlqlslllllllll8llOllcllllllllllll!lYll'licarislening manJspak regenerationsZTOak regeneration: serious problems, practical recommendations. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-84  Asheville, NC{ \VU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station 96-104 Beck 1993 Quercus alba; general oak; acorns; acorn production; regeneration; flowers; flowering; fertilization; insects; wildlife; small mammals; seed predation; meteorological conditions; age; crown; electronic link6/http://www.srs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr_se084.pdfbfedeeenereeeTeeeeralllYlllme6l5l7lll]lmlyeedeeene6e/eee%eWeeeeriWingsWsWsssss1s-sZssslt!iPiRiiiiiiViLiiFi=iiiAislldmanl6e'ediiiiing6ttmmmalessssBsssn$nAnWnlnceLdd[d&ppostsjsMing@nnkneltile iity z zzationf f f e e e er e eN e e/ e e&wishiAlizeniy i iy i} i} } } } } }   ddddddXdldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldldnd shrub cover but sparse herb cover. Approximately 50% of the acorns were cached in these habitats, but seedling establishment was low because of acorn predation. The rest of the acorns were cached in other habitats. Some of these habitats provided conditions favorable for oak regeneration. Conservation of Garry oak ecosystems must incorporate strategies that will retain dispersal and regeneration processes.\cornuta5ollas5nariaporate i im iion?susrrectiiBiion s s  s  slytqlate d d d d ir i i i i0 iZ io iq i i i i i  iJ i i i i i i i$ i i i ii io ij il i" i i7 i^ is i i i! iP i iS iing! on s s@ s sj sj sj sj sj sj sj sj sl sl vl vl vl vv6 ves spondencei S S S S Sss vt v6 ves spondenceih ing iidorssobroateticular v vallisSU SV Sx S S S S S S S S S S9Garhwalllic iisonyyaaaaaaaaaaaWaWaWaWaWaWababababababababababababababababababababababababababaaabammmmmmmmmmmmmmmm                    ;vBolander, Henry N. 1865"Remarks on California treesn@9Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural Sciencesl3L225-232 b\Quercus garryana; plant description; distribution; soil; aspect; California; California oaksxrThis paper describes the tree species that Mr. Bolander had made note of in his travels across the state. He lists the locations of where he has seen the species and describes the characteristics of the trees. Quercus garryana was listed as being on dry easterly hillsides and in valleys on a poor buff-colored clay in Santa Rosa Valley, Clear Lake, Searsville, Anderson Valley and San Jose Valley. The physical characteristics of Quercus garryana are described. He claims that farmers consider the fine-grained wood of this oak to be very valuable for many farming implements. It ranks highest among the California oaks.jHfrostwww&wnu1uctoseTiteTeeeyeeeeeeeediyingsss sss]s4s}sssss.sDtt4t5tytttWtreeyt[t[t[t[t[t[t[t[t[t[t[t[t[t[t[t[t[t[t[t[t[t[t[t22222222 2tOt!t/t3tOtttttttttHtKttt t3t2t>tatt;ttpcpp<pVpppppp222222a2c2e22ppuuchslwithe]ddddddddddd d dd ddd4d$d'ddd9d@dd[d\dJdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdIdsofofof ofononotherotherPacific Phytophthora Phytophthora Phytophthora potential potential potential Proceedings proceedingsPSWPurcell QQuercusQuercusR ramorumramorumramorumranged relationsRep Research riskroleS Service Southwest standstand Standiford Station stemstemstressstudysubjectSuddenSwieckiSWP Symposium symptomatic symptomlessTtanoakTechtotreetreesU URL variablesvariouswaterwaterwaterWe Woodlands>DOak''e'+''Y'Z'A'A'A'b ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''reases in epicormic sprouting. height loss by some released trees, and highly variable stem volume growth make overtopped white oak a very questionable source of future crop trees. If overtopped trees are cut, those under 8 inches dbh and less than 60 years of age produce vigorous stump sprouts and provide a source of natural regeneration.r4-http://www.srs.fs.fed.us/pubs/rn/rn_so273.pdfpogetherTorrtraptreesusevarvisualvisual visuallywerewhitewildwithyearyears.6 oncl i8 k e e e5 ZgZ'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'METHODSNoonoakOakoakoaks OBJECTIVEofof ofonOregonPacific Patricia patternsphase primarily Proceedings proceedingsPSWQQuercusR RandolphRange RangelandrelationshipsRep Research Richard S Service Southwest species Standiford Station StationSTUDY SymposiumTechtotreeU Umbellularia Universityvalleyvarious vegetation vegetation vegetativewaswhite wildlifeWilson wislizenii wislizeniiwith woodland woodland Woodlandsldarea'l'''m''''''''' ''''''6'''c'''.''''/'i'#'"')'F'L'Q'V'='q'''''''''''' '''' '''*'E'K'9'e'f''''''''''''''W'X'm'7''''''S'''q''''0'sss''.'''''/'i'#'"')'F'L'Q'V'='q''''''''''''0'ssssl reasonablysEbbbnbobeccaD calcitrance t t5 t l l lledpture7eived@ddd>s_sssss`ssoss)sss6s7singk nntlXllGlllololololollololllolololololololololololololollyssssssssssssssssiion d mm m m m m m m m m m monssssiionognize d d< m m m) m m m8 mP mT mcmmend ations^sqrnn3nOn>nnnRcroceainquist o2 otokspsssss3s~sss sqssussssssssssss"sss6ssssssJssTsWss sqssss stssss ssss sts!srss suswssssps"slssssssssssssssdssess/sTsWsssww<w`wwwd~dingnnnyyyyy[uuu!uuuFu uouuuuuuuxxxxTxnge ! intervention iiewsh hheiiiationt8matenlnlnlnlnlnlnlnlnlnlnlnlnlnlnlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlqlhernoakoakoakoaks OBJECTIVEoccurofof ofononopenorOregonPacific paperpatchy patterns Pillsbury Plumb PRESENT Proceedings proceedingsPSWQuercusR Range redwoodReed regenerationRep ResourcesS scenarios seedling sempervirensSequoiaService Southwest sproutingstandstandStation STATUS structure structureSTUDY Sugihara SymposiumTechTheseThisTimothy totooU use vegetationwhite woodland woodlands woodlands woodlandszonespines!s4s<sOsbssUssss$s s6s8svs{ssssss@ssJsOsss sssscsrss/ss&s=s5sYsqsssDs|ssss-s6sosssssssbsk kkJkDkk6kokkk5n4natelkl4lyo5 oonphpointbusvyyy#yOybyyUyy$y6ymyvy{yyyy9yy y/y5yyyyy7yy-y6yPyoyy=yononeeriSiqiEingE sspppBfigures/w5wortt_lbertWwWwwormeei$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i$i&ing Californial ' ' '  ' 'n 'c ' 'o 'p '{ ' 'a 'K ' 'c 'e ' '/ '@ '5 '; '= ' ' ' '> 'A 'f '@ 'r 's 'W ' '} ' ' ' ' ' '] 'o ' ' ' 'j ' ' ' ' ' ' '" ' 'L 'L 'L 'L 'L 'L 'L 'L 'ethodmethodsmore Nathanial National National National necessaryneedednumberoaks observationofof ofonOtherpParkPark parkParks personnel physicalplan population problemsproducepurposeQuercus recapture receivedReed relativeRep research Resources scatSeber SecretarySequoiaSequoiasomesoonsourceStudies suchTechthanthattheirthesethistotransplantingUnit University used WalravenwaswereWhite wildlife Yosemitehmoisutrejavel5ld1ddinge|e_eculariA iinaMler. otkovskii@mentngolicah i ih i ih i iiquethtorPeehefeedi> i i iC iL i] i il ik iK iV i i iM i7 iQing? mP mC ma mS mQ m m? mP m mmP mP mP mR mR mR mR m mR mR mR mR mR mR mR mR mR mR m mouth ooeLyearsimiiiiiniiiiiiipiBii.iiiaiKiiill"ljll"ll&l@lhlYlllllllllll%l*l6l]llDlrlsllllllllll6l?lTlZllollSllllllllllowtUtTt{t6tltktt/tiaiKiiill"ljll"ll&l@lhlYlllllllllllllowtUtTt{tKt|tttDtTt6tlt7tktt/twbXhabitatBiiiiiiiiJicicicicicicii!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i!i8needsg}ggngg gggggggggativellrllllMlll8lll6llylb l l l l l ll l l lElectiigible i# i i ighborhoods sGing" sGslss?ssssonOtherllllllXlsonmmatodes oformation gednGgeneitropic4 alp4 pp p p$pveurrvedamosa/s9s;ste(ee;eeene7eeYedrrrsi7i;ingllllllll TgivennPnPnPnPnnssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssnt management materialmixed modeling multipleoakoaksOaksoaksofofof ofononongoing operationPacific PaysenPlanPlumb Proceedings proceedingsprogramPSWQuercusR RanchRange rangerecordsRep resourceS Service sizeable Southwest sppStation SymposiumTechthisTimothyTimothy toU ultimatelyunderuse Utilization utilizedwe wildlandswithworkinguver Vancouver variables variants vegetation vegetation Victoria Victoria whichwork.used6ddgd]d]d]d]d]d]d]d]d]d]d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{dse equations express diameter growth as a function of diameter at breast height, crown ratio, site index, total stand basal area, and stand basal area in trees with diameters larger than the subject tree's diameter. The parameters of the equations were estimated by using weighted, nonlinear regression.p the equations.is concluded that there is no infallible method of making an early prediction of the size of mature acorn 63 and4 eO eW eZ e] e] e] efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefeodominant. Even after 1200 years of subsequent stand development, silver fir fails to replace western hemlock indicating that this is a self-replicating and stable community. Fire, windthrows, insect disturbance, and clear-cut logging followed by replanting are incorporated into the model as single-event disturbances to a 50-year-old forest. For those cases where large Douglas-fir survive the disturbance, stand biomass and leaf area patterns are not significantly impacted until the death of the last l6_asaaaaaaaaaaaPaaaaaRabaUaaaaaaaaaaIaaaaaaaaDa'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'a'aendations for propagation including acorn collection, storage, and time of planting. Recommendations for seedling maintenance and protection are discussed. preference preferredQuercusQuercusradiocollaredranges ReservationscalescalescalesScienceScott selected SelectionshowedsomestandsStatestudiedsummertailedtailedthantractstwotypeuseuseusingwas Washington Washington Washingtonwhite wildlifewinterwithwithin woodlandsYakamayoungern a  Garbaye, J.Garbelotto, M. Gardali, T.Gardner, M. W. Gardner, M.W. Garman, S.L.Garman, Steven L.Garrett, H. E.Garrett, H. Gene Garrett, H.E. Garrett, H.G.Garrett, Harold E.Garrison, B.A.Garrison, Barrett A. Garrison, G.AGarrison, George A("Garry Oak Ecosystems Recovery Team Gartner, B.L.Gartner, Barbara L. Gaynor, P.E.Gaynor, Peggy E. Geis, J.W.Geis, James W.Gent, Martin P. N.George, Lisa O. George, M. R. Geupel, G. R. Gholz, H. L. Gholz, H.L. Giglio, D.F.Giglio, David F. Gilkey, H.M.Gilkey, Helen M. Girton, R.E.Girton, Raymond E. Giusti, G.A.Giusti, Gregory A. Givnish, T.J.Givnish, Thomas J.Glendenning, R. Golden, M.S.Golden, Michael S. Goldsmith, A.Goldsmith, Audrey Golet, G. H.Gonzlez-Espinosa, Mario Gordon, D.R.Gordon, Doria R. Gorsline, J.Gorsline, JerryGottfried, G.J. Gould, J. Goward, S. N. Goward, S.N. Graber, D. Graber, David Graham, R. Graney, D. L. Graney, D.L.Graney, David L.Graveline, B. Diane Graves, W.C.Graves, Walter C. Greda, E.L. Greda, Eva L. Green, G.A.Green, Greg A.Greenberg, C. H.Greenberg, C.H.Greenberg, Cathryn H. Greene, D.F.Gregoire, T.G.Gregoire, Timothy G.Gregory, B. G.Gribko, Linda S. Grier, C. C. Grier, C.C. Griffin, J.R.Griffin, James R. Griggs, F. T. Griggs, T. Griggs, Tom Grisez, T.J.Grisez, Ted J. Grizzard, T. Groncki, A. Groncki, Al Guard, A. T. Guard, A.T. Guertin, P.J.Guertin, Patrick J.Gurard, NatachaGumtow-Farrior, C.Gumtow-Farrior, C.M.Gumtow-Farrior, Catherine Gumtow-Farrior, Catherine M.Gumtow-Farrior, D.Gumtow-Farrior, D.L.Gumtow-Farrior, DanielGumtow-Farrior, Daniel L. Gunther, E. Gunther, Erna Guo, Yanfei Guppy, C.S.Guppy, Crispin S. Gurnell, J. Gutman, Mario Gysel, L.W.Gysel, Leslie W.H., Collingwood G.Haarstad, John Haase, D.L.Haase, Diane L. Haase, S.M. Habeck, J. R. Habeck, J.R.Habeck, James R. Hagar, J.C.Hagar, Joan C. Hagel, R. Hagel, Rob Hagen, B.W.Hagen, Bruce W. Halbert, B.Halbert, Blanche Hall, F. C. Hall, F.C.Hall, Frederick C. Hall, G.H. Hall, Guy H. Hall, M.Hammack, K. P. Hammack, K.P.Hammerly, R.P.Hammerly, Ramona P. Hamre, R.H.Hamrick, J. L. Hamrick, J.L. Haney, S. R. Hanley, D. Hanley, Don Hann, D. W. Hann, D.W.Hann, David W. Hanna, I. Hanna, Ian Hansen, E.N.Hansen, Eric N. Hansen, H.P.Hansen, Henry P. Hanson, P.E.Hanson, Paul E. Hanus, M. L. Hanus, M.L.Hanus, Mark L.Hardesty, Jeffrey L. Hardy, C.C.Hardy, Colin C.Harestad, A. S.Harestad, A.S.Harestad, Alton S. Harley, P. C. Harley, P.C.Harlow, Richard F. Harmer, R. Harmer, RalphHarpole, WilliamHarrington, Constance A. Harris, R. H.Harrison, S. P.Hartwig, R. C. Harty, F.M.Harty, Francis M. Hasel, A. A. Hasel, A.A.Hashimoto, RyojiHastings, M.S.Hastings, Marla S. Hayden, K.Haywood, J. D. Haywood, J.D.Haywood, James D. Healy, W.M.Healy, William M. Heath, S. Heaton, E. Hebda, R. Hebda, R. J. Hebda, R.J Hebda, R.J.Hebda, RichardHebda, Richard JHebda, Richard J.Hedgcock, G.G.Hedgcock, George G.Hedrick, D. W. Hedrick, D.W. Heilman, P.E. Heise, K. Heizmann, U.Hektner, M. M. Hektner, M.M. Hemstrom, M.Hemstrom, M.A.Hemstrom, MilesHemstrom, Miles A.Henderson, G.S. Hepting, G.H.Hepting, George H. Hermann, R.K.Hermann, Richard K.Hernandez C., V.M.Herring, Brenda J.Hessburg, P. F.Hessburg, P.F. Hester, A.S.>[onc\s^mcd6 l8kinn"Cazoxy}n~ieieioofn>icArBeFmBo eJdOojdrVe=rkZ'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'ack oak (Q. kelloggii), Oregon white oak (Q. garryana), California bay (Umbellularia californica) and buckeye (Aesculus californica). RESULTS: Fifty-one bird species were found breeding. Cavity-nesters dominated the bird community in a number of species and individuals. Cavity-nesters used a variety of tree species for nesting, highlighting the importance of tree species richness. Large deciduous oaks were found to be important as granary trees for acorn woodpeckers as well as substrates for ne~n distinguished$ s sK s5 sP s7 s s sW ingooWorted: i: i: i: ic ionc aT aT aT aT aT aT aT ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ar ar ar aRelationships between oaks and animals such as mice, squirrels, turkeys, deer, and bear are discussed, as are the differences between eastern, southern Appalachian, southwestern, and California oak forests.petition with more xerophytic forms is intense. The exceptionally wide geographic occurence of the rhizomatous habit coincides significantly with the semiarid climates of the regions involved. However, outstanding exceptions to this coincidence to occur.ngt0fossiliorial5 tteraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa infestedinsectsinsectsinsects interestisIslandJunelargest latiferreana latiferreanaM maintainmastingmeadowmeadowsmorenativenotnumberoakoak occidentis occidentisofof ofononeonlypplant predationQuercusQuercusQuercusrarerichRohlfsS SeptemberSince southeasternspatialspeciesstatelystudythatthesethesistotreesunique University Vancouver Vancouver Victoriavital Walsingham Walsinghamweevilweevilwerewith?Quercus>iiiiiiiiiiiUiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiG subterranean lXleuhuOulatanitsrbanzgz]zRzonesFsys/sQssyccceedinglqsionalfffffffffffff l l l l l l l l l l l l? lyi? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? i? iionS rS rS rS rS r r rH rT gT gT gT gT gT gT gT gT gT gT gT gT gT gT g i# iv i i/ i? iion r r r rH rT rS r r r r r r  r r r r r r r r rx l l l l l l l l l4 lD iG if i i iH gT gPMuthauualism stic l!lyxximizedyGcc7cc celialoologiaarrhiza + e ec e l l, l+ lc l l l l} l l l l~ l lc l~ l, l} s} s} syizalaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa4aa[ a[ a[ a[ a[ a[ a[ a[ a[ a[ a[ a[ a[ a[ a[ a[ aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa ashown^s<sFsVs[sss=ssssdsssss%sTsPsWss syy9yTyyyy8yyjyyyjyYyyyyqyyy6ylr7r_reveiUiAi_i[i\i[iUiAiAwwgsssgiicink.ages<ssFsVsss%s[sPsTsWsss=sssss syy9yTyyyy8yyyyjyyyyqyyyjyYy6ylr7r_reveiAiUi_i[i\i[iUiAiAwwsgssigicink.age& traveling;sbeatataaaabilityediiiiiiiiiiiiiing sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm s s ee ee ee e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ed ed ed ed ed e e e e e e e e e e e e e9 eD e] e^ ep e e e e e e e e e e e# e* eH e e e e  eq e e ee e ed e e e  " < Agee, J.K. 19930)Fire ecology of Pacific Northwest forests Washington, DC  Island Press 493 p.Quercus garryana; California; oak woodlands; plant communities; range; distribution; fire; disturbance; elevation; aspect; stand development; acorns; seedlings; regeneration; invasion; drought; noxious weeds; management0Northwest woodlands have in common not only some climatic and edaphic factors but also a poorly understood fire regime and ecological interactions with fire. Overstory and understory cover are usually inversely related, and alien species are now often dominant after disturbance by heavy grazing fire. Lightning starts vary by elevation, aspect and fuel type (van Wagtendonk 1986). In forests of California (Komarek 1967) and Idaho (Fowler and Asleson 1984), mid-elevation areas had the most starts. Lightning starts by vegetation type are difficult to assess. A wide-spread fuel type may have the highest number of ignitions, but when normalized on a unit area basis it may be no more significant than other vegetation types.Agee, James K. 1996RLAchieving conservation biology objectives with fire in the Pacific NorthwestWeed Technology 10417-421{Quercus spp.; Quercus garryana; fire; Native Americans; disturbance; regeneration; noxious weeds; Washington; Puget Lowlands; oak woodlands; grasslands; prescribed fire; competitionlfSTUDY OBJECTIVE: to present examples of the use of prescribed fire to achieve species to ecosystem-level conservation biology objectives. Examples include the grasslands of the Puget Trough of Washington, maintenance of oak woodlands (Quercus garryana) and perpetuation of ponderosa pine/ mixed-conifer forests LOCATION: the author cites prescribed burn studies at Oak Patch Natural Area Preserve in W. Washington and the Nature Conservancy's Yellow Island Preserve and at the Mima Mounds Natural Area Preserve (these studies are not specifically cited in the references). DISCUSSION: Oak woodlands and prairies - the author notes that the effect of fire on the relative importance of seed versus sprout regeneration for Oregon white oak is not well understood; The Oak Patch Natural Area prescribed burn data suggest that oak seedlings are found after prescribed fire on highly disturbed sites with little competition. Oak seedlings were found after the fire and associated with corridors along which logs had burned. The presence of alien species, including Scot's broom, is also discussed. Careful use of fire is noted as a means to reduce the spread of these invasive plants. It is hypothesized that a single intense fire, followed in 2-3 years by a less intense burn will largely eliminate Scot's broom. Some native plants such as camas (Camassia quamash) seem to flourish after burning. Idaho fescue is more sensitive, at least after the initial more intense fire. Fescue seed collection, growth of nursery seedlings and outplanting at Mima Mounds has been successful. Ponderosa pine forests - prescribed fire effects in ponderosa pine forests are also discussed CONCLUSIONS: fire can be an important element of conservation biology technology, but just because fire was historically present as a natural process in ecosystems is insufficient guidance for its use in the future. Agee, J.K. 1996bE81Fire in restoration of Oregon white oak woodlandsd Hardy, C.C. Arno, S.F.HBThe use of fire in forest restoration. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-341  Ogden, UTt TNU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station 72-73sQuercus garryana; fire; burning by Native Americans; Native Americans; management; regeneration; noxious weeds; Washington; Lepidobalanus; OregonfF?This short article includes the same information as in Agee's 1996 Weed Technology publication, titled "Achieving conservation biology objectives with fire in the Pacific Northwest" (also in this database). Two graphs from Jim Agee, dated 8/5/98 are attached to this article; they contain data from the Oak Patch Natural Area. One includes data from soil analyses, showing percent carbon and percent nitrogen for oak seedling and oak sprout locations. The other graph shows the results of detrended correspondence analysis on the Oregon white oak seedling and sprout plots.aAllen, S.W. Sharpe, G.W. 1960*$An introduction to American forestry  New York, NY $McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 466 p. (42)PJQuercus garryana; range; fire; diseases; insects; utilization; general oak60The book contains 21 chapters and 2 appendices. Some chapters are "Man and the Forest," "Building the Country with Forests," "Where Our Forests Are and What They Produce," "What is a Forest," and "What Forestry Is." The Oregon white oak is only mentioned once, on page 42, pertaining to its location.(!Allen, E. Morrison, D. Wallis, G.  1996.(Common tree diseases of British Columbia  Victoria, BC 81Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest ServiceC 178 p.2,Quercus garryana; diseases; British Columbia Garry oak is listed on page 40 as a host for brown cubicle rot (Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.:Fr.) Murrill). Characteristics of the fruiting bodies, mycelial mat and decay are given along with microscopic characteristics. The damage caused by the fungus is described.J| KruckebergijtUygierSLVuchler'W'aA#AA#A#A#A#A#A#A#A#A#A#A#A#A#A#AA#A#A#A#A#A#AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQa\acauaaaaaaaaaaaaaaTAA+AOAAAAAAPAfBleucopusct-t trichophorass9sss9sstststststststststststststststststststststststststststststststststststststststststststststststsrDrDrDrDrDrDrrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDrDryrPrrrrrrrrr#r.rArDr@rorzrGrageyyhienectarubber le r4 r4 ruuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuMgMnNNEnear Northeastern not nutrient nutrient nutrient nutrientsoaksoaksoaks occurredofof ofoftenoldon orientationPpPPA PapParsonspoint position positionsprinusQuercusRreachredRes restrictedRPrubraS samesampledsamples SamplingscarletsectionService shootsidesimilarsouthspeciesspecies specificStation studysuch suggestssuitedsuntaken terminalthanthatthistotreetreesU H sprouting s s s s sD s# sa so s s s sD s s s s s? sT s s8 s s sZ s s s s sM s s s@ s^ sx s s s s s& s se sD s s s s? sT s s sZ s s^suubuu9uMuuuu(u@uAu^uuuau"uuuuuuu?uTuuuuuce8yyoycherquuVuuCuRuaredd$dVddubuuuuu9uucey8yoycherquCuVuuuuaredd$dVddQdRdKdfddqds@ incorporatedg s# sm s s sngease&dd7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d|d r r r r r r r redlesslightM Magnoliamono neighboringnotobovataofofofofononorphotosynthcticQQuercusQuercusratesratesrelated relativereleasereleaserelease Research ResearchresultsRGRBAshade significantsignificantlysilviculturalsomespeciesspeciesstemsuch suggestingthanthattheirthese thinningthreeto tolerance tolerant TomohikoToshiya treatmentstreetreetwo unrelateduseWewerewithwithyearsYoshidaK availability@ lf l l l9 lF lo lq lu l l l lm l lK l& l lK l lm l lclee~ e+ e e e e e* e) e e e& eU e e e e e e e e e* e eQ e el ei e= e> eH e ee es e e en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en e'eknauJ'uesecay resistance. Stumpage, log and lumber prices are discussed. Seasoning methods are compared. Occurrence (range and distribution) and management of Oregon whie oak are discussed.Rregionsseveral significant temperatureThis throughttotwentyusedVariouswarmingwaswhetherWillwillwith woodlands woodlands woodlandsworld'smaxn California' ' '6 ' 'o 'p '{ ' ' 'e '& ' ' '3 '= '& '/ '@ '5 '7 'L '; 'd ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '7 '> 'K 'A '@ 'n 'r 't 's 'W ' ' '} ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '? '] '7 'o 'w ' ' ' ' ' 'Q ' 'j ' ' ' ' ' 'o '< 'sb landscapeLCMMPLevienlocallongMMappermappingMapping McCreary monitor Monitoring monitoring MonitoringmostnaturalnorthnotOakoakOaksofof ofonon ownershipsPacific paper planners Proceedings proceedingsProgram ProtectionPSWPurcell R rangeland rangelands regenerationregion regional remotelyRep Research resourceResultsSgriseuszzzOzzcz=zzzzzgz=zzzz|zz#zzzOzczzzz=z|zzzzardoonckisseeeserratau u uh uundBlllBlflflflflflflflflflflflflflflflflflflflfllineseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeic"c%c&c/c:cncpc~cc}coverlines7w'waterPpss$sos sgekeeeeenezeeeee[eedyifings{s1wmousegvvv8veddm)mmmentss$s\sVss$sV i>ingwwwingPP5Par`rrr;TA TA Tdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddicklddddddd d dd.d0dBdKdWd]dvddddddddyiIiKiigere ehlenbergii l lie+llerh\nchhb hlenbergii i iickllv_ ofk cG ch c c| c} c{ c c? c> c c c c c c c c c c c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccceedingsPSWpswPubQuercusrates regenerationRep Research SS seedlingSeedsService Southwest Station Steller'sStudy SymposiumTechTechthatTietje U urbanURLusVerner what wildlifeWilliam wings Woodlandswwwwwwwww_w0w1wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwPwwwwwwww practicing emorsa,mod 4ecedingt ipitationse^dationictedroughtmatureoparation scribed  p ption~ s encet t kt eedrrvesurenIvalent iousaimordia4nus obabilitylems<ccedures  eedi ingss s s { s  s dducerrsysping tion0 s  swss swsssssofofoneonlyotherOver partiallypastplace Planting plantings practiceprimaryproblemQQuercusQuercusre regeneration regenerationremovedrootrootsrootsrootsrubra seedling seedling seedlingsseedsseemsincesoil solutionspeciesspeciesStates structurestudy successfulsuchsystemTtakesthattheirthesethistounderstandingunfortunatelyUnited valuableWwaswhichwhilewindwouldyoung4 vicariadseiinitytfttoriaQe(ee eO eZ en et e e e* e e e) e+ e- eI eb eF e e e e e e e1 eR e en e eA e e e e e6 e e. e e) eY e e e e e e e e e e( eP em e e e en eA e e eP eeeee6ele8eeeeeee6e5eeQeeeWe7eeennawwoeJene8eeLedggnaoooooousllljenderajenderalageseseyarda6i;iesgieization;s; ie ig ixifera<WKuchler='slll9marmerowaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaQaZaZabaaUaaaaaaaMawaaaTaZalifiMayhhh:hMhhh;hhh"h&h(hh7h\hIhKhVhhlhkhnhChzhyh~hhhhhhhhhmhhhhhhmhhhhhh hhh hnhhh6hhKhh%hhh"hhehh/h@h7hYhqhhhhhhhh hhhh1hhKhNh6hAhehnhrhshzh|hhhhhhhhhhh5h!h-hThZhmh7hwhhhhhhhhheadmRmenhhhheadmRmenzdoak'''+'''''''''''*'''^'b''U')''''''''''''''''''''''''I')')')')')')')')')')')')')')')')')')'eushabitatHabitat habitatsharvesthikinghuntingimpactimpactsimprovein individual informationinstead integrity invasionisitselfJohnlargeLarsenLeave locationlosslow LowlandsM maintainmammals Management management managementmixedmoreMorganmuch mushroomnotoakoakoakoaksof ofOlympia ononlyorOregonOregonplant prescribed presently preservation priority Prioritypromote protectionPugetQuercusQuercusrecomPEUnited Cv fversidadt ]tye k ssuitablepprootedr1rban MiizationF e' i ing 0L sssAb6blecgeed d d d ddd?ful #ness=s}inguRuallyA Tilization l VVAcuumsgility0inPlid ated ley Quuues sYncouver i'denbergriabilis ntgtionC sLeties oous scularsrscularslarsekxuseuxuthoakOakoakoakOaksofof ofonon OppermanorderPacific planningposterprimary Proceedings proceedings projectsPSWPurcell R Rep research Research research resourcesriskS scaleService Southwest Standiford Station suite SymposiumsystemTechthatThisthreatstoU URLuseusesvaluewill woodland woodland Woodlands woodlands woodlandsworkeldates that the pollen spectra of south Vancouver Island have the potential to resolve vegetation at a much finer scale than previously realized. It also showed that relatively high Alnus values are not necessarily indicators of dominant alder stands, especially when obtained from open communities, and that Pseudotsuga to Tsuga heterophylla ratios are useful as a proxy measure of mean annual precipitation between 700 and 2700 mm. These results will aid the interpretation of fossil pollen spectra for the area.`livedLdeddddd!dEdcddd?d>d_ddddyd:dHd]dddVd(dd*d\dUdkd`dLddddpddd5dddAd^dhdrdddddddd4rkrrTrSrwortss s@stocki i i i i i< iy i ip iq i" i i i i i i il im i i i i] iq i i i iR i i i i i< iX iy i i i" i i i im i i8 id i i i i? i! i i iingclllll1lClmllKllThiseeyeee:eeee]eegeeeee;eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeiterature Lowlands maintainmakesmammals management management management Military minimize Northwest oakoakoakoaksofof ofoldononopenOR OregonOREGON overtoppingpPacific patchyPNW Portland prairiespreventPugetPugetPugetQuercusQuercusrangerecommendations regenerationreleaseremoveRepreport Research ReservationresultsrootRyanS scientificSciurusSciurusScot'sService smallspecies squirrel squirrel squirrelsstandsSta;nestingllnll7lll;lingsstttttfthhhh#hOhhhhhBhhherlandst t[ t%tinglhllew-workVssAuroterust tA t t totralvekekeekekeke6ert6t6t6t6t6t6t6t^theless^ i^ illewwvLvadawwwwwwwwwwwwww-weeee*e/ehekeeelertmttttttttt^theless- i]illeww1itivii%i)iiiiixiii ii i& i ii r Cicero19877z Clark1937{ Clatterbuck1999| Clausen1983 Clawson1980 Clement1999 Clment1999 Cline2000~Coblentz1980 Cochard1990 Coe1980  Coggeshall1984 Cole1977 Colin1999 Colin1999 Colin2001 Collet1998 Collingwood1984} Colwell1973X Conard1932u Connaughton1995 Conner1996 Conner1999 Connor19979l Connor20022Constantinidou2000 Cooper1859 Cooper1998U Cooper19999 Copenheaver1999 Cornell1983 Cornell1984 Cornell1985:Costello2002x Cour19999Courdier20010 Covington1994 Cox1984 Craig1918$Crawford1975@Crawford1990Crawford1995qCrawford1997rCrawford2001 Critchfield1971 Critchfield1972 Cronquist1964 Cronquist1973F Cross2002d Cross2002 Crow1988Croxdale1980 Curlin19707f Czaja1999e D'Antonio1991da Silva19877> Dagit2002? Dagit2002Dahlgren2002 Dale1968 Dale1986 Danner2001 Daubenmire1978W Davenport1971Davidson1998[Davidson20020\Davidson20020^Davidson20020B Davis2002L Davis2002 Dawe20000m Dawson19933 Dayton1931} Dean20000{ Decker1944Demarchi19919Demchick1999Z Denford1995 Dennis2001 Deppong2000 Deschaseaux2001MDesprez-Loustau2001 Detling1968 Dhanai19999 Dhaulakhandi1999$ Dhote1993 Diamond1976 Dickson2000 Dighton1999 Dionne19977 Dixon1984 Doane1936A Dodd20020_ Dodd2002Donnelly1986Donnelly1997Donnelly19970 Donovan20016Douglas1995alDouglas1995b Douglas19962Douglas1996a97Douglas1996aKDouglas1996b98Douglas1996bkDouglas1996c9 Douglas1998 Douglas1999 Douglas1999I Douglas1999Douglas1999aDouglas1999b5 Douglas20000 Douglas20011 Douglas20014Douglas[n.d.] Dow1999> Downer2002 Dress2001Drexhage1999 Druelle1999 Druelle1999 Druelle2001 Duafala1972 Dubois1999Ducousso1993Duffield1940z Duncan19494 Duncan19777 Duncan198098077 Duncan1980̭ Duncan1980̭ Duncan1980̭ Duncan198077 Duncan198077 Duncan1980 Duncan19809777 Duncan19809777 Duncan1980̭ Duncan1980̭ Duncan198077 Duncan198077 Duncan1980980̭ Duncan1980̭ Duncan198077 Duncan19809777 Duncan1980 Duncan1980 Duncan1980̭ Duncan1980̭ Duncan19809777 Duncan1980̭ Duncan1980̭ Duncan1980̭ Duncan1980 Duncan1980 Duncan19809777 Duncan1980̭ Duncan198077 Duncan198077 Duncan198077 Duncan198077 Duncan198077 Duncan198077 Duncan1980̭ Duncan1980̭ Duncan1980̭ Duncan198077 Duncan1980̭ Duncan198077 Duncan1980̭ Duncan198077 Duncan198077 Duncan198077 Duncan1980̭ Duncan1980̭ Duncan1980̭ Duncan1980̭ Duncan1980̭ Duncan1980̭ Duncan1980̠ Duncan19930̠ Duncan19930̠ Duncan1993 Duncan1993̠ Duncan1993 Duncan1993̠ Duncan1993̠ Duncan19930̠ Duncan1993 Duncan1993 Duncan1993 Duncan19930̠ Duncan1993̠ Duncan1993̠ Duncan1993̠ Duncan19930̠ Duncan1993̠ Duncan1993̠ Duncan1993 Duncan1993 Duncan19930̠ Duncan1993 Duncan1993̠ Duncan1993 Duncan19930̠ Duncan19930̠ Duncan19930̠ Duncan1993̠ Duncan1993980̠ Duncan1993 Cline2000 Coate1983} Coate1983Coblentz1980~Coblentz1980̂ Cochard1990 Cochard1990 Coe1980 Coe1980 Coggeshall1984̄ Cole1977́ Cole1977̩ Colin1999 Colin1999 Colin2001 Collet1998̅ Collingwood1984%Columbia Gorge Audubon Society1991} Colwell1973 Colwell1973X Conard1932uM Conard1932u Connaughton19958 Connaughton1995 Conner1996̅ Conner1996̆ Conner1999 Connor19979 Connor19979Constantinidou2000̈ Cooper1859̈ Cooper1859̇ Cooper1960̊ Cooper1972̉ Cooper1998̉ Cooper1998U Cooper19999 Copenheaver1999 Copenheaver1999 Cornell1983 Cornell1983 Cornell1984 Cornell1984 Cornell1985 Cornell1985  Council1963  Council1963x Cour19999Courdier20010 Covington1994 Cox1984 Cox1984 Craig1918$Crawford1975@Crawford19902Crawford1990̍Crawford1995̏Crawford1995wCrawford1997qCrawford1997xCrawford2001rCrawford2001̎ Critchfield1971 Critchfield1971 Critchfield1972 Critchfield1972 Cronquist1964= Cronquist1964 Cronquist1973< Cronquist1973 Crow1988̜Croxdale1980Croxdale1980̷ Curlin19707 Curlin19707l D'Antonio1991e D'Antonio1991(da Silva19877da Silva19877 Dagit2002Dahlgren2002Dahlgren2002̏ Dale1968̒ Dale1968̐ Dale1986̓ Dale1986̔ Danner2001̑ Daubenmire1978̕ Daubenmire19784 Davenport1971W Davenport1971 Davenport19832 Davenport1983Davidson1998̉Davidson1998̖ Dawe20000 Dawe20000m Dawson19933 Dayton1931̖ Dayton1931} Dean20000w Dean20000S Decker1944{ Decker1944Demarchi19919Demarchi19919Demchick1999 Denford1995Z Denford1995 Dennis2001 Dennis2001̘ Deppong2000 Deschaseaux2001MDesprez-Loustau2001 Detling1968 Detling1968 Dhanai19999 Dhaulakhandi1999̜ Diamond1976 Dickson2000  Dighton1999 Dionne19977 Dixon1984 Dixon1984 Doane1936 Doane1936Donnelly1986̢Donnelly1986̖Donnelly1997̗Donnelly1997̠Donnelly1997̡Donnelly1997̙ Donovan2001 Donovan20010 Dorn1979 Douglas Douglas DouglasDouglas1995aDouglas1995b̜ Douglas1996 Douglas1996(Douglas1996a9Douglas1996aJDouglas1996a9)Douglas1996b9Douglas1996bKDouglas1996b9Douglas1996c. Douglas1998P Douglas1998 Douglas1999* Douglas1999 Douglas1999 Douglas1999I Douglas1999 Douglas1999Douglas1999aDouglas1999b Douglas2000  Douglas2000 Douglas2001 Douglas2001Douglas[N.d.] Dow1999 Dress2001 Dress2001Drexhage1999 Druelle1999 Druelle1999 Druelle2001 Duafala1972 Duafala1972 Dubois1999 Dubois1999̞Ducousso1993̪Ducousso1993 Dudley2002̟Duffield1940̫Duffield1940& Duncan19494 Duncan19777 Duncan19777 Duncan1980̭ Duncan1980̠ Duncan1993jElained]pseds  sticities y t t t t1tioruusrderlyolytes s s s sisivivivivvivivivivvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedvatedsfs scssZsBss*vivzv@vBvvv>vvvvvated aBBmonthsoiiiiiiiicolusfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff prioritize monitoring efforts, and select monitoring metrics. Monitoring goals should be organized around at least three purposes. First, they should be closely tied to each specific conservation action and measure progress in implementing that activity. Second, monitoring should measure the impact the strategy has on abating its targeted threat. Third, the measures should test and validate the assumptions made regarding how the natural community functions. We provide examples of how these three types of m20'' ''$'/'j'@'7'Q'Y'h''''1'7'K'n'''''J'6'?'P'7''S''''''1100U00060T00'00aaZaba}aaaaaaaaaa"aaaa aa a[ahaaaaaaaaa5aaQaRaa2aaaha]a9aakaLaahaa66662202k2225222U222222!2R2r222222212L2X222=66,alienat6ted5 ssmaefoliusleeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!eectalimitedlimits locationsMmeadowsmeadows Ministry mostnine northernnotofof OfofwhichononlyorOregonotherp paintbrush paintbrushParks plant populationsprecisePugetQuercusrangerecent represent Resources restrictedresultRyanSansevensites southeastern southwardsStateStatesStatusstatusthatthesethreetoTroughtwo uncertainUnited Vancouververy Victoria W Washingtonwhereaswhich Wildlife Wildlife yearstval " tPseudotsuga menziesiiPuget LowlandsnzipulptQuercus agrifolia Quercus albafQuercus bicoloriaQuercus borealisaQuercus chrysolepisiiQuercus coccineapQuercus crispulapQuercus douglasii Quercus douglasii X garryanasQuercus dumosasiiQuercus ellipsoidalisQuercus emoryioidQuercus engelmanniiisQuercus falcatannQuercus floribundaiisQuercus frainettoQuercus gambeliioQuercus garryanao Quercus garryana var. breweri41Quercus garryana var. breweri X Quercus douglasii82Quercus garryana var. breweri X Quercus sadleriana$Quercus garryana var. garryanaX Q Quercus garryana var. semotan Quercus garryana X douglasiin$!Quercus garryana X Quercus dumosa$!Quercus garryana X Quercus durata$!Quercus garryana X Quercus lobata Quercus gilvaQuercus glaucanna Quercus ilexcQuercus ilicifoliaforQuercus ithaburensisrQuercus kelloggiiQuercus laevisgiiQuercus lanuginosaX QQuercus laurinaosQuercus leucotrichophoracQuercus lobataricQuercus macrocarpaophQuercus macrolepisophQuercus margarettaophQuercus marilandicaphQuercus mongolica($Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrataaQuercus muehlenbergiiQuercus muhlenbergiii Quercus nigraQuercus nuttalliiQuercus oblongifoliaiQuercus pacificaoQuercus pagodacaoQuercus palustrisQuercus parvulais Quercus parvula var. shreveieQuercus petraea vQuercus prinoidesQuercus prinusdesQuercus pubescensQuercus pyrenaica Quercus robur Quercus rubraQuercus rugosaicaQuercus sadlerianar. Quercus serrataanQuercus shumardii Quercus spp.aQuercus stellatai Quercus suberQuercus tomentellar. Quercus variabilisr. Quercus velutinaiQuercus wislizeniir. Quercus X eplingiQuercus X howelliir. Quercus X macdonaldiiQuercus X subconvexairange recalcitrance reforestation regenerationn releaseat repellant reproductionn reptilest respirationnn restorationnn rhizospherenn root pruningn root rotnroot system architectureeroots saplingstSciurus carolinensistSciurus griseusen seasoningseed dispersalsenseed predationsen seed reserves seed sowingesseedbed densityenseedling developmenttseedling establishmentreeseedling irrigationenseedling mortalitynenseedling predationnenseedling protectionenseedling survival seedlings seral stagesvshadeshoot characteristics shoot lengtht shrubslen silvicsensilvicultural treatmentse site indexralslope positiontre small mammalssoillsoil compactionre soil moisturesoil temperatureespecies recruitmentmespecies richnessespecific gravitye sproutingstand characteristics stand densitystand developmentstand dynamicsentstand structurent stomatatrstomatal conductances stumpsel  successionondSudden Oak Deatha survivala tanninala taxonomya temperatureDe thinningu topographyeDe toxicityh tracheids transpiration tree damage tree removal( tree shelterstree-ring chronologystwigs tylosesng understorychrurban forestrynol urbanizationrURLan utilizationnr variation vesselsonvisual surveys de volume su Washingtonveywasps water lossveywater potentialdewater relationsde wetlandsl wildlifeswildlife food sourceiWillamette Valleywood propertieseyX Quercus chaseiyxylemyieldeseyX Quercus chaseiyxylemyieldrcus chaseiyxylemyieldylemyield chaseiyxylemyieldseiyxylemyieldylemyieldylemyield chaseiyxylemyieldseiyxylemyieldood propertieseyX Quercus chaseiyxylemyield Quercus chaseiyxylemyield<OntogenyvV'pegrapharNneNnee!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!ee!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!e!eedissredredRep Research Research Research respectivelyS seedling seedlings seedlings seedlingsService shadeshadeShadingshadingShumardShumardsignificantlySilviculturalSilvicultural Southern Southern SouthernsppspringSRSStation sun sunlight survivalsurviveTechthatTheseU underURLwaswerewhitewhitess2 ONcK cK c9 ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc0c1cc9c?ccBcCcDcEccun6y California' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '? 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Rapid deposition of annual layers of pollen, charcoal, and other terrigenous particles provides detailed evidence of changes in land use during the past few hundred years: settlement, logging, farming, and urbanization. Vegetational and climatic changes inferred from pollen spectra in the marine sediments of Saanich Inlet compare favorably with changes inferred from correlative pollen assemblages previously described from adjacent parts of Vancouver Islanpruneds rr>rr7r|r rTrsiinguuu>uuuuu{uuu uu>uuuuusSCSSSAePedotsugaodotsugaq q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q8 q8 q8 q8 q8 q8 q8 q8 q8 q8 q8 q8 qr qr qr qr qr qr qr qr qr qr qr qr qr qr qr qr qr qr qr qr qr qr qr qr qaiuJuJuJuJuJuJuJuJuJuJu^Yfor[a`acalakaanaqaraCaxaya|a~aaaaiaaaa>aAaBaaaBaaaOajaaaUa=akaaaaaa`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a<AlaskabbbarwnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnAnnnnn n#nCnDnOn9nwn{nnn!nAn@VTWIGSrNFNNNNENENCNSPANyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyEyementMarin monitoring mortalityNnoteNovato OakOakOakoaksof of organismsovatumPp Palkovskyparvula pathogenPestpests Phytophthora PhytophthoraprovideQuercusQuercusramorumrelatedremove RhododendronsampleShreveshreveiSignssix SlaughterSODspeciessppStorer strategySuddenSuddenSuddensuggestSvihra symptomstanoakthatTheytipsto treatmenttreestwoucdavis University URLURLs VacciniumvarW websiteswellxonswhether@s}ss^ssqssMsssss`ssBssssssssssssssstonedddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddhtLinkinglonglow Managementmay modeling moderate moisturemore mortalitynaturalnaturalnear nutrientoakoakoakoaksofofonorother overstoryPaul populations potential prevailingproduceQuercusQuercusRrapidrates regeneration regeneration regenerationrelatedremoval repeatedly reproduction reproduction requirements resproutrichrootsrootsSseed seedling seedlingshadeshadeshootsilvicssilviculturalsilvicultural silviculturesiColumbia'6''''Q'Y'','Q'z'''''F''''1'' ' ' ' ' '5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5'5''''+'-''''F'nslforest'V''''y''''m'''''' '''''''6'c'B'r'.''K'''$'g'i'j''o''&'"''H'Y'''''''''''''''''''''from geneticsGeorgiagoodgrowgrowsgrowthGrowthH Handb Hardwoods hickoriesHonkala hybridization importantin includes indicates informationinsectsIowaisItKansasL limitingM Mainemajormany MichiganMineral Minnesotaminor moisturemoremostNATIVENorth northernnotnotes nutritionoakoakoaks occasionalofof of OklahomaonOntariootheroutlinepaperplantpoplarproduce production PRODUCTION prolifically publicationQuebecQuNNationaldkw}wwwwmw6w5wcwwwwNww?wowwZwwwidevvessssss\szsxsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssn the Arid Transition Zone of eastern Washington. Quercus garryana was originally discovered and collected by Menzies on the Olympic Peninsula (1792). However, because many years elapsed before Manzies' collections were described and published, the type was attributed to David Douglas, who discovered the species in Vancouver, WA (1826). This history is discussed.sed at moderate and high stress conditions. GA-white oak seedlings appeared to be less tolerant of soil stress than untreated seedlings.ur.nlmonthllWlSlllysLs[skssSsLsi?ii iaii@ikikiiiiicolusfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBffBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfBfostNATIVENorthnotesoakoak occasionalofof of OkalhomaonOntariooutlinepaperplant production publicationQuebecQuercusQuercusQuercusrangeRANGE regenerationrelease reproductionRobertRogersrootsRussell S See seedlingService Silvicssoilsouth southeastern southern southwestern sproutingStatesstumpsSUMMARYTexasThis throughouttotopic topographyU UnitedURL utilizationvariety Washington westwesternWhitewhitewithyield<m1h0J0R0y00000000000000r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0z0ngusGengenusgrowthGTRhavehealthimpactsinin includes infected invasioninvestigatingisislandislandItK KnappL landscapelargelikelylongmanages McCreary metersmile moisturemonitor monitoring monitoring mortalitymost naturallynaturenorth northeast northwestnotedoakOakoakOaksoaks occupies occurringofofof ofoffonononorownsPacific pacifica pacificapastpatchypattern patternspercent personnelplantplandstyleCracifluaubD1g1r11 a711 1 2 3alpinep p p pm p8 p p$ p p[picalP ssociationsSurifera ccanopyoonvexa  d dCdivisions s o oominant eerfMffffMfS floridanagenerai i i i i i i i iicu u u uuslllll*lll4loboserroupsheadingse-jecteReeYe@e`eee7e/eHeeeeeedib i0 i i@ il i i% i i iingvesq lysP s ssmittedo#odelnmntanemorderterl lyt t t t tgts2VOregon'Y'W'<'i'x'U'V''\''h'k''''''''''''''''''.'4''@'''c'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'l'ureMoremost movements northward Northwestoakoakoaksofof ofonOR Oregon OregonOregonPpPacificpartpastplantplantsprecipitationpresent probableQuercusrangerangerangesrelic requirementsretreatS shifting shrinkingsoilSomesouthspecies Stoutamirestudy successfully suggested supportingtakenthattheirthesisThisthroughtotowardunit University upvalleysW Washington Washingtonwaywesternwith woodland woodlandpBsspeciestf}fxf{f|ffffffff_ff0f1fffffffffffffffffRf^fbffffffffffffffffffffffffffffstsforestsformingfromfungiggrowthGrowthharvesthastenheighthistoryhistoryin including indirectly influencingisItJK KittredgeLansing leavinglevellevelslightlogging Management maturityMI Michigan Michigan mixedNatural northernNorwayOakoakoaksoaks occurrenceofofonororiginppinepinesplantplant plantingprocess productionQuercusranrangeranges recommended referred relationreport reproduction reproduction rjToakleaf s4IhII?I>I_IIIRIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIls on growth of three oak speciesblue oak (Quercus douglasii), valley oak (Q. lobata) and coast live oak (Q. agrifolia). There were no significant differences among irrigation levels, suggesting that, in environments similar to the study site or in areas with fertile deep(.Dokladywmboisesticinance tI t t t t$ t t t ttss#s9scsss0s1s9s2sosVsss\sOsUs^s6s6s6s6s6s6s6ss6s6s6s6s6s6s6s6s6s6s6s6s6s6s6s6s6s6steddddddddddVd s sedgeLansing leavinglevellevelslightlogging Management maturityMI Michigan Michigan mixedNatural northernNorwayOakoakoaksoaks occurrenceofofonororiginppineplantplant productionQuercusranrangeranges referred relationreport reproduction reproduction restoration resulted rotation scatteredscrub seedlings seedlingsshadesilviculturalsitesitessizesslashtreeshhhhhhhh!hnh$hhhhhhBhh.hahh"hlhhoh hhh7h)h7hFh;hHhYhVhhhhhhhhhh hhhh*h]hehfhfhDhnhthzhhhhhhh~hhhhhhhhhh#hJh6hDhThZhWhXhmh!hhohhhhhZhhhhhhhhhhhhhheltersl s s: sl h: hl h h5haloselleasemrmuloidesn hl h5haloselleasemrmuloidesn0Thiseeeee4e"e'e(e.e4e5ee[e\eJeLeNeReVee\e`elekeezexeye}e~eeeeeieeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeendlocal maintained management management Managers ManagingmanymeadowMeadow meadowsmuchmustneedoakOakOak oakofopen periodicplantprairie Preservation proceedings proceedings prolongedQuercusregion researchreverseRichard savanna scientificsee settlersslowSociety spectacularspring structure suggestedsystemsthattheirthesetheythisthroughtotreat understanduseUssery Victoria Victoriawaswhat wildflowerswithwritershinmp"6Oregon'<'M'E'K'n'|'}'~''''''' '''''''''''''0''9'' 'G'''2'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'K'e ranged from less than an acre to over 20 acres. Pure oak stands mixed oak/conifer stands and mixed oak/other broadleaf stands were identified. Oak stands were most commonly located on the edges of prairies, along the edges of ponds and wetlands, and at topographic breaks such as the otp or the toe of a slope. Understory in both pure and mixed stands was often composed of snowberry (Symphorocarpos albus), hazelnut (Corylus cornuta), and scots broom (Cytisus scoparius). Oak regeneration was scarce throuspeciesfffffffffffff f ffffffffEf>fKf9fAf]fhfffDfnfrftfsfzfWfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff3ffff5f#f-ffCf?fMfPfWfXf]fmf7ffwfffffQfSffffffffffffffffffffic.aaazaaaa aaa aarlyFGhasIeWeZe<eaeXeFemeueNeeheeeeeeeHe]eeeeee'eVeSe[e\eLeOeYe\e`eleeieeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee6bypllllll llllll$l&l'lel+l/l0l6l8l9l?ll lFlGl2lIlLlRlWlZl<lBlFlmlqllulvlwlxllllllllhllEllllllylllllHlMllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllawslelflBllawssses. e populations exhibited year-to-year synchrony in acorn production. There was no evidence of cyclic acorn production by this population. Half of the total acorn collection was produced by about one-third of the trees. On average, we were able to identify 87% of the better-than -average acorn producers by monitoring individual tree production for any three consecutive years. This method of identifying superior acorn producers is effective and conceptually simple but it requires at least 3 years to implement.lPlantsckss"ssVsssslssssssssss!s6ssssBssss/siss3s/scssssss%s1sKs9sQssss.ssssssMs]s7sssssssssAssUsticiiiii@ityxtamusnusGeeauejeeJedsxsTszusibleyeeeereeZedeXeeeusnusGeeaueejeJedsxsTszusibleyeeereeeedeZeXeeeeeBeasebenbeaaKaaa%aaaaeagaiaoajaaaaaa&a)a/a8a5a7aFa;aHaQa[aYa=aadaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaa%aaKa9a[aeahahahahaproduction in Oregon white oak is variable and not well understood. To determine tree, stand, and environmental characteristics influencing acorn production, we surveyed 284 trees in September and October 1999. Surveyed trees extended from Whidbey Island, Washington, to Roseburg, Oregon, and ranged in age from 11 to over 300 yr. Acorn production was ranked on a 1-4 scale (nonproducing to heavily producing), and tree size, condition, site, stand, and vegetation characteristics were recorded. All ac varietiesL y" y yK yA yz y yT y yyo_otoooGoIooHoo o[oLookooooooo8oooooKooooToooousllElTlGlul?lllll&lell'lDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlyvbypllllll l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8l8lverstorey (red, white and chestnut oaks, Quercus rubra, Q. alba, Q. prinus; yellow poplar; and mockernut hickory, Carya tomentosa), understorey (blackgum, Nyssa sylvatica; sourwood, Oxydendrum arboreum; and red maple, Acer rubrum) or evergreen (loblolly and shortleaf pines) tree groups. Evergreen species had lower translocation rates than deciduous trees. Translocation rates into leaves of deciduous species showed a very rapid increase during the spring, but by late May foliar P was being moved slowlyzation occurred during the first and second years after treatment. Response continued through the six year for white oak and through he eighth year for red oaks. a significant diameter growth response to thinning occurred during the third growing season after treatment for red and black oaks and the fifth growing season for white oak. From this point, the rate of annual diameter growth for all oaks in thinned stands increased annually through the tenth year.rch Research responserubrarubraS SEh agricultural e ei eY eP e] e e e f  f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f fd f fL f f f f f fm f f f f f f f fn f f f f f f f f f! f f fQ f f f f f f f f" f, f4 f6 f= f< fL fM fD fB fQ fc fH fT fW fY f] f_ f fG fg fh fl f f fd fgymanyaOzz=zzzzzzzmzzzzznzzozBzzizjz#zz7zFz;zHzQzzzzz z z*zKz9z]zezfzzzzzzzzzzJzz?zDzTz7zwzzzzzzzzania[tair i i p pVpWll9lLlllelFlVlhlkllglllYllzBzzJzzzizjz#zz7zzania[tai ir i i i]iesCiiVpWll9lLlYllllelFlVlhlkllgllll#lersT? D> '_ ' ' 'P ' ' ' 'R '^ 'b 'U ' 'I ' ' 'D '' 'e ' 'Y 'Z 'a 'X 'a ' 'N 'h 'E ' ' ': 'H 'M '] 'g '; 'V 'S '[ '\ '[ 'C ' ' ' 'i '> 'B ' 'O 'j ' '= 'k ' ' ' ' '` ' 'l 'F 'L ' 'm ' 'n ' ' ' 'K ' '" 'd ' ' ' ' 'A 'f '@ 'n 'r ' 'o ' ' ''f''P'S'p''' '''''U''[' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'e'Antonio2'' '9'e'Antonio2[2haAt Agriculturen ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln ln lkOaksoaksoaksObispoofofof ofon ordinancesotherPPacific paypay policiesposter preservation preservation Proceedings proceedings productionprotect protectionPSWPurcell purposeR remainingRep Research residential residents residentsSS San scatteredService Some Southwest Standiford Station studysuch SymposiumTechthereThis throughouttotoU URLwherewhilewinewith woodland woodlands Woodlands woodlands woodlandsulati"r O'Neil a"adjacentssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssmsmsnsos$sxsys|s}s~ssiss8ss>ssAsssBssJssOsssjssssUsVs=skssssZsssssss`ssslsfsFsssyssLssssms -#Krannitz, P.G.Krannitz, Pam G.Kreuzwieser, J.Kruckeberg, A.R.Kruckeberg, Arthur R. Kruijt, Bart Krygier, J.T.Krygier, James T.Kuchler, A. W. Kuchler, A.W. Kull, Olevi Kumar, M. D. Kumar, Pramod Kummerow, J. Kuntz, J.E.Kuntz, James E. Labadie, D. Laboratory, Forest ProductsLaenen, Antonius Lal, Pyare Lalande, J. Lalande, Jeff Lamb, S.H.Lamb, Samuel H. Landis, T. D. Landis, T.D. Lang, F.A.Lang, Frank AlexanderLantagne, D.O.Lantagne, Douglas O. Larsen, D.R.Larsen, David R. Larsen, E.M.Larsen, Eric M. Larsen, K. Larson, M. M. Larson, M.M.Larson, Merlyn M. Larson, R. W. Larson, R.W. Latting, J.Lavender, D.P.Lavender, Denis P. Leach, M.K.Leach, Mark K. LeBlanc, D.C.LeBlanc, David C. Lee, J. J. Lee, J.J. Lei, H. Lei, HuaLeighton, Morris M.Lenihan, J. M. Lenihan, J.M.Lenihan, James M. Leopold, E.B.Leopold, Estella B. LeuschnerLevey, Douglas J. Levien, L. M. Lewis, Ann M. Lewis, M.E.Lewis, Mont E. Li, H. Li, Hui-Lin Lieth, H. Light, R. H. Linders, M.J.Linders, Mary JohannaLindgren, B. StaffanLindgren, B.S.Litt, Andrea R.Little, E.L., Jr.Little, Elbert L., Jr.Litton, R. Burton Jr.Litton, R.B., Jr. Liu, T.Liu, Tuan-tuanLockhart, B. R. Lockhart, Brian R., KellumLoewenstein, E.F.Loewenstein, Edward F. Loft, E.R. Loft, Eric R. Loftis, D. Loftis, D.L.Loftis, David L. Long, C.J.Long, Colin J. Long, W. H. Long, W.H. Loomis, J.B.Loomis, John B. Lovato, A.O.Lovato, Angela O. Loveless, B. Loveless, Bob Loveless, R.Loveless, Ruth Lf, M.Lpez-Barrera, Fabiola Lumaret, R. Lurz, P.Lutz, R. Scott Lutz, R.S.Luxmoore, R. J.Luxmoore, R.J. Lynch, A.M. Lynch, Ann M. Lynes, M.MacDougall, A. Mack, R. N. Mackey, D.L.Mackey, Dennis L. Mackey, H. Mackie, W. MacKinnon, A.MacKinnon, Andy Macklin, J.D.Macklin, John D.Maeglin, R. R. Maeglin, R.R. Mahall, B. E. Mahon, L. C. Mai, J. A. Maier, C.W.Maier, Carol W. Maino, E. Maino, Evelyn Major, J. Major, Jack Mallory, J.I.Mallory, James I. Mangan, R.Mangum, A.W. and Party Mani, M. S. Mani, M.S. Manley, P.Manley, Patricia Marais, L.Mariscal-Lorente, P. Marsh, P. M. Marsh, P.M.Marshall, D. D.Marshall, D.D.Marshall, David D. Martin, R.W.Martin-Barroso, D.Martinez, P. A.Martinez, P.A. Maser, C. Maser, Chris Maslovat, C. Matsuda, K.Matsuda, Kozue Mauchamp, A. May, R.H.May, Richard H.Mayhead, G. J. McBride, J.R.McBride, Joe R.McCaskill, G.L.McCaskill, George L.McClaran, M. P.McClaran, M.P.McClaran, Mitchel P. McComb, W.C.McComb, William C.McCorquodale, S.McCorquodale, ScottMcCreary, D. D.McCreary, D.D.McCreary, Douglas D.McCrimmon, L. A.McCrimmon, L.A.McCrimmon, Lisa A.McCulloch, W. F.McCulloch, W.F.McDonald, P.M.McDonald, Philip M.McDougald, N. K.McDougald, N.K.McDougald, Neil K. McGee, C. McGee, C. E. McGee, C.E.McGee, CharlesMcGee, Charles E.McGinnies, W.G. McKay, A H. McLain, T. E. McLain, T.E.McLaughlin, S. B.McLaughlin, S.B. McMinn, H. McMinn, H. E. McMinn, H.E.McMinn, Howard McMinn, R.G. McPhee, M.McPherson, B. A. McShea, W.J.McShea, William J.McVickar, J. S.McVickar, J.S.McWilliams, S.McWilliams, StevenMcWilliams, W.H. Means, J. Meidinger, D.Meidinger, D.V.Meidinger, DelMeidinger, Del V.Meija-Chang, M. Meir, Patrick Menke, J.W.Merenlender, A.M.Merenlender, AdinaMerenlender, Adina M. Merkle, S. A. Merkle, S.A.its1111$11611B111K11/1j1131&1)18111111111111K1A1e1h1z111113151?1G1T1P1Z171111111114aaaaaaod hardwoodshave Hernandez humaninIn including initiatedintroductionsJJ kelloggii livestock livestocklobataM management management managementMexicomillion monitoring Mountain northernoakoakoakoakoaksoaksofofof ofOrtega P Perspectivesplantplants problemsprogram protection ProtectionQuercusRR Range rangelands regeneration regenerationRep researchRMRocky Rubio S savannasService significantly southwestern Standiford8 Tenth{uuu[uuuuuu{uuu[uuuu3uisrmViiiii_ifihii?iiPiii0iAiYiihi:i"iVi(iiVikiiAiikiiiiniiioiiiiwii inaltttottt0ted iionsur'r>rrjrkrmrhrrrrPrwrrGraceizinexee>estrial" i i i i iW iw i i i5 i5 i5 i5 i5 i5 i5 i6igenouslH yJ esy tz tJ y8yvtiarypspsssskeyiX kelloggii i i  iY ia iB iq i i i i i i i] i i i i i i$ i* i[ i\ iK i i> i iU iV i ix i i i i i i i i> iA is i i i i i io iw i i iQ i i i i i i# i9 iU i  iY i i i i i] i i i\ iU i i i& i i5 i i iA is i i io i ihiiu[uumay]nUn nadyddrickiston0nnedytthNttuckypppptrradycdrickiston0nnedytNthttuckypppeptrxrr.rrrrD producing t tO tc t t t t t t t t t t t tBtl vl vl vl vvl vl vl vl vl vl vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr vr v| v| v| v| v| v| v| v| valities and uses are listed. The weight of seasoned wood, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and remarks are also provided.&http://chla.library.cornell.edu.d, the acorns may germinate, but the seedlings will never reach the sapling stage due to small mammal and deer predation. These issues are discussed in detail. Recommendations for preservation of existing oak communities are discussed. the Oregon white oak.opod fauna. Wildlife woodlandsWorkingWR mentioneeee edsp s s s s s? si s: sE s s{ s7 sG s s s s] sr sz s s sT s s sxszz  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  lliisii:rcedesnileaflitterliving LOCATIONMadrooMadroo management managementMcBride menziesii menziesii menziesiiMirbmixedmixedmore Mountainsmuch negativenorth northern Northernoakoakoakoaks OBJECTIVES observation observed occurringoccursofofolderoldestonopenPPark percentagePeter physicalplots positive principle Pseudotsuga Pseudotsuga PseudotsugaresultedgiioiiFiiiKiDii>iZiiing s s sv sN s s: sg smJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJmJm$QSyesiskkeslvaticaiaccsbiantsontsst ust* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* t* tC tC tC t t, t6 t= tW th t t t t t t t t t t' tn tr t t t t t t t t t t t t( t t t t$ t( t) t. t/ t0 tC tx6 urbanization eC ej e e6 e5 eY e e e] e et e e edsedssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssis>ssEsBssOssjsssUs=skssss`ssslsFsLsssssmsssnss sQsss"s,s.sDsBsQscsXsPsTsseS"cKeelerXy?piiiningthglogg i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ib and e8 e8 e8 e8 e8 e8 e8 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeefrom the stem; these are assumed to be winter feeder roots. Tap roots on all trees, regardless of species, were degenerate and non-functional. Most roots had infections by Dothiorella querci and/or Phytophthora cinnamomi, many of which had been compartmentalized. Excision of up to 45% of entire root systems have met with no deleterious effects over six months; all roots were coated with Tree-Heal and wrapped with plastic until the excavations were backfilled.bulataSymphoricarposthatthistoCavity;xxx7xxx xtonCCFhDBFPFh'P'seeanothus sr s= sL s s s0sedcrcichdldl d ddarr6rrrrrorumGusdlls#s#sissdsssssuuu&ularssiusmUmarineee ere esssssvsn#ns#sdsss s#sssssu&ularssiusnmarinUeentednococcumE stsuste-eedtteeeee_ ers s s sZ s s s s e e e e eQe%eReeee!edsssvs6surpassesrorisingly rjrounded iingZ va vv v v v v v& vj v= v vn v v. vg v v vo vOveyeFe~e e]ee!eeeeeRe e'eee eheee}e=eeeee6e)eFedeeeete}e~eeJe!e]eeqeeediiiiiissor'ssor'ssF s ss s s s s s s s siiiivalT'TiTT#TTTTTT@TbTTTTTT'yiylwjwwwss"s#s,s]ssssss sgene 1 h3$Plant Pathology Plant Pathology$!Plant Physiology Plant PhysiologyPlant World Plant World<7Plant, Cell and Environment Plant, Cell and EnvironmenttqProceedings of the California Academy of Natural Science Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural SciencexsProceedings of the California Academy of Natural Sciences Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural SciencespmProceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington`[Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of SciencexuProceedings of the International Plant Propagators Society Proceedings of the International Plant Propagators Society`]Proceedings of the Montana Academy of Sciences Proceedings of the Montana Academy of Sciences@;Quarterly Journal of Forestry Quarterly Journal of Forestry,'Quaternary Research Quaternary ResearchRangelands Rangelands@;Remote Sensing of Environment Remote Sensing of EnvironmentDARestoration and Management Notes Restoration and Management Notes,'Restoration Ecology Restoration EcologyLIReview of Paleobotany and Palynology Review of Paleobotany and PalynologyScience ScienceSoil Science Soil ScienceTOSoil Science Society of America Journal Soil Science Society of America Journal\WSoil Science Society of America Proceedings Soil Science Society of America ProceedingsLISouthern Journal of Applied Forestry Southern Journal of Applied Forestry Syesis Syesis TAPPI TAPPI Taxon TaxonD?The American Midland Naturalist The American Midland Naturalist4/The American Naturalist The American Naturalist0-The Arboretum Bulletin The Arboretum Bulletin The Bryologist The Bryologist83The Canadian Entomologist The Canadian Entomologist@;The Canadian Field-Naturalist The Canadian Field-NaturalistThe Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian The Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing VeterinarianpkThe Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society The Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific SocietyD?The Oregon Historical Quarterly The Oregon Historical Quarterly The Timberman The Timberman4/The Victoria Naturalist The Victoria NaturalistTorreya TorreyapkTransactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of ScienceTransactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources ConferencedaTransactions, American Geophysical Union, Part I Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Part I$Tree Physiology Tree Physiology,)Tree Planters' Notes Tree Planters' Notes(%Tree-Ring Bulletin Tree-Ring Bulletin Trees Trees\WUniversity of Washington Arboretum Bulletin University of Washington Arboretum BulletinVegetatio Vegetatio,'Victoria Naturalist Victoria Naturalist<9Washington Geological Survey Washington Geological Survey$Weed Technology Weed Technology<9Western Conservation Journal Western Conservation Journal83Wildlife Society Bulletin Wildlife Society Bulletin  woodpeckersJ r r r7 r r rratVsttQttt*tttOtxtttttwwelloiorkingy^lBllllRllllllClZllNlilllllBllol5l7lllll]llll1lly2s sterrdhspseLk_eGeeee'eGegeVeeeBeeee!eeeFeeePee9edrrZrrZrFre9edrrFrsiiing6ssssshopldlall]lllldlalll1ldRvR&RR) Oak+ '- '- '- 'L'L'L'L'L'L'L'L'L'L'L'L'L'L'L'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'managedmanaged management MissourinotoakoakoaksoaksofofofononeonlyoverallownedOzarkpartialPaulplots populations practicespredate privately proportionQuercusrandomred regeneration relationship ResearchSsamplesectionsilviculturalsilviculturalsincesppstandstand strategy structure structure structurestudiedsystemtentestthisTo treatmentstreetreestwounevenunevenusing variationwasWewerewhiteions pgarryana''%'/'&'''3'&'7'@';'Q'Y'''''''''''''' '',''>'K'N'9'7']'e'n'r'z'|'W'''''''''''''''''''C'?'D'Z'W'7'!''''''Q'''''}''o''''skoak(t ternerysseee#eeZeeestt teromycetesteeher/eeNediiidiiing o oq oRosuuge oRosuugeeltheriaeEI26 1677-1683;California oaks; acorns; acorn production; temperature; precipitation; California; Quercus douglasii; Quercus lobata; Quercus agrifolia; Quercus chrysolepis; Quercus kelloggiiKoenig, et al. 1996Koenig, W. Knops, J. 1997atB Holland1986? Holmes1990_ Honkala1990 Horney2002  Hornibrook1950 Horwath2002A Howard1992C Hruska1995B Hruska1999 Hsiao1974 Hsiao1976a Hsiao1976bD Huddle1999E Huemmrich1997 Hull19331<Hultgren1986o Humple20022 Hunn19999F Hunter1995- Hunter200103 Huntsinger1993 Huntsinger2002G Huntsinger20022Q Huntsinger2002G Hylton1998 Iizuka20000' Illick1924 Illingworth19962 Illingworth1996aK Illingworth1996b Illingworth1998 Illingworth1999I Illingworth19991 Illingworth2001L Infante2001M Irgens-Moller1955 Isebrands2000 Itahana2000N Jackson1998OJacquart19929Jamieson1998R Janszen1977Q Janszen1981M Jaramillo1990 Jarret2001V Jepson1909U Jepson19103 Jepson1924" Jespersen1963Z Jimenez1995YJimerson2002 Joffre19999L Joffre2001eW Johannessen1971[ Johnson19337Johnson1933a6 Johnson19759 Johnson1977son19771977759 Johnson1977759 Johnson197777son19779 Johnson1977 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson1977 Johnson197719759 Johnson1977 Johnson1977759 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson1977 Johnson19779 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson1977son19759 Johnson1977son19759 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson1977759 Johnson1977759 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson1977759 Johnson197719759 Johnson1977759 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson19777719759 Johnson1977 Johnson197719759 Johnson1977 Johnson19779 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson1977 Johnson197719759 Johnson19779 Johnson1977759 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson1977759 Johnson1977 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson1977759 Johnson1977759 Johnson19779 Johnson1977759 Johnson1977759 Johnson1977759 Johnson197719759 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson1977759 Johnson1977759 Johnson19779 Johnson1977n19759 Johnson1977n19759 Johnson1977n19759 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson1977759 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson1977 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson1977759 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson1977759 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson1977759 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Johnson1977son19759 Johnson1977son19759 Johnson1977son19759 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson19779 Johnson1977759 Johnson1977759 Johnson1977 Johnson1977n19759 Johnson197719759 Johnson19779 Johnson1977759 Johnson1977 Johnson19779 Johnson1977 Johnson1977 Hibbs1995 Hickman1968 Hilt1985Hinckley1979Hinckley1980̕Hirvonen1976 Hitchcock1964 Hitchcock1973 Holland1986 Holmes1990f Honkala1990_ Honkala1990 Horney2002  Hornibrook1950 Horwath2002 Horwath2002! Howard1992" Hruska1995g Hsiao1974h Hsiao1976ai Hsiao1976b# Huddle1999$ Huemmrich1997 Hull19331<Hultgren1986 Hunn19999% Hunter1995A Huntsinger19933 Huntsinger1993 Huntsinger2002 Hylton1998' Illick1924̚ Illingworth Illingworth Illingworth1996 Illingworth1996( Illingworth1996a) Illingworth1996b̐ Illingworth1998 Illingworth1999* Illingworth1999 Illingworth1999a International2000+ Irgens-Moller1955 Isebrands2000, Jackson1998 Jackson2002-Jacquart1992.Jamieson1998/ Janszen19770 Janszen1981M Jaramillo1990? Jaramillo1990 Jarret20011 Jepson19092 Jepson19103 Jepson1924" Jespersen1963 Jimenez19954 Johannessen19717Johnson1933a8Johnson1933b6 Johnson19759 Johnson1977Z architecturepi t t t_ t t tptoppaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaIaashavehigherhorsehoweverininin increasedinitial invasion invasion invasivesisitJK KeeleyL landscapelargest Livestock localizedm2 McCreary morenativeNevadaNevadaoakOakoakoakOaksofofof ofonopposedorPacific Plantplantsplantsplayedpoint Proceedings proceedings proposedPSWPurcell QuercusR ratherRep represented Research richnessroleS savanna savannas savannas savannasscalescalesService shrublandS>attempteleeeeeAeze_eds s sO so s# sP s7 s4snlnknn#nKn7npnGntion uY u` u u) uH u5uatus5 sTstedi8itude8sractauaZantedG i i iZ iion)ve n  nZ iZ nessa)ibutableeF d dX s sh so sj s s] s s? sR st tU tM t tO tm t t t t t t t t6tionzzetuvvuuuuuuuYubryca c chmoody! v v v  v0 v  v! v d d  dtdiencesreyubongPg g gggPgrn @g4dwineegshg4edsssstontt terbiYiiZiiiUiTibiiiiiii$iiUiiiYiriBiliLiii/i@iiiiKi9ii%i#iii7ings0rRrrLrQrreosconsin a a a a a7 aneehhlAlizenii t} t t} t} t} t} t} t} t t tQiQiQiQiQiQiQiQiQi t5 t t thooii$i,iii ii`ii!iiiiii7iBiEiNi_i ii@ii<iwiiWiQi speakingcVcDij iialii7iiXiOiiYiiRiiii7iziiTiii]izeds: sfffffffff-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-fffffxfffffffffffffffffEfffffffffff-fFfIfMf}ffffbfffffZff2f3ffbf+ffffIf}ffffxfff fwffKbypllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllnvestigateditslentalevellevelslightLisalittermattermicroenvironmentMicroenvironmental moisturenaturalNewOofofororganicorganizatioon partially patternsPinusplantplots predation predation quantifiedQuercusQuercus recruitmentreduced regenerationrelatedremovedrolerubrarubrarubrumseed seedling seedling seedlings seedlings selectivitysoilsoilspatialspeciesstandstrobus sufferedsun survival survivalthattotreeun*htextssHsurehpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpBpluenceinputs interceptionintoKkg Lawrence leachatesleachedleastlichenslichenslichensmaymeetMgmineralMineral mineralsmoreN nitrogen nitrogen nutrient nutrientsoakoak obtainedofofonorOregonotherPPikeplantpresent primarily QuantitiesQuercusreach relatively released requirementsseldomsmall subsequently sufficient surroundingtakenthanthatthreethroughto turnoverupValleyvarieswere Willamette woodland woodlandsjgrowthu"uuYuuuuuuuruuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu,u+u3u@uAuTu_ubudufu|u}u{u|u>uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuere: 1) to find a suitable method to experimentally control the soil water stress to tree seedlings, 2) to observe how various soil water stress conditions alter the initial root and shoot development of newly germinated oak seedlings, and 3) to determine how soil stresses affect the vital process of root regeneration and early growth of 1-0 red oak nursery stock.rwayswereWhenwhichWooster dlings responded similarly to soil temperature treatments.stal process of root regeneration of pericarp resulted in an early and high percentage of germination (92%), but scarification led to only partial improvement of germination (22%). The possibilities of pericarp's involvement in delayed germination indicated that pericarp presumably interfered in water uptake by the seed not through disallowing water entry into the seed, but through imposing a mechanical restraint to cotyledon expansion resulting in arrested imbibition and delayed germination. Location of file: Connie Harrington's officeV shrinking uubbebbbbbsbbb?bbbbbbbbbebgbLbYbqbbbebbbbbbbberyy<y4lblnl=lGlfllXlandsr s s sFscuLu3udu}u?uuuRuuuuucueuLuuuGuPuuuuuu$uCu4uNuRu\ucukuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu$uartmAmardiiIiiI Sensitive i! i i= i i i i i  i i i i i i7 i iDityLorsytimentsyk@paratedddddA l8 lz ll l l l lQ l lA l_lys s s s s s  s sQsingp o onl` l lA t~t eKe[ember q: q q q[ q q qL q< q q q$ qA q q qd q q6 q q qJ qW qquencesssss8s^sq ttialilim6oiacdeepeeee:e4eke$eQeeeeeKe#eTeeerlkllHlyr4rKr$rB'''N'/''{'~''''$f9'B'''''N'[''k''L''''g'='/'7''f''''$'sfBfecations stssnninDnkncedJablei:ingsessiiveirmentn1 iciencies2 yy2 yb y initiated involving irrigationIslandIslandK LL landscapelargerlong macdonaldii McCreary Middlenative NicotianaOakOakoakOaksofof ofoldonon opportunityPacific pacifica pacificapart Phalarispigsplantplant populationsposter presentedprimary ProrHowardiLelliivvvver!DEcx{~_PFXouh:rHM "5@VnrziBjk$6"iol"&)87FdK]szr!7S}hnBruskaCsuuu uv% conservationq i i i i i i i$ i i io i3 iX iG i i i iD i- im iE i i iH ig i iS iI ic iO ij i i iF i i i i i in io i i i i i i i i i i i i i i  iG i i i i i iD i- iX im iq iE i i ig i iS i iO ij i= i i i i! in i6 io i i i i7 i i i i i i i  i i i i i i i i i io i i} istsv< veio in i io i i} istsv< ve e eGeDddd!dndGing Forest' '] 'g ' ' '; ' ' ' 'V '( ' '* '. '7 ' ' 'S ' '[ '\ 'I '[ 'b 'C ' ' ' 'i '> 'F 'B ' 'J 'O 'j ' '= 'k ' ' ' ' '` ' 'l 'F 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's 's '''ections CurculioCurculionidaeCydiaDD damagedanr defoliation Department determine determineddietDunningEEedu emergence Engelmann Engelmann engelmannii engelmannii engelmannii FabricusfeedingFifthfoodForest foundGen generalist glandulellagoals grasshopperGreenegroundGTRhad herbivorehRDouglasy1U11111111 111&111@11O11A1V111 1111c1r111$1g1/1o1#111=1Q1Y1Y1q111111111 1191Q1]1e1|11111111?1B1!1111Q1Z111111121989iia seedling seedling seedlings seedlings seedlingsSeveresimilar simulated simulatedslowsoilsoilsoil stomatalstressstudy subsequently survival survival survival survivorshipThisthosethreetissueTissuetototalturgortwoundervapourWwaswaterwaterwaterWelkerwerewherewhichyearzerongyoungHasteryqyyyymptoticn neeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeroupgroupshighininindexindex indicaors indicator indicatorsintoislacklargelichenslistedloamylowlowerm2mademediummixed moisturemoremunitumofof ofoneorOregonOregonOregonpartsphysiographicphytosociologyplantplantplotspodsol PolystichumPPpresent principlesqualityregionregion representedRudolfSalalsandyschoolSeattle seepage selectedshallonsilvicsSitesitesiteslopessoilsspeciesstands subregiTlclearedRiliiiiingRll]l]l]l]l]lyssssiiii|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|isamateOOOOOOYOOOOOOO+iWiaiiiiiiiii%i/i0iGiQiRiiiiiii i8iXigiiiXifiiOiifihicii!iiVi4i\i iiii|i%induced sssMsSssAstrialy y yyTeeGegeeeeeeD effectiveKualrfacenstimablei fallibleLnteectcedibi]i\iyiiiiiifiionM s, s+ sb s] s s s s s s s s sM s s[ si sA sedionrfacenstimablei fallibleLnteectfedi]i\iyiiiiiicibiMion s s s] sM s s s s s s s, s+ sb s s[ sM si sA s s s ssrrenceior6redessssstation sM sW sA s) s sW s) eWedi iltratione Qfinerishdleynreeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesss3300000O0k00L0000$000c00n00 1T222(3!3454455;6 6$67P8 9T9x44440|00000U000M0M0M0M0M0M0M0ddd6666666666W1\1|1181g1111 124b4!2Z2 22"224&4556 6789~995b5Z5x55000:0#0000]yana; insects; taxonomy; foliage; British Columbia 4-Mallory, J.I. Colwell, W.L., Jr. Powell, W.R.  1973xrSoils and vegetation of the French Gulch Quadrangle, Trinity and Shasta Counties, California. Resour. Bull. PSW-12  Berkeley, CA leU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Stationa 42 p.;rkQuercus douglasii; Quercus wislizenii; soil; plant communities; oak woodlands; California; California oaksMallory, et al. 1973 promisingRoted)ddndddd?dd@ssiiingnevoLouncedp pj pm p ppagateding\ o\ o\ o\ o\ o\ o\ o\ o\ o\ o\ o\ o\ o\ o{ o{ o{ o{ o{ o{ o{ oe erl s[ s oD o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o' o o;ors; eert<ttt`llytties8 td t t[ tT t t s8 se s o o o o o o& o_ on o> o[ o oD o o o od o o2 o' o@Alanmarmingkab-b-b-b-b-bbannnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnfairlyfoliageforforagefromgrewgrowinggrowth horizonshowever Illinios Illinoisinin increased influence influenced investigatedinvestigationisItJKleafleavesLeaveslowmade McVickarMgmineralNNonot nutrient nutrients nutrientsoakoak observed obtainedofofononlyorOtherP percentage physicalpoorest possibly propertiesQuercusQuercusratio remained replaceableresultsrootsSScienceScienceseason Seasonalshows si(O calibratednionh s scai '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ ' '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ '_ ' ' 'asd slow.4-LOCATION OF FILE: Connie Harrington's officeeation, and wildlife habitat are also important. Oak plant communities described on page 11-12.1NyearsMi~iEimiiioi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiildiiii iii6i?iLiTiZi^iaikiiioi|i}i~iiiiiiiiOiSiikiiliiiiLiiimiildlowts. and e e e e e e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e$e-wet and summer-dry climate typical of the study area is produced by the proximity of the warm oceanic waters of the Japan Current combined with the rainshadow effect of the Vancouver Island and Olympic mountains. Other associated plants in the forested sites include H. discolor, sword fern (Polystichum munitum), and Oregon grape (Mahonia nervosa). In the more exposed rocky sites, purple-honeysuckle (Lonicera hispidula), serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), and kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)PC expenditures+serDr8r:rKr9rienced9 d d d d d d sK s a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> a> aB aB aB aB aubraS Sambeek Sangitaseed Seedling Seedling seedlings seedlings seedlingsService severalslow Solidago SolidagospeciesSt standsStation Steinman surroundedTallTechthatthese transplantstreetreesU Van veryW waswhen Workshop Workshopd|sizeaaaaBajaaamaaaaa6a5aaaiaoala&aFadaaaaa aaa*aKaNafasaaaaaa5aJaa6ama7aaaZaaaabledddsssss@s_slssFshss-sTsZssTrerrrlrkrmrgrrDr7kkk$keenthtchinrner6pper6sFodalabs-s@sTs_sZslsssTrgrrerrDrrlr7rkrrmrrJr$keenthtchinrner6pper6sFodalabs Hymenoptera) ouspericumA parasitoidschaeokochaeriso ootylg g5 g. gTgealunoussoustheses! iZ i~ i iu iUisz z zu z z z zd zn zr z z z# z zede s sq s s s s]xyloni r"I*'}''''''''#'#''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''B's'san D D D D D D D D D D D D D DeWADeDYceD6D D8(00I00J0000.000h000~0<0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000by the root system in plant survival. Our mesophytic plants must have stomata protection against excessive loss of moisture during drought. This is of paramount importance to us in our conservation work, where trees are being used as windbreaks, and to conserve moisture.opid leaf desiccation at high temperatures.s recommended for all three data sets, for which ki values ranged from 1.80 to 2.07.on WashingtonWewerewesternwhite widespread wildlifeWilson woodlands woodlandszoneposN)beaea8a9aa aFaGa2aIaLaYaZa<aaabaXaaaya{aaaaaaaahaaaEaaaaaa:aHaMagaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaleaveslevellikelinearmmaymeadowsMeyer minutelymorenichesnonotoccursoceanof ofonON on onor OrthocarpusOttawa outcropsowlowlpPennypink pinnatelyplant proximitypusillaQuercusrelatedreportrockrocksScrophulariaceaesea segmentsshapedshrubssimilarsizespeciesspikesppsppsspstatestatusStatus TthanTheyto Triphysaria Triphysaria vegetative veriscolor versicolor versicolorWwhichwhite Wildlife withumps; regeneration; yield; roots; competition; insects; diseases; utilization; genetics; hybridization; Oregon; Washington; California; electronic link0TNhttp://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/quercus/garryana.htm Steinhart, P.r 1978As the old oaks fallAudubon Audubon80 30-40California oaks; grazing; livestock; anthropogenic impacts; regeneration; seedling predation; wildlife; small mammals; preservation; California0Steinhart 1978 Economics y8y physiologicalsregion  s s ssectionsystem a? a a( ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab aab aab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab aF atics) s( ( ( ( ( ( (       t t t t t t tK t t t t t t1 tX t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t] t t t t t t t t t t t ta tb tl ty t t t t  t t& t2 tV t t t t t 3 detrimental ooitlvastatoreelopeUeeePeeeeeme{eheEee(e[eVe^eleeieejeeeeeeeeeedr r r r r r r r r r r r r r r rsa a a a a a a a a a ammeadowsg]gerlni!iibiiiiiii)iZiqiiii"i~iBiiiiFiiisiiii-iiingf^ful stbtGttbthtttttttotmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm ments  s6o'''Briencclockclockssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss|s}s~ssiss8ss>ssAssss`9weree@1A11\1J1L1O1U1Y1[1^1c1k1n1r1C1z1y1|1}111i1111A1B1111j11=1k1s1111`1111111111111111111111OakB'''O'j''='k''''`'l'F'L''''m'm'm' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '''''' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'Weitkamp, William H.McDougald, Neil K.systemamaaa!anaaaia)a8aQaaa7aNafaTaaaticam a a` aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a`a a a a a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 a( a( a( a( a5 potentialC l l` l l l l l l` l l l l l lL lU lZ l? l l l l l l l  le l9 lF lI lO l_ lU l l l l l lh l l l l  l l l5 l9 lL lV ll lk li l l lj lk l l` l l l ln l l l l l" lg lo l l l& l/ lL lq l l l lK lf l l l l- lM lW l7 l l l) lys sl sk sK s sT s s oO o o5 o  o o o oomacs@sttediKiKinguundswdery}ell6rerBsesss se,factori{ii iiiYikiniriViimii iiiioii@i7i=idii iiAi.iCiTimiiiiialshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshs discovered the species in Vancouver, WA (1826). This history is discussed.lan:crown ground plan ratio indicates less favorable conditions of water supply at the experimental site than in the floodplain forest. The ground-penetrating radar system is non-invasive and allows relatively rapid and repeated measurements of the distribution of coarse root systems of trees.GTRssssssssssss?s?s? a3 a3 a a a a a a aa> aF a a a a: a; a< a= a> a? a@ aA aB aC aD aE a aF aG aH aI aK aL aM aN aO aP aQ aR aS aT aU aV aX aY aZ a[ a\ a] a^ a_ a` aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj aar9usually2TNTyTTTVT`TTTToTTFTqTTTTKTATfTfTTTTT7TTTT T a a a aahiin ilitarian8yzatione e e. ei e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e eaEaGaOa^TjosvoldPMPNPNPN#N#C11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111cusRRaton restorationRiverRiverRiver scatteredSedellsubjectthanthatTheseThesesthistotreesUpperUpperValley vegetationwaswere Willamette Willamette WillamettewithinlikeLimited LimitinglittlelowmainmainlyMediterranean microhabitatmicrohabitatsmoremossmossnnoNorth northernnot occupiesof ofonON on ononeonlyopenorOttawa outcropspastplant Po|grassesYh4hNh\hkhqhhhhhh6h5hh.h/h&h5h7hhhKhfhChhhhhoppersl slands sp s s sR ss s sZ s s sp sq s s sc s@ s s  s? s! s s ss s iq i i i i i i is i i ip iq i i iq i i  i i? i! iY i i? i? i? i? i s s s s s s@ ss s i iq i i iq is i i i  i i i? ip iq i! i i i i i iq ir i iY if i i i? iq i i i i i iNikeyYise=aqaaadaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa a aaa aaaaaa*a7a>aKaNa9aQaAa]a^aeafafaDanaraza|aWaaaaaa< urbanization] eediCingj gsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXssXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsXsied Forestry 19874d142-145i\UQuercus alba; eastern oaks; sprouting; stumps; slope position; age; diameter; aspect;d@:In clearcut portions of 37 stands, stumps from northern red, northern pin, and white oak trees, averaging about 65 years old when felled, were measured to relate sprouting, to stump diameter, estimated dbh, slope position, aspect, site index, and parent tree (stump) age. At least one vigorous sprout was produced by 80 and 77% of northern red and northern pin oakHdbeech%eZeeeeoeeeeestesttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttofof ofonon outstandingpPacific papers planningpolicy presented previousprivate Proceedings proceedings proceedingsprovidepruningPSWpublicPurcellQuercusRrange regenerationRep Research research researchers resource restorationrichS serveService Seventysoilsources Southwest spp StandifordStation studies subjectssustainability Symposium symposiumTechThistotwoU URLuseswaswide wildlife woodland Woodlands woodlandsettesy oak component of the Coastal Douglas-fir Zone often occurs as oak savanna or parkland ecosystem and often includes rare herbaceous species specific only to this zone. The Garry oak-arbutus habitat within the Coastal Douglas-fir Zone has a limited distribution (aerial extent) and is dwindling. Many wildlife species occur within this habitat type including large and small mammals, birds and reptiles. Of the many wildlife species that use this habitat, the Lewis' woodpecker is considered a species at risk.[woode7eeeeeeTe]eeeQeqedl9lllandAA AARATAA}AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAArcArcArc p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p pGmeaAaaanadowf-fff.fnftf+fbf fRffff.f)fff ffmfn ft f+ f- fb f fR f f f f. f) f f f f fm ftf}fffIf f4ffffffffff/foaml'g'g'g'g]geriEricksonextentfirfirefireflowforgallGarryGarry garryanaglacial grasslandshabitathabitathashavehelped historicalhistoryhistoryhostice importantinincludeinsect introduced invasion invasionisjumpingLands lateleaf maintainmanymaximummeadowsmeadows Ministry modifiedmosaicmuchNativenotoakoakoak occurredof ofonlyopenover overgrazingParks pastpatchyperiodpests phylloxeranplantplantpostavgRepa;aaaVa(a*a7aSa[a\aIa[abaCaaaaia>aBaaOajaa=akaaaaa`aalaFaLaaamaaanaaaaa{aKaaa"aYa=adaaaaaaaAafa@anaraaaaaaaaa?a]aoaaaaaaa>aTandadBeatedljlllyl l7 lllantent[ s stitiousAveM llaceaableZdm$m;mmqmqmqmaceaableqdZmm$m7mm;mmTmmentiO ingtediofkfnrcrrr e!e#n*n,n4e6:p<n@AaDaEacsKrLrXPRdTdZd]lbsdifuhurSnstouo}rxrzr{r|p~ppttee?>eee _ eee llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllittee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada 26 p.s\VQuercus garryana; reptiles; wildlife; habitat; meadows; oak savannas; British Columbia Ovaska and Engelstoft 2001 Overholser, J.L. 1977,%Oregon hardwood timber. Res. Bull. 16e  Corvallis, ORn :3Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratoryg 43 p.Quercus garryana; Quercus kelloggii; wood properties; plant description; seasoning; utilization; yield; Oregon; California oaksnOverholser 1977 A#Z  Phillips, R.Phillips, RalphPhillips, Susan L. Phipps, R.L.Phipps, Richard L.Pickett, Steward T.A. Piekielek, W.Piekielek, William Pigott, C.D. Pike, L.H.Pike, Lawrence H.Pillsbury, N. H.Pillsbury, N.H.Pillsbury, Norman H. Pinchot, G.Pinchot, Gifford Pitkin, M. Pitt, Franco Platz, B.J. Platz, Bob J.Plucinski, Karen E. Plumb, T.R.Plumb, Timothy R. Pojar, J. Pojar, Jim Ponge, J. F. Popper, M.Popper, MarjoriePowell, W. Robert Powell, W.R. Powers, R. F. Powers, R.F.Pritchard, H. W.Provencher, Louis Pullen, R. Pullen, RegPurcell, K. L. Purcell, K.L. Qian, H. Qian, Hong Quirk, J. T. Quirk, J.T. R., Silen Roy Raabe, R.D.Raabe, Robert D. Radcliffe, G.Radoglou, K.M.Radosevich, S.R.Radosevich, Steven R. Raettig, T.L.Raettig, Terry L. Rajwar, G. S. Rambal, S. Ramm, C. W. Ramm, C.W. Ramm, Carl W.Randall, V. D. Randall, V.D. Rapp, Maurice Rast, E.D.Rast, Everette D. Raunkiaer, C. Raven, P.H.Raven, Peter H.Rawat, D. C. S. Rawat, G. S. Real, L. Real, Leslie Redak, R. A. Reeb, J.E.Reeb, James E. Reed, L. J. Reed, L.J. Reed, Lois J. Reese, G.C. Regan, A.C.Regan, Alan Chris Reich, P. B. Reich, P.B. Reiner, R.Rennenberg, H.85Research Branch, British Columbia Ministry of ForestsReview, Forestry Research Reynolds, M. Rice, K.J. Richards, R. Richards, Roy Rickard, W.H.Rico, Mercedes Riegel, G.M.Riegel, Gregg M. Rieske, L.K. Rigg, G.B.Rigg, George B.Righter, F. I. Righter, F.I. Ritchie, M.W.Ritchie, Martin W. Rizzo, D. M.Robberecht, RonaldRoberts, M. C. Roberts, M.C.Roberts, R. C.Roberts, R. Chad Roberts, R.C.Roberts, Robert C.Roberts, T. A. Roberts, T.A. Roberts, W.G.Roberts, Warren G. Robin, C.Robinson, C.S.Robinson, Cyril S. Robison, D.J.Robison, Daniel J.Rodgers, H. LeRoy Rodrick, E.A.Rodrick, Elizabeth Anna Roemer, H. Roemer, H. L. Roemer, H.L. Roemer, Hans Rogers, R.Rogers, Robert Rohlfs, D.A.Rohlfs, Doris Andrea Rohrig, E. Rohrig, Ernst Roland, J. Roland, Jens Rolph, D. Rolph, DavidRomagosa, M.A.Romagosa, Mark A. Rose, R. Rose, Robin Rossi, R.S.Rossi, Randall S. Roth, E.R.Roth, Elmer R. Roth, F. Roth, Filbert Rowlee, W. W. Rowlee, W.W.Roy, Douglass F.Ruddiman, W.F. Rundel, P.W.Rundel, Philip W. Ryan, L. A. Ryan, L.A.Ryan, Loreen A. Ryan, M. Ryan, M.W. Ryan, MichaelRyan, Michael William Saah, D. Sackett, S.S. Saenz, L.Saenz, Loretta Sakai, A. Salstrom, D.Salstrom, Debra Sampson, A.W.Sampson, Arthur W.Sandberg, D.V.Sandberg, David V. Sander, I.L.Sander, Ivan L. Sands, P.B.Sands, Peter B.Santa Regina, IgnacioSargent, SarahSauerwein, W.J.Sauerwein, William J. Saving, S. C.Sawyer, J. O., Jr. Sawyer, J.O.Sawyer, J.O., Jr.Sawyer, John O. Scagel, A.M.Scheffer, T.C.Scheffer, T.H.Scheffer, Theo H.Scheffer, Theodore C.BNT22Buclearbu^u^otidesuotidesuousimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimimilingingeeeRodd Saltspring ScatteredSeeseepageshortslopesstandsStatusStatus streamssubzonethistoTrial undergrowthUplands vegetationVernalwesternwhich Wildlife withYellowzoneNevada=eAee7eejererttttttt6tlttt^theless i b b b b b b b b b b b b b b bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbakoakof ofonOR OregonOregonOregon Oregon'sPacific pagespages photographs physicalPI picturesPigeonplantplant Portland presently preserves providedQuercusRange Research Research reservedS savannas scientific scientistsService shrubssoilspeciesstandsStation successionTthatthisethroughtotractstypetypicalU unknownuseValleyValley vegetationwas Washington Washingtonwhite wildlife Willamette Willamettes than 50cm aJ hardwoods y ym ys ya y yV y= y y y y y y  y% y y y y y y* y< yE yP y y  y' yU y yh y y y y y y y y y y ya y& y= y y y y y y y y6 y yQ y y ereestadll#ley#o$owd_med ym ys ya y yV y= y y y y y y  y% y y y y* y< yE yP y y  y' yU y yh y y y y y y y y y y6 y y y yQ y y ya y& y= y y y y y y ereestadll#ley#o$owd_medulod source; mapping; GIS; modeling; growth; Puget Lowlands; Washington Parker, W.C Pallardy, S.G. 1988|uLeaf and root osmotic adjustment in drought-stressed Quercus alba, Quercus macrocarpa, and Quercus stellata seedlings;*#Canadian Journal of Forest Research*#Canadian Journal of Forest Research18 1-5sQuercus alba; Quercus macrocarpa; Quercus stellata; eastern oaks; water relations; drought; foliage; roots; seedlings; osmotic potentialParker and Pallardy 1988 t Leopold1999  Leuschner2000 Levey2000P Levien20022h Levien2002 Lewis1977* Lewis1999 Li1974 Li1976a Li1976bE Light2002 Linders2000FLindgren19956 Litt20010k Little1971 Little1978 Little1979 Litton1980 Liu1991Lockhart1999Lockhart1999 Loewenstein2000 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McCulloch1940McDonald1980McDonald1981McDonald1983McDonald1987McDonald1992McDonald1994McDonald2002 McDougald1992a McDougald1992b McDougald1997 McDougald2002 McGee1978 McGee1981 McGee1984 McGee1986 McGee1993 McGee1995 McGinnies1960Z McKay2002 McLain1978 McLaughlin1980 McMinn1935 McMinn1949 McMinn1976 McPhee2000] McPherson2002 McShea2000 McShea2002McVickar1949W McWilliams19711 McWilliams20021 Meidinger1991 Meidinger1991a Meidinger1991bm Meidinger1996^ Meija-Chang2002 Meir19999 Menke1989 Menke1990R Merenlender2001e Merenlender2002g Merenlender2002 Merkle1980 Merrifield2000 Merz19515 Merz1953 Merz1956 Meyer1967K Meyer2002 Michaud1993 Mielke1942 Miller1984 Miller1990 Miller1991 Miller2000W Millet19719 Millspaugh1998 Milota1996 Milota1996Minckler1957Minckler1973# Minor1981 Minore1979 Minore1983 Minore19838 Mirov19451945 Mirov1945983̪ Mirov19453̪ Mirov1945983̪ Mirov19453̪ Mirov19453̪ Mirov1945re1983̪ Mirov1945983̪ Mirov1945 Mirov1945983̪ Mirov19451983̪ Mirov1945983̪ Mirov1945983̪ Mirov19453̪ 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Mirov19453̪ Mirov19453̪ Mirov1945983̪ Mirov19451983̪ Mirov194519818 Mangan19818~ Mangum1911 Mani1964̰ Manley19911 Marsh1998Marshall1999 Marshall1999Marshall2000!Marshall2000 Martin198332 Martin19833Martinez19966Martinez19966 Maser1972 Maser1972Maslovat2002̀ Matsuda1986 Matsuda1987 Matsuda1989LMauchamp2001̃ May1957 McBride1986( McBride1987 McBride1987 McBride1987 McBride1989 McBride1990) McBride1991 McBride1991* McBride1996 McBride1996  McBride1997' McBride1997 McCaskill19910McClaran19877McClaran19877McClaran20022u McComb19999o McComb19999 McComb2001̆ McCorquodale1999̇McCreary1990AMcCreary199393McCreary19939/McCreary1997McCreary1997McCreary2001McCreary20010McCreary20020McCreary20020 McCrimmon1990 McCrimmon1990 McCrimmon1996 McCrimmon1996 McCulloch1940McDonald1980McDonald1981̋McDonald1983McDonald1987McDonald1987̊McDonald1992̌McDonald1994̍McDonald2002 McDougald1992a McDougald1992a McDougald1992b McDougald1992bL McDougald1997 McDougald2002 McDougald2002 McGee1978 McGee1981 McGee1984 McGee1986q McGee1993 McGee1993 McGee1995 McGinnies1960 McLain1978̃ McLaughlin1980̀ McLaughlin1980̓ McMinn1935̔ McMinn1949̕ McMinn1976̖ McPhee2000̗ McShea2000̘ McShea2002̙McVickar19494 McWilliams19711W McWilliams19711 McWilliams2002̛ Meidinger1991 Meidinger1991G Meidinger1996m Meidinger1996 Meir19999 Menke1989 Menke1989 Menke1990] Merenlender2001R Merenlender2001 Merkle1980̝ Merrifield2000 Merz19515 Merz19515 Merz1953̟ Merz1956̠ Meyer1967 Michaud1993 Michaud1993 Mielke1942̢ Miller1985̣ Miller1990̤ Miller19914 Millet19719W Millet19719r Millspaugh1998̤ Millspaugh1998e Milota1996̥ Milota1996̖ Milota1996̦Minckler1957̧Minckler19734 Minor1981# Minor1981 Minore1979̋ Minore19838 Minore1983̪ Mirov1945 Bennetto tyttgrassonnzylaminoo rberidifoliaPs*gmank keley l l l l3 l6 l9 lW lh l l l l l l l l l l lB ly l l l l l l l l( l* l. l7 lI lb l" lJ l l lU lc l l{ la l l3 l= l l l} l l l l l l l l l l? l] lj l l l l3 lQlmllliner,man+u+unge rangerangeRangesrelationships relativesrelictRepS sadleriana sadleriana sadlerianaScrubService shrubsilvicssoilsoils southern Southwest sppStation suggestion Symposium taxonomyTech temperatethatTimothy totoU upper Utilizationvarwellwidewithxericedingsf ecologicallQ l l l lc l lf lp l lo l l                                                       ssssssssssssssssssssssss s s sssss%s's(s*sDs_shsnsrsusyszssssssssssss6s s s sH|) calculate dv d i  iC ij i i i i1 i^ in i i i iing h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ h@ heen the parental species. The first hybrid presented is Quercus X subconvexa, which is a hybrid of Q. garryana X Q. durata. The second hybrid reported is Quercus X Howellii, which is a hybrid of Quercus garryana X Quercus dumosa. Detailed descriptions of the characteristics and distributions of the hybrids are given. The characteristics of each hybrid are compared with parental characteristics.lley Vegetationwestwhich Willamette Willamette WIllamettewith woodland woodlands woodlands*standsff)ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffanagement managingmay modelingmodelsNCNorth northernoakoaksoaksoaks observationsof ofononePp Predicting predictionprinusprobabilitiesprobabilities probability producingQQuercusQuercusRred regressionrubraSS scarletService silviculturalsitesite southern southernspeciessprout sprouting sprouting sproutingstandsStation StumpstumpstumpsTBTechThis treatmentstreetreesU useful velutinaWeigelwerewhiteXyreeDspore\so&oophyllt&ulatingtssrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrwNisley now numerousOak occurredof ofonotherplantPlant plantingPlants popularity portionsPress printings produced propagationPubl Publication publishedquarterQuercusQuercusR range revisionS seedSeedseedssemotaService ServiceseveralshrubssilvicssppStatesstorageTT taxa technologythatThisthoughto translatedtreetreesU UniteduntilupdatedURLUSDAvarvolumeWarwas Washington wereWoodyWoodyWorldus habperhapsimi%iii>icarp'%'>y>'sliycleaglacialhodi?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?iAicaaaaofossils magnitudeMy necessitatesnext Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest objectiveofofonPacificPacific paleoecology paleologicpaper particularperiodplantplantpollenpresentpresent prospect QuaternaryQuercusrecordremarksresult southernsppStatetakethatthisTounderstanding vegetation Vegetational vegetationalwarming Washington Washington Whitlockwillwithyearsyearsarsatnrandomly@gNgfggggedFd<ddd"dd d d d d d d d d d dddddddddddd#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#d#dth cores were installed in January 1998 and harvested after 6, 9, 12 months, respectively. ECM colonization was higher after the 6-month (winter, spring) interval, lower after the 9-month (winter, spring, summer) interval and intermediate after the 12-month (winter, spring, summer, fall) interval. Both long-term and short-term studies demonstrated that ECM fungi were active in spring and fall seasons. ECM colonization was much higher in an undisturbed six-month interval (winter + spring, long-term sWhite'''''''''' ''''''''''''''c'''Q''''%'''o'l'&'#''' ''='@'G'H'V'q''''''''''''''' urban interface issues was held in San Luis Obispo, California March 19-22, 1996. These proceedings include plenary addresses and presentations on the history of oak woodlands in California, their past and current management and roles of various agencies and organizations in oak management. The technical papers include the following areas: Ecology and Regeneration; Restoration; Range and Livestock Relations; Wildlife Habitat Relations and Habitat Fragmentation; Wood Products and Utilization; Urban For Appalachian& s8 s s s s r r r rrentllvll]llllllAlll lye e8 e] e eO e e e e e  eF e e  e1 e e e e earaZasa&a9aFa2aBa&araaaaaaBagaaaaKaaaaaPaaaahancee e e[ e e e5 e7 e eediiiiiiii%inglllllllllllllllllllllllllllll xxeeesll&eZg4dynamicsrpr~rrrrrrrrrrrrrrr7rrrrrrrrnesssaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaii out into the prairies to become dominant species in the landscape. Page 14 describes the fires in the Valley and that they increased acorn production by Q. garryana. Page 17 notes that the Kalapuya worked oak into tools. Page 44 is a map of the Calapooia Valley, which shows the extensive distribution of Q. garryana in the valley.tee leafroller; Boring insects: western sycamore borer, oak twig girdler; Acorn insects: filbertworm, filbert weevil; and Gall insects: two-horned oak gall, distorted &Urelated33(3o333@33|33393X3333h33333@3i3U33`33333336333K3333g3o3j3"33733333333%33h3333nn5n(nnnnesssss sA sA sA sA sA sA sn s5 s5 e5 e5 e5 e5 e5 e5 e5 e5 e5 e5 e5 e5 e e e e e e e e e e e e h hip/ s8 s s s s s s s  s^ ss s s s s s s! pD p= e e e5 e e e Provenanceo s6cherotitious iGidetdd_ddddd^dbdeddededededededededededededededededededededdedededededededededed1d1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1si6iMmadronemanager McDonald menziesiiMirbNewb northernoakoaksofofofonoverPPacificperiodpinePinus ponderosa production proportionprovide PseudotsugaPurshquality quantityQuercusQuercusrankingrating RegressionsRehd ResearchseedSeedsoundspeciesspeciessugarsurveyssystemtanthesetimingto TogetherTorrtotaltraptreesusevarvisualvisual visuallywerewhitewildwithyearyearsnd ll oreganaon' ''''''#'9'E''E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'E'~'~'~'~'~'~'~'~'~'~'~'~'~'~'~'~'~'~'~'~'andsmakemapmappingmapping menziesiimixednativenativeNatural Nature oak OBJECTIVEofof ofOlympia ononpagesPierceplantplayprairieprairie prairiesProgram PseudotsugaPugetPugetQuercusrecommendations regional remainingreportreport Resouces Resources Rexsoilsoilsstands StephensSTUDYSUMMARYtheseThis ThurstontoTroughtypesunknown vegetationWA Washington Washington Washingtonwestern woodlandsewhTcAAAA#AFAvA{AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAS AS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BBS BS BBB  BV BU B3 BY BZ BA BBBBBB&BBBetR PacificP a a* a aR a^ ab aU a a a a a a aI aD a' ae a aY aZ aX aa aB a aN ah aE a a a: aH aM a a] ag a a; a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a aa a aR a^ ab aU a a a a a a aI a a aD a' ae a aY a7 aZ aA ac aX aa aB a@ af an ar a aN ah aE a a a} a a a: aH aM a a a a a] ag aK a a a aaaagesspeoplesr9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9cc9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9c9cYceiveda while leaves and shoots were not growing that root growth occurred to any appreciable extent. Under field conditions, flushes of growth were still observed in stump sprouts, but were no longer synchronous. In understory seedlings and in large trees, only one flush was observed.bject suggeststhattherethreetotreetrees University variable varianceveryWAwas Washington Washington Washingtonwerewhitewithwithin woodland woodland woodlandsbidF successive u u u/ulentimbingkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk(!Saenz, Loretta Sawyer, J. O., Jr.ctnGrasslands as compared to adjacent Quercus garryana woodland understories exposed to different grazing regimesMadroo 198627 March331e 40-46 f`Quercus garryana; grasslands; oak woodlands; grazing; livestock; understory; canopy; California;The grasslands in northwestern California show striking differences in species composition when compared to understories of adjacent woodlands. in addition, sites that differ in l yearlh''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''igations were carried our at Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.), India, to find out suitable storage method(s). The freshly collected acorns were put in storage at 5 1 C, 10 1 C and room temperature in polybags, canvas bags and tin containers laid out in Split Split Plot Design with three replications and storage longevity was determined by subjecting the acorns to germinability studies. The acorns stored at 5 1 C in polybags was proved to be the suitabForestsa 2002& Garry oak and related ecosystems.'Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification  Victoria, BC *$British Columbia Ministry of Forests 2002rlQuercus garryana; ecology; biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification; British Columbia; plant communities; URLThe Reseach Branch is working with the Garry Oak Ecosystem Recovery Team to develop an ecosystem classification of Garry oak and related ecosystems.HBhttp://www.for.gov.bc.ca/research/becweb/publications-garryoak.htmFbeenltttt tttKtftttttttt-tt?tGtTt]t7ttottttZtttttttFtles]sifDforehThhh&h9hqhwhhhhh4h[hChihhhmhhhhhhhhhh6hhihohlh8h=hhh*h]hhhhJhh6hhhhhFhandgganNiiAikimii*i6iiqiinhimiii*i6iNiinnXninn%ningsW s s@ s s7 s ssuuur  botanistsyk5k5k5k5k5k5k5k5k5k5k5k5k5k5k`kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkke system). Coarse root density was 6.5 m m-2 of stand area and 3.3 m m-3 of soil volume. Maximum rooting depth of the experimental oaks was 2 m, and the root ground plan was significantly larger (about 1.5 times) than the crown ground plan. Based on earlier studies of Quercus robur L. from floodplain forests, where the extent of the root systems was much smaller (root ground plan:crown ground plan ratio of 0.6), we conclude that the high rootground plan:crown ground plan ratio indicates less favorable condiYonionYgrass lyssDsLsZsssss>sssssssssssIsMsZs|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|ss|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|s|sl activity during this early stage of decomposition: only 20% of initial mass remained after 2 years (k = 0.59 0.15 year-1). Sapwood decayed more slowly than heartwood, with an overall decay rate of 0.20 0.15 year-1). Heartwood lost 50% of its mass during the 1st year, but showed no further loss during the 2nd year, for an overall decay rate of 0.31 0.05 year-1. Nutrient content generally declined during decomposition, but P accumulated in heartwood and Na accumulated in sapwood and heartwood during twwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwsternwhere Willamette Willamette WillametteearlyLalande*mrbbbb9bbbbeeertiana o orninanknatusc castere eleolataek e eK dmdFbfbbJbKbKbKbKbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbPbPbPbPbPbPbPbPbPbPbPbPbPbPb^livingszzazzz zards5sloydMM MAooadQiiingsm#syyBt$t$t$ttatataKbKbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbLbLbLbLbLbLbb]b]b]b]b]biiplant associations<2U0 00z00T00000A0p0z0000000 00$0m0o00000&0U0Y0~0000000000000000000000j 0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0_000J0Q0k0000Z0000l0000000L000000_0y whP# precipitation s s! s# sL sr s| s s sO sq sy sU s s sb sp s sH sV s s s sl s& s# ss sz s s s s# sC s s s s! s s s s s s s s s s s s s o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o otionsRep resourcesResults richness richness richnessRobertsRobertsS Service Southwest speciesspeciesStation Suggested suggesting SymposiumTechtesttestedthattheoryTimothy U useuseful wildlifewith woodland woodland woodlandsN publicationB s sc s? sT s s s l l r r r r r r r r rsi i i ieeeeeeeerrcusgllllllllllll~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l65n  Shepard, J.H.e 2000ayTNDraft COSEWIC status report on Taylor's checkerspot, Euphydryas editha taylori  Ottawa, ON >8Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada 12 p.Quercus garryana; British Columbia; insects; Willamette Valley; Oregon; Washington; urbanization; habitat protection; Fort Lewis; meadows; urbanization; anthropogenic impacts; exotic plantsrIn British Columbia, Taylor's Checkerspot was historically known to occur on Hornby Island, near Mill Bay, and at various sites in and around Victoria. It is now found only on Hornby Island. In the United States it was found in the Willamette Valley of Oregon and in Washington near Tenino, at Fort Lewis, on various San Juan Islands, and near Sequim at Dungeness National Wildlife Refuge. Most of the Washington and Oregon populations are not extirpated or greatly reduced in size. Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife (Dave Hays, per. comm, 1999) expects to apply for United States Federal listing as an endangered subspecies. Much of the habitat of Taylor's Checkerspot (Garry oak meadows) has been alienated by urbanization and farming. It appears that introduced grasses and Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) have eliminated the adult and larval foodplants in most remaining habitats (Shepard, 1996). Taylor's Checkerspot should be considered globally endangered.  Shepard, J.H.e 2000by`YStatus of five butterflies and skippers in British Columbia. Wildlife Working Rep. WR-101\  Victoria, BC piBritish Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Wildlife Branch and Resources Inventory Branch 27 p.Quercus garryana; oak woodlands; meadows; insects; British Columbia; Washington; Oregon; California; urbanization; Fort Lewis; Willamette Valley; grazing; anthropogenic impacts; habitat protection"In British Columbia, the Dun Skipper, Euphyes vestris (Boisduval), is known from southeast Vancouver Island, along the Fraser River from Hope to Lillooet, and three isolated localities: Powell River, Pemberton, and Mission. The Dun Skipper has never been common in British Columbia, and even before anthropogenic changes to its habitat, it was vulnerable in the province. It is also vulnerable along the west coast of the United States where it occurs in Washington, Oregon, and California. The only subspecies in the province is the nominated E. vestris vestris; its Conservation Data Centre (Association of Biodiversity Information) rank is recommended to be G5T3 N2 S2. The species should therefore be placed on the provincial Red List in British Columbia. The Island Marble, an undescribed subspecies of Euchloe ausonides (Lucas), was historically found on Gabriola Island and at lower elevations on eastern Vancouver Island from Nanaimo south to Victoria, but it has not been recorded in Canada since 1908. In 1998, however, butterflies of this subspecies were recorded for the first time on San Juan Island, Washington State, a short distance across Haro Strait from Victoria. Nothing has ever been recorded about this subspecies' larval foodplants. Elsewhere, the larvae of other subspecies of Euchloe ausonides feed primarily on rockcresses in the genus Arabis, a genus that occurs on Vancouver Island as well, where it is also a larval food source for the related species, Sara's Orangetip, Anthocharis sara Lucas. The Pacific Orangetip has a much wider altitudinal range on Vancouver Island than the Island Marble and is still found on steep hillsides. Because this butterfly disappeared from British Columbia before 1920, it is unlikely that the spread of introduced weed species and post World War I growth of the human population were factors in its extirpation. The most likely cause for its loss is the elimination of its larval foodplant in its low-lying, flat habitat by the intensive grazing of sheep and/or cattle. It is recommended that this undescribed subspecies of Euchloe ausonides be designated as Extirpated in British Columbia, and thus placed on the provincial Red List. The Behr's Hairstreak, Satyrium behrii (W.H. Edwards), occurs in Canada from the Penticton area south to Osoyoos. although it still occurs in scattered populations throughout its historic range, the only known strong population occurs on the east side of Osoyoos Lake in the Osoyoos Indian Reserve, a site that has been recently reduced in size by vineyard expansion and further threatened by other planned developments. Except for two small Ecological Reserves, a small area of the South Okanagan Wildlife Management Area, and a small area included in the Vaseux Bighorn National Wildlife Area, the British Columbia occurrences of the Behr's Hairstreak are not protected by provincial or federal Ecological Reserves or parks. The known larval host plant is antelope-brush, Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. In the United States there are several other insects that are known to feed only on antelope-brush. Most of these also occur in British Columbia and are as limited in their distribution in Canada as the Behr's Hairstreak. The Island Blue, Plebejus saepiolus insulanus Blackmore, a subspecies of the Greenish Blue, Plebejus saepiolus (Boisduval), occurred on Vancouver Island from Saratoga Beach near Campbell River south to Victoria. It has not been seen since 1979 and may be extinct. In the absence of an intensive survey for this subspecies, it should be considered historical and placed on the provincial Red List with a Conservation Data Centre rank of GH SH. Outside B.C., the larvae of other subspecies of Plebejus saepiolus feed on clover (Trifolium sp.). Urbanization, invasive introduced plants and/or control of forest fires may have greatly reduced the larval hostplant for the Island Blue. In British Columbia, the Taylor's checkerspot, Euphydryas editha taylori (W.H. Edwards), was historically known to occur on Hornby Island, near Mill Bay, at Bright Angel Provincial Park, and at various sites in and around Victoria. It is now found only on Hornby Island. In the United States it was found in the Willamette Valley of Oregon and in Washington near Tenino, at Fort Lewis, on various San Juan Islands, and at Dungeness National Wildlife Refuge near Sequim. Most of the Oregon and Washington populations are now extirpated or greatly reduced in size. Much of the habitat of the Taylor's Checkerspot (Garry oak meadows) has been alienated by urbanization and farming. It appears that introduced grasses and scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) have eliminated the adult nectar sources and larval foodplants in most remaining habitats. Euphydryas editha taylori should be considered globally endangered, and should remain on the British Columbia Red List with a rank of G5T1 S1.ez] Serviceg b b b; b b b bV b( b b* b. b7 b b bS b[ b\ bI b[ bb b" b$ bC b b b bi b> bF bB b bJ bO bj b b= bk b b b b b` b bl bl bl bl bl bl bl bl bl bl bl bl bl bl bl bl bl bl biarejaaoa&a#a"aaaaa=a&a)a/a7aFaLa;aGaHaQaYa[aga=aqaaaadaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa a aaaaaa7aa>aKa9a6aQaAaitional oak habitats (interface between moist coastal lowlands and hot, dry interior basins), and oak savanna. Each community has its own assemblage of mammals, birds, insects and microfauna. The current and historical distribution of Q. garryana are discussed. Threats to Oregon white oak including land conversion from oak communities to urban land, conversion of mixed stands to monocultures, uncontrolled firewood cutting, insects, disease, fire (hot, late summer fires), overgrazing, and lack of pu  Sander, I.L. 1977XRManager's handbook for oaks in the North Central states. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-GTR-37  St. Paul, MN ^WU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Stationo 35 p.oQuercus alba; Quercus spp.; eastern oaks; mixed stands; management; stand density; growth; fire; drought; diseases; insects; wildlife; soil; yield; reproduction; sprouting; site index; regeneration; thinning; silvicultural treatments; harvestPresents a key for choosing management options. Discusses silvicultural treatments to ensure reproduction and regulate stand density for efficient timber production. also discusses water, wildlife, esthetics, and their effects on timber production.rlettert ucanthemumaobalanusp p p p p p pcphyllau-us-t trichophora9s9s schnersFsFsFsFsFsstststststststststststststststststststststststsststststststststststststststsmine whether such fluvial events are associated with past seedling establishment within the forest. Natural and non-irrigated field-planted seedlings exhibited considerable water stress, little stem growth and leaf loss, while greenhouse potted and irrigated field-planted seedlings displayed limited water stress. Irrigated field-planted seedlings grew vigorously. Past seedling establishment within the forest showed a positive relationship with historical fluvial events. These studies suggest thaiversity; Washington; Oregon"Shaughnessy and O'Neil 2001*$Shaw, S.R. Marsh, P.M. Fortier, J.C. 1998Revision of North American Aleiodes Wesmael. Part 4: The albitibia Herrich-Schaeffer and praetor Reinhard species-groups (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) in the New World<6Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington<6Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 100 3 553-565 (!Quercus garryana; insects; OregoniShaw, et al. 1998 throughfKff%f"ff#f@f8f7fffffffff7fKfefffDfffffffff>f?fPfWfofffffnfalloout@ tc tZ t tR t t  t0 t tM t t t t  t t$ t tO t[ tl tA t t t t tn t6 tK t t t/ tG td t t t t t6 te t t t t t t t t t tM t t t t t t t  t t# t$ t t? tO tT t[ tl t tA t t t t t t t t t t tn t6 t tK tDtsQ66000]0C0q000C000000T1U5v77 700 0010090050d0!0$000v258U9888800000B0m001V125099X3:89197I2I2I2I2I2I2I2I2I2I2I2I209v25898888999900002255099222b22222c2 222222;4,44f4H4:8H87:79X7228222J2I2k tomentellaosalinsoni"ohikonsooBo?olDlcl'l:l}llllFlllKllllllhs sCsOsssss9ttGtttthe4edpKppaaTaaa#aaaaaa aamaanaaqaaaaa?angai?iicaGaaTaabalssXs.kkkkkkkkille a a a aly y y p p p p pey P r' r rf r rO r r9 r r r r s  s_ s s s9 s s pkpedssrrreyaY398Am0 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000(0,0/060@0C00 d Robertsl s ssJsIiKiLiGi\insMsNson[sonleur$c[c1ccccc|ccBccc$ccc[c%c1ccc%ccccBccc$cc1cccccckccctc0c1c2c6c8cc&cqcKc5cZcc6cressesLsy5y5y y d4 d d do dtd0dxd dkdrdd/d&ddd9dJd7d/ddeentsslsss?sslrYr-rTrrUrickguuuuCuehrigrigrigrigrigrigrigrigrigrigrigrigrigrrigPtreeshhhhhh3hLhzhzhzhkhkhkhkhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhterial McCreary number numerousOakOakOakOakOaksofof ofonOnePacific pathogen Phytophthora possibleposter problems Proceedings proceedings products propertiesPSWPurcell RR ramorumrelatedremovalRep reported Research resultS Service ShellySOD solution Southwest species Standiford Station succumbingSuddenSuddenSudden susceptible SymposiumTechthattototreesU URL Utilization utilizationwherewoodwood Woodlandswoodywould"Tyree?sonUUbbb_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ bbb b b` b b bl b bF bs b b&b-b&b_bbb\Researchs/eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e eo$yearlys s i i iihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihips. Treating developing inflorescence buds and flowers with isopentenyl adenine delayed early abscission. Removal of the leaf subtending an inflorescence a week before anthesis, and excision of the shoot meristem at anthesis, did not enhance acorn retention. It is concluded that expanding leaves favour acorn retention and that early abortion is not caused by competition for assimilates.ter loss when water was freely available--an attempt to simulate potential conditions. A plastic roof was constructed undeF and e e. e e e7 eI eI eI eI eI eYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYeYerFortfoundFraserfromG5T3 Gabriola garryanagenusHhabitatHarohas historicallyHopehoweverinIn Informationinsects Inventory isIsland isolatedititsJJuanknownLands larvaelarvalLewis LillooetList localitieslowerLucasMarblemeadows Ministry MissionmuchN2Nanaimonever nominatednotNothingoakoccursofof ofononly OrangetipOregonOregonotherpPacificParks PembertonplacedplantsPowell primarily prto photon flux density (PFD) distribution in an oak canopy. Leaf angle distribution deviated substantially from random and changed markedly throughout the canopy. The observed leaf angle distribution was described by an ellipsoidal function with the single parameter of the distribution, x, changing from 1.6 at the top of the canopy to 3.2 in the lowest branches. In vertically homogeneous canopies, the extinction coefficient for diffuse radiation is expected to decline with increasing leaf area index (LAI).rAnthropologicalyy# yK iiccipated eeauntrichia:onio7 ussyzz!zTzzz^zzzCz2zBzzzzzzAzqzizBzzzzzzBzz"zgziz&zzzzFzhzzzzz*zKzzzzzzzzzzzzWzmzzzingerp!parine;tpeseertureshs.xhhhelocomai iidoooooidae1soidae1s1sicalj jognomonialicationoicationohian s s s s s s s srtlrentllllllllllye  eCourdiersettttttXtlandtv variationstions,nasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasasaghaniensis, Fraxinus americana, Pinus strobus and Quercus rubra. The fern understory reduced light levels from 3.4% of full sun to 1.1% of full sun beneath its canopy. Fern cover decreased emergence of Quercus. Quercus suffered higher levels of seed predation under fern cover. The selectivity of the understory filter can influence the density and species composition of the seedling bank below its canopy and can determine patterns of seedling spatial distribution at the stand level.t affecting  s s s s# s s sfsiiii*i*iordedcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccw Northern Northernnotnumberoakoakoaksoaksofofofonoptionperpoor positive potentially production production productionpromotequalityQuercusranged recognized Releasingrubra sawtimberscarcesilviculturalsoundstandsstands successivethinned Thinning thinning Thinningtoto treatmentstreetrees unthinnedwaswerewhen wildlife wildlifeWilliamwithyearsyrwhen wildlife wildlifeWilliamwithyearsyriKiildGOregon''''' '''['7''''''''J'C'B'G''8''S'''''''G'G'G'G'G'G'G'G'7'7'7'7'7'7'7'7'7'7'7'7'7'7'7'7'7'7'7'7'7'7'7'7'oisIslandItJ JoannajumpingkilledknownLlarvamajormeadowMeadow mostmultiplicationnativenaturalnaturalnonNorthoakOakOak oakofofononlyorover oviposited parasitic parasitoid parasitoidsplant portions possiblepresent Preservation proceedings proceedings prominentQuercusQuercusRichard SmithSociety southernspecies stimulating stinging supportsthatThesetissue Vancouver Victoria waspwaspswaspswhenwhitewithincro x3x0"00@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0@0mmulaforforbsfoundfromG garryana garryanageneralGiven glaberrimusHaberhabitathabitathashave historic historicalIdahoif Illingworthimpactsinin in indicates individual InformationisIslandItitsJknowknownlack lanceolateleaveslikelylimitlimitedlobed location locationslowlandMmeadowmeadowsmeadowsMontanamostmuchnewnonNorth northeastern northern Northwestnowof ofoftenonON on ononeonlyOregonOtta"IQuercusi+i1i1i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?ilelongmademonthsmostlymustnewNononenotnumberoakoakofofofferedononoroverperiod permutaVareaaaaaaRa^abaUaaaaaaaaaaaaIaaaaaaaaaa&a'a a)aea/a3a8a9aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaLittle, E.L., Jr.A 197181Conifers and important hardwoods. Misc. Pub. 1146e"Atlas of United States trees Washington, DC 4.U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service1L 166WleQuercus garryana; range; distribution; Quercus spp.; Oregon; Washington; British Columbia; CaliforniaoPIThis book contains a map showing the range of Oregon white oak: Map 166Wnd acorn. Several other oak species are described as well.tonwhenerewhenwhetherwhitewhiteyrdiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^i_iZi<iAiaibiciXiaidiieifiBihiiiDiEiFimi@ifinioipiqiriitisiuiwixiyizi{i|iWiiii 8OxylemYY1Y#YYa'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''corn crops were obtained in years when a warm 10-day period occurred late in April, with average night temperature 55-60 degrees F, followed by cooler periods (45-50 degrees F) for 13-20 days early in May. During years when April remained cool and was follwed by warm days and nights in May, acorn production was poor. Wind, precipitation, relative humidity , and vapor pressure deficits did not signifcantly influence acorn yields. While some individual trees were inherently copious acorn producers, others AcommonllUl=lkllll`llllll6lllqllldlll[lfl|lllllllTlXl7lllyu ucuuXuu4uRuu uuuut t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t teight (dbh), and basal area for tree species. The intensity and duration of recent disturbance distinguished early seral stages which were characterized by a paucity of native shrub and herbaceous species and an abundance of annual invaders in the understory. The primary forces that influenced existing plant assemblages were fire and more recently agricultural practices, especially among grasslands and sahousesgingdwwa'aa!acaJafaaaaaaaIaaDaaaHaMaaSa\aVajaaUaaFaaamaaanaapaaadaaaaaaaaardeAeehnhnttt tl6Quercus9i:i<iMi@iAiDiEiciJiKiLiXiOiPiRiSiUiTiWiXiZi]i^i_ibidiifihirinipipipipipipipipipipipipipipipipipipipipipipipipipipipipiqiqi mycorrhizae narrative nitrogen nitrogennotnoted Nutrient nutrient nutrient nutrientsoakoakoakOaksoaks OBJECTIVEofof ofonotherPacific Paul phosphorusPlumb predict Proceedings proceedings proposedprovidePSWQQuercusQuercusR Range referenceRepresultsS seeService sitesSoil Southwest sppsqStation statusSTUDYSurvey SymposiumTableTechtheirtherebyTimothy totopU Utilizationvar Vegetationwith woodlands woodlands silvicsultural 3 mmply ulatorngleyQskiyouss tXte' \' s Osjuuuslawxteen y|ze *l ellabopewerlmlyp kump AMallnn nnagO239l@cialDGiumvS ftwoods /il s l s d d d dOwaterSlubletion is matic bric eo o &o|onerrrtIEund rceqth e beaste rly5nnnn5nnnly5nelHagel Harrington'shttpininclude includes individual information irrigation IrrigationItJ Landis LOCATIONmethodmix NationalNativenativeNC Nurseryoak OBJECTIVEof ofOFofficeonOregonP PacificPacificpages patternspdfplansplantplant Planting proceedings proceedings propagation pro$Qresultedgiiiiiiiiiing s smrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmrmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmsmPacific permanent Pillsburyplots Proceedings proceedingsprocessPSWQuercusQuercus Rangeland regeneration regenerationRep Research resultsRichard S seedlingsseriesService silviculturalsoils Southwest sproutingsprouts Standiford standsStation studySTUDYstumpstumpssuch SymposiumTechtermthinned thinning thinning thinningthisthreeto treatmentsU understory unthinned vegetationvolumevolume Woodlands woodlandsyearyieldyieldeadow dKhumanussGsssssssssPsHs sssOslsksssssss6ssossssssssKss3s?sPs]s7s!ssqsss+bb:bertooldtp iziiYihiiiidiiri iiii#itiesyfffifflff&fiedpQpopleusn4nn ndred6gLg\gkgkggggssgariannFters-sL ssingGsssssqsbandry zzarK yacinthinabridariiiiLiiizatione II If*'tellsmmdmxmperate} u u  u u up u up u7 u7 u7 u7 u7 u7 u7 u7 u7 u7 ure s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s5 s5 s5 s5 s5 s5 s5 s5 s5 s5 s5 s5 s5 s5 s o o o o o o o oOoral species are ranked with respect to 69 environmental factors, phenotypic characteristics, and physical parameters. These rankings, with the literature references from which they were derived, should be useful aids to species selection, management, and research in the Pacific Northwest.nrecoveryoor(rrrreation a} a a am aluuited@ m uK uK uXurrentyycledaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaorestsformosissimusformosissimusfromG garryana garryana glomeratagrasshabithabitatHabitat habitatshaveherbhundred Hypochaerisimpactsinin ininclude inhabitedisIslandislandsititsknownleaveslesslikelylonglotusLotusMmeadowsmeadows membranous menziesii monitored Monterey MountainsmultiNevadaNoNorthnotnoxiousnumberoccur odoratumof ofonON on ononlyopenOregonotherOttawa ppealike perennialpinkpf96363R3"3~3B3k3:3^57-0<00$0k0^03'30885H5j55 54555 5k5555J'5126079uIbIIkII-ATAQA1rargin7bandonebandonebandonetingi breviatedilllitiesyooooooooooooooofinaa>aaAaBaaaBaaaJajaaaaaUaVa=akaaaaaaaaaa`aaaalaaFamaaaaaaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxaxawood. Infection in leaves is via rain dispersed conidia and increases with time and rainfall. When spring rains stop in Oregon, infection levels do not increase. Endophyte distribution between leaves is aggregated, within leaves the endophyte infections are more frequent along the midrib versus the lamina and gradually decrease in frequency from the petiole end of the leaf towards the distal end of the leaf. Methods used to successfully grow trees with leaves free of endophytes and consequences ofhUwateree5e`ee eeKe@e eU ebebebebebebebebebebebebebebebebebebebebebebebekekekekekekekekekekekekekekekekekekekekekekekekekekekekeonaldii McCreary MiddlenativeOakOakoakOaksofof ofoldonon opportunityPacific pacificapartpigsplantplantposter presented Proceedings proceedingsprogram protectionPSWPurcell QuercusR ranching removingRep Research restoration restoration restorationS Santa seedlingService soil Southwest species Standiford Station Stratton survival SymposiumTechThisto tomentellatrialstrialsTwoU URLwide wildlife WoodlandsXyearsinfluxmooaitoni i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i idanoOakoakoakOaks occurredofofof ofonowned ownership ownershipPacific particularlypastPerhapsposter privately Proceedings proceedingsPSWPurcell R Rep Research ruralS sSaahService shiftSierraSierra significant Southwest Standiford Station such susceptible SymposiumTechthanthat thereforeThistimberto traditionaltrendtrueU URLuseuseuseusesvastWackerwellwhere Woodlands woodlands woodlandsyearsyears5 Departmentof os>ure5uperatumendeneePee_edncnce tt i iF i5 i@ iY io i& i iq iing s s& s5 sB s1 s s s ssiiictedgiihing lcletedliYiiion oU o o oGosite6edi ion6 sB s sn ssRpsRpQppongrredationB sB sB sB ssfssssssssssssrivativespRppongrrredations<ssion t` t  tthrrrr5rrrrss#sBssss ss0rr  rivativesedssss%Oregon'$'g'o'&'#'''' ''='@'8'G'q'''''''''''''' '''7'>'K'9'['e'f'W'''''''''''''J''C'?'G'7'''8''''Q'S'''j''''''''''sggggiingoahaanicsssZs"ssssQsss1ssGsPssssmsa z zU z z z z zT zzation'ssms za z zT zU z z z zzationsation  Peattie1953 Peck1961E Pedroni2002 Penny19995 Penny20004 Penny[n.d.] Perry1989E Perry1990! Perry1999J Peter2002#Phillips1995Phillips19977"Phillips2000 Phipps19944 Pickett1999$ Piekielek1975% Pigott1991' Pike1973& Pike1978 Pillsbury1984 Pillsbury1987( Pillsbury1991* Pillsbury1991 Pillsbury1997V Pillsbury2002o Pitkin20022 Pitt19999 Platz1972- Plucinski2001. Plumb1980 Plumb1981 Plumb1987 Pojar1980a Pojar1980b1 Pojar1991 Pojar1991a9 Pojar1991b94 Pojar1994m Pojar1996 Ponge2001 Popper19911} Powell197335 Pritchard19916 Provencher2001 Pullen19999Purcell2002bbm Qian19969 Quirk19847 Raabe1980 Radcliffe1998Radoglou2000 Radosevich1990 Raettig19959 Rajwar1999 Rambal19999L Rambal2001e Ramm19919 Ramm19969 Randall1996: Rapp1999 Rast1989 Raven1977> Rawat1998 Rawat1999 Redak2002 Reeb19989 Reed19839 Reed19871? Reed1987a Reed1987aZ Reed1987b Reese2002@ Regan2001A Reich1980S Reiner20021 Rennenberg20011(Research Branch2002eReynolds20020 Rice19899Richards20020B Rickard1975: Rico1999iC Riegel1992 Rieske2001D Rigg1913 Rigg1918 Righter1949 Ritchie1987 Ritchie1994[ Rizzo2002\ Rizzo2002^ Rizzo2002b Rizzo2002v Robberecht1996J Roberts1979K Roberts1982L Roberts1983G Roberts1984I Roberts1987M Robin2001NRobinson1937[ Robison19996 Rodgers2001O Rodrick1986P Roemer1972Q Roemer1990R Roemer1993U Rogers1979T Rogers1990 Rogers1998V Rogers1998W Rohlfs1999X Rohrig1991Y Roland1994Z Roland1995s Rolph1996[Romagosa1999\ Rose1998] Rossi1980_ Roth1902^ Roth1943` Rowlee1900a Roy1955b Rundel1980n Ryan1985m Ryan1993 Ryan1995a6 Ryan1995ac Ryan1995bl Ryan1995b7 Ryan1996a8 Ryan1996bk Ryan1996c Ryan1997 Ryan1999a Ryan1999bm Saah20020o Sackett1992p Saenz1983q Saenz1986r Sakai1973!Salstrom1989" Sampson1963Sandberg19909# Sander1977 Sands1992a Sands1992b: Santa Regina1999 Sargent2000$ Sauerwein1983C Saving2002w Sawyer1977q Sawyer1986E Scagel19899zScheffer1949xScheffer1959yScheffer1960{ Schettler1980 Schlarbaum1997 Schlesinger1973| Schlesinger1978n Schlesinger199797 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997hlesinger1997n Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlesinger1997 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte197397 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte197397 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973 Schlichte1973er19911 Popper19911} Powell19733 Powell197335 Pritchard19916 Provencher2001Z Pullen19999 Pullen19999 Purcell2001 Purcell2002G Qian19969m Qian19969{ Quirk1984 Quirk1984 Raabe19807 Raabe1980 Radcliffe1998Radoglou2000 Raettig19958 Raettig19959 Rajwar1999  Rambal19999L Rambal2001e Ramm19919 Ramm19919 Ramm19969 Ramm19969 Randall1996 Randall1996: Rapp1999 Rast1989; Rast1989< Raunkiaer1934 Raven1977= Raven1977> Rawat1998 Rawat1999 Redak2002_ Reeb19989Y Reed19839 Reed1987\ Reed19871[ Reed1987a? Reed1987aZ Reed1987b Reese2002 Reese2002 Regan2001@ Regan2001 Reich1980A Reich19801 Rennenberg20011 Rice19899 Rice19899Richards20020 Rickard1975B Rickard1975: Rico1999i Riegel1992C Riegel1992 Rieske2001 Rieske2001 Rigg1913D Rigg1913 Rigg1918E Rigg1918̔ Righter1949 Righter1949 Ritchie1987F Ritchie1987 Ritchie1994 Ritchie1994v Robberecht1996 Roberts1976H Roberts1976 Roberts1982 Roberts1983 Roberts1984G Roberts1984 Roberts1987I Roberts1987Robinson1937  Robison19996 Rodgers2001 Rodrick1986 Roemer1972 Roemer1993 Rogers1979 Rogers1990 Rogers1998 Rogers1998 Rohlfs1999 Rohrig1991 Roland1994 Roland1995y Rolph1996s Rolph1996 Romagosa1999  Rose1998  Rossi1980  Roth1902  Roth1943 Rowlee1900 Roy1955 Rundel1980 Ryan1985 Ryan1993 Ryan1995a Ryan1995a Ryan1995b Ryan1995b Ryan1996a Ryan1996b Ryan1996c Ryan1997 Ryan1999a Ryan1999b Sackett1992 Saenz1983 Saenz1986  Sakai1973!Salstrom1989" Sampson1963# Sander1977 Sands1992a Sands1992a Sands1992b Sands1992b: Santa Regina1999̘ Sargent2000$ Sauerwein1983% Sawyer1977 Sawyer1986E Scagel19899k Scagel19899&Scheffer1949'Scheffer1959(Scheffer1960) Schettler1980 Schlarbaum1997̧ Schlesinger1973 Schlesinger1973* Schlesinger1978H Schlesinger1997n Schlesinger1997 Schlichte1973`7989a800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000rows and adapts to its particular environment; it includes a 10-page illustrated key to tree identification. It also details each tree's significance in human history. Pages 175-180 describe the range, distribution, foliage, acorns, bark, height, and diameter of Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana). Utilization, mistletoe, silvics, tolerance, and prefered soils are also addressed.presented as preliminary tools to predict wildfire effects. The low level of mortality confirms the tolerance of bIndians]ccqcccateddd~ddPddZdod{dddMd@d~didAdBdkdddmddndd.dedFdYdd1dNdrdsdddd?dSddqdddd s s sA sE s sj sj sj sj sj sj sj sj sj sj sj sj sj sj sj sj sj sj ssss igraphspioneerpleurocarpous positively prunastriQuercusQuercusrelease released respondedsamplessection sectionsserialspeciesstaticStonestudied subaurifera Succession succession successionsulcata supportedtakentaxatimeto understand University upusingValleyValleyValleywaswerewesternwestern Willamette Willamette Willamettewithyearyears6RandVeYeWeXe9e_eZe<eaebeXeaeBeEeFemeoeqeeuevewexeNeye{eUeVeeeeeee\eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeentinin industry influenced interlinkage interviewsisK KnowledgeLL landlands landscapelargeleasedleast livestock livestocklostmay McCreary mechanismsmostNevadaoakOakoakoakOaksoaksofofof ofoftenonotherownedPacific permits permitteespopular privately Proceedings proceedingsPSWPurcell Quercus quittingR ranchersranches ranchingrange rangelandsreduced ReducingRep replacing Research S scaleService ServiceS(sitest!tEtUtTtstt}tt0t1tttRtttttItttet2tItRtXtotvtNtthttMt]tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttfore planting by targeting woody plants of dbh (diameter at breast height) 0.5-2 inches, (4) planting undercut and top-clipped seedlings undercut during their second year in the nursery and averaging at least 1/4-3/8 inches caliper 1 inch above the root collar, and (5) removing the shelterwood after 3 growing seasons.lturalsix Southern Southern SouthernspeciesSRSStation survivalTechTenthTenthTNtotreetree tulipiferaU URL virginianawalnutWaynewerewithwithoutyellowat ZA4d Schettler, S.Schettler, SuzanneSchlarbaum, Scott E.Schlesinger, R.C.Schlesinger, Richard C.Schlesinger, W.H.Schlesinger, William H.Schlichte, A. K.Schlichte, A.K. Schmidt, R.H.Schmidt, Robert H. Schmit, J.P.Schmit, John PaulSchnitzler, J. P.Schopmeyer, C. S.Schopmeyer, C.S.Schowalter, T. D.Schowalter, T.D.Schreiner, E.G.Schreiner, Edward G.Schuler, Thomas M.Schuller, ReidSchultz, R. C. Schultz, R.C.Schweitzer, Callie Jo Scoggin, S.Scott, L. M. (ed.) Scott, T.A. Scott, ThomasScott, Thomas A. Sedell, J.R.Sedell, James R. Senyk, J.P.Severson, K.E. Sexton, O. Sexton, Owen Shafer, J.A.Shafer, John Adolf Shane, J.B.Shane, John B. Sharik, T. L. Sharik, T.L. Sharma, Suman Sharp, W.M.Sharp, Ward M. Sharpe, G.W.Sharpe, Grant W.Sharpe, William E.Shaughnessy, M.M.Shaughnessy, Margaret M. Shaw, S. R. Shaw, S.R. Shelly, J.R.Shelly, John R. Shelton, M.G.Shelton, Michael GShelton, Michael G. Shepard, J.H.Shepherd, H. W.Shepherd, H.W. Shifley, S.R.Shifley, Stephen R. Shugart, H.H.Shugart, Herman H. Siddle, C. Siemann, EvanSilander, John A. Jr. Silen, R.R. Silen, Roy R.Silvertown, J.W.Silvertown, Jonathan W.Simmons, R. W. Singh, R. K.Skeen, John E. Skinner, H.T.Skinner, Henry T. Skoda, L.Slaughter, G. W.Slaughter, G.W.Slaughter, Garey W. Smiles, W.A.Smiles, Wayne A. Smith, B.G.Smith, Bradley G. Smith, C. H. Smith, C.C. Smith, C.H.Smith, Christopher C. Smith, D.R. Smith, D.W.Smith, David Wm.Smith, Dixie R.Smith, E. LinwoodSmith, H. Clay Smith, H.C. Smith, H.H.Smith, Harvey H. Smith, J. K. Smith, J.L.Smith, Jane KaplerSmith, Joanna L.Smith, Joanna LouiseSmith, John E.Smith, Kevin T. Smith, M.N.Smith, Michael N. Smith, R.L.Smith, Robert Leo Smith, W.P.Smith, Winston Paul Smouse, P. E. Snow, C.H.Snow, Charles Henry Society of American Foresters$Society, Columbia Gorge AudubonSolomon, J. D. Solomon, J.D.Sonderman, D.L.Sonderman, David L. Sork, V. L. Sork, V.L.Sork, Victoria L.Southworth, D.Spaulding, W. G. Spero, J. G. Spiecker, H. Spies, T.A.Spies, Thomas A.Spingarn, A.L.Spingarn, Arthur L.Sprague, F. LeRoy Sprague, F.L. Sprague, V.G.Sprague, Vance G. Spycher, G.Stace-Smith, R.Stace-Smith, Richard Stairs, G. R. Stairs, G.R.Stanback, M.T.Stanback, Mark T.Standiford, R. B.Standiford, R.B.0-Standiford, R.B.; McCreary, D.; Purcell, K.L.Standiford, R.D.Standiford, Richard B.Standiford, Richard D.Stanturf, John A.Stapanian, M.A.Stapanian, Martin A. Starrs, P. F. Starrs, P.F. Stein, W.I.Stein, William I. Steinhart, P.Steinhart, PeterSteinman, J.R.Steinman, James R. Stephens, B.Stephens, BettyStephens, George R. Stern, E.G.Stern, E.George Stern, G. E. Stern, M.A.Stern, Mark A.Stienecker, W.Stienecker, WalterStockman, J.L.Stockman, Jeffrey L. Stone, D.F.Stone, Daphne Fisher Storer, A. J. Storer, A.J.Storer, Andrew J.Stout, Benjamin B.Stoutamire, W.P.Stoutamire, Warren Petrie Stralberg, D. Strand, R. H. Strand, R.H. Stratton, L. Strong, H. Strong, Helen Stuart, J.D.Stuart, John, D.Sudworth, G.B.Sudworth, George B.*Muth, Gilbert Jerome 1976leThe taxonomic and floristic relationships of Quercus sadleriana R. Br. Campst. to other chestnut oaks0  Davis, CAe University of California 302 p.California; California oaks; Quercus sadleriana; Quercus garryana; Quercus garryana var. breweri; anatomy; flowering; foliage; taxonomy;During the latter part of the last century, a. group known as the chestnut oaks has been generally recognized but never formally defined. They typically have elliptic leaves rich dentate to shallowly-lobed margins showing regularly-spaced secondary veins running out through each tooth to the margin, very strongly resembling chestnut (Castanea) leaves. In addition, the members of this group are anomalously distributed with five members of the group in the summer-wet broadleaf deciduous forests of North America, another nine members in the summer-wet broadleaf deciduous forest of East Asia and Quercus sadleriana R. Br. Canpst. inhabiting the summer-dry evergreen conifer forests of the Klamath Mountains in western North America. Thus, the object of this study was to define the chestnut oaks formally, determine the relationships of Q.sadleriana to the other chestnut oak members and search for clues that would shed light on the anomalous distribution of Q. sadleriana. The chestnut oaks are defined as genus Quercus, subgenus Leucobalanus, subsection Diversipilosae, (1) Q. crisoula Blume, (2) Q. serrata Thunb., (3) Q. griffithii Hook. F. and Th., (4) Q. malacotricha A. Canus, (5) Q. aliena B1., (6) Q. mongolica Fischer, (7) Q. fabri Hance, (8) Q. liaotungensis Koidz.; subsection Sadleriana Trelease, (I) Q. sadleriana R. Br. Campst.; subsection Prinoideae Trelease, (1) Q. bicolor Willd., (2) Q. prinus L., (3)Q. muehlenbergii Eageln., (4) Q. montana Willd., (5) Q. prinoides Willd. A numerical taxonomic analysis was done on seven of the fourteen Species (Q. prinus, Q. montana, Q. muhlenbergii, Q. sadleriana, Q. aliena, Q. griffithii, Q. serrata), those most resembling Q. sadleriana in external leaf morphology. Tea population samples of approximately 25 individuals each was the field data goal for each of seven species studied with each population sample representing one OTU in each numerical taxonomic analysis. From the 57 population samples actually collected, 79 characters were identified but only 57 of these were practical for analysis, using the numerical taxonomic package prepared by W. Wayne Moss and L. Neil Bell of U.C. Berkeley. The analyzed data, though not conclusive, pointed toward Q. sadleriana resembling Q. serrata more than any other species. Floristic associates were collected with each population sample. When these were all compiled and compared at the genus level among the seven chestnut oak species studied, the data suggested that in terms of habitat and common floristic associates, Q. sadleriana more likely co-inhabited the same more broadly distributed ancestral broadleaf deciduous forest with Q. serrata than any of the other chestnut oak species. Quercus sadleriana and Q. serrata appear to be quite similar ecologically, with Q. sadleriana showing quite a range of physiological tolerance. From what Is known about the floristic history of temperate North America and Ease Asia from early Tertiary to present it is possible to connect the ancient forests of East Asia and western South America through Alaska suggesting that Q. sadleriana and Q. serrata were either contemporaries or shared a common ancestor. During the Miocene these connections were broken, and since that time many of the elements of this ancient forest began shrinking into "ecological pockets" provided by the diverse topography of the Klamath Ranges or became extinct. Thus, it appears that Q. sadleriana was able to adapt physiologically while others of its relatives were not and hence it is a relict endemic of the Klamath Ranges today. Page 149 states that Q. sadleriana and Q. garryana var. breweri occupy the same habitat in the Marble Mountains and the Trinity Alps. Quercus garryana var. breweri is dominant in the Marble mountains and subdominant in the Trinity Alps while Q. sadleriana is dominant in the Marble Mountains and Preston Peak. In Appendix A, Q. garryana and Quercus garryana var. breweri are listed as Q. sadleriana associates.Muth, Gilbert Jerome 1980b\Quercus sadleriana R. Br. Campst., its distribution, ecology and relationships to other oaks Plumb, Timothy R.~wProceedings of the Symposium on the Ecology, Management, and Utilization of California Oaks. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-44r  Berkeley, CA leU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment StationC 75-80 Quercus sadleriana; Quercus garryana var. breweri; Quercus spp.; range; silvics; taxonomy; distribution; California; California oaks; proceedingsQuercus sadleriana R. Br. Campst. is a relict endemic of the Klamath Ranges of northern California and southern Oregon that is a dominant member of the shrub layer of the more mesic forests as well as the more xeric Montane Scrub community of the middle to upper elevations. Its closest relatives are in the temperate deciduous forest of eastern North America and East Asia, giving it an anomalous distribution. Quercus sadleriana grows in soils with a ;wide range of pH and soil nutrients including low to high levels of magnesium, suggestion the possibility of serpentine races. The major form of reproduction appears to be vegetative by layering. Brewer's oak (Quercus garryana Dougl. var. breweri (Engelm. in Wats.) Jeps.) is dominant in the marble Mountains, and subdominant on Preston Peak and the Trinity Alps, while Quercus sadleriana is dominant in the Marble Mountains and Preston Peak, and totally absent in the Trinity Alps."Nardini, Andrea Pitt, Franco~Drought resistance of Quercus pubescens as a function of root hydraulic conductance, xylem embolism and hydraulic architectureNew Phytologistv 1999 143t485-493 NGQuercus pubescens; water relations; drought; roots; seedlings; anatomy;;ngWater relations, xylem embolism, root and shoot hydraulic conductance of both young plants in the field and potted seedlings of Quercus pubescens have been studied with the aim of investigating whether these variables may account for the well known adaptation of this oak species to arid habitats. Our data revealed that Q. pubescens is able to maintain high leaf relative water contents under water stress conditions. In fact, relative water contents measured in summer (July) did not differ from those recorded in April. This was apparently achieved by compensating water loss by an equal amount of water uptake.r& Nardini, Andrea Tyree, Melvin T.D=Root and shoot hydraulic conductance of seven Quercus speciest& Annales des Sciences Forestieres 199956371-377hLEQuercus alba; Quercus spp.; roots; foliage; water relations; drought;a,&The root (KR) and shoot (KS) hydraulic conductances of seven Quercus species, as well as the leaf blade hydraulic resistance (RLL), were measured in potted plants with the aim of understanding whether a relationship exists between the hydraulic architecture and the general ecological behaviour of different species of this genus. The KR values were scaled by dividing by root surface area (KRR) and by leaf surface area (KRL) and the KS values were scaled by dividing by leaf surface area (KSL). The likely drought-adapted species (Quercus suber, Q. pubescens, Q. petraea) showed lower KRL and KRR, lower KSL and higher RLL with respect to the known water-demanding species (Q. alba, Q. cerris, Q. robur, Q. rubra). The possible physiological and ecological significance of such differences are discussed.ndominantsssssss"ss&sLsYssfsDsssssss#sTssWsw tbtedlddddqddd7dddTd sV sy s s s s s s s sE sc sU sT ss s0 s1 sU s s8 s9 s? s2 s s s s s s9 sV s s6 sl s8 sk sp s} s s s s s s s s s sks s s& s s s s& s5 s7 sL sE sc sU sT sg sq ss s s s s0 s1 s sU s s s8 s9 s? sE s2 sK se spsk ikion n nnaAa< implicationsA y@ yr yVyingoVoort t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t tt e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ e\ enoMETHODSNoonoakOakoakoaks OBJECTIVEofof ofonOregonPacific Patricia patternsphase primarily Proceedings proceedingsPSWQQuercusR RandolphRange RangelandrelationshipsRep Research Richard S Service Southwest species Standiford Station StationSTUDY SymposiumTechtotreeU Umbellularia Universityvalleyvarious vegetation vegetation vegetativewaswhite wildlifeWilson wislizenii wislizeniiwith woodland woodland Woodlandstethanlp.pppp%pppipopjplp p"pp&p7p/p8p7pFpLpHp=ppppppppp ppp*pKp6pAp]phpppppppppppppppppppp5pJp!p-p6p>pliyalpppp%pppipopjplp p"pp&p7p/p8p7pFpLpHp=ppppppppp ppp*pKp6pAp]phppppppppppppppppppp>pliyal Thomasor p phpVpsonrFrgrrrwrnburghejoRoughlolysseu_u|uu1uuuuuuu2uOuauuuuHuMuuuuu[uVu^uunuru|uBuuukuuuluuunuuuBu"uoujulu&u7uuuuu*u7u6u[usuuuuuuuuJu7uuuuuquuu] uarsianumhttttttttttttssssandssands8s rdedlelelelelelelelelelekeneene e e# YoungbergersssXs!sstrrtbthpTrr)uOuu u"uuuuuuu^unuuuuJuuuuubaccakonZZ* Z Z ZZZfZ_anackoeevism%mmitELIG<rohh$hangr immermannnkerulQnonaaleFezexessss s#s0sRsFsyssss1ss[sVsssssss/s&sVsqsQs]s@ssssssssysyii8iiiziiiiijingumrawil ygophyllaceaetestesygotes&&&&&     ))\\\[[__**`sdddddd++ffh n n n. ? ? ?04445555 5 R R R 5 A"""%&77(7((([[[[8888^cc^bbbd f: 0 0 0 0 0;<<<<===>>^>>>???? bypGlWlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllawslelflBllawsupply HKimberlymeyTndbGbbFbbbbEbergiarKred*seyee&etingg7gh domsleydkedney9ikinnickrkbyll landeeyoiwoodtDtredgellallammmmmmmnnc2c2c2c2c2c2c2c2c2c2c2c2222222earlierssssssWstyywwwww[w wwwwwww-w@wAwLwRwTwrw~www ww$w&wGwwwUwwwww:wwwww4w^wyw~wwiww`wwmwwwmwwww wwiwlwwwwww7wKw6wwfwwwwwwwwww>wGwPw]woww8wwpwwoodt t t t6th''$''.'Y'sww wormy yywormy yysemmmFmentsjs i ierhly\t8t Wildlife v e ee ey l amettei  iiamneishilizenib iN t tchesh ]d d d ded HddId drawaleZin o oToolfmanodeellandss s^s p - p  p  p  ppeckers rkedn}Riting\UE X& explingiiylemGY FY takamarwood ear tll lingy y y Msttt l llowiield orkIung's]zygoteszygotesdrawaliin O oZolfodeedllandcArcsP  r y y  yz y y  y  yy rld} V\X  erophytic&yearss ssi i1itielde edo orkIuba]zygotes&agedddddd^dxdddd"drddddddd|ddUddd9ddddMdddd$d^ddddd$ddKd dedfdfdddddJdGdTdmdSddZdddddeeeeeeeeorthern red and northern pin oaks sprouted least frequently on lower slopes, whereas white oaks sprouted least frequently on midslope positions. White oak sprouting was also less frequent on southland west-facing slopes. Sprouting of white and northern pin oaks was weakly associated with site index. The sprouting of all species was related to tree age, but only white oak showed a consistent trend of decreased sprouting with increased tree age. An average of 134 esampledddddUdmdd5dFdddd d*dd^ddWddqddd ssssssss"s@sns}sssmssss5sqsss*sss6sCss^si i*iciiiiYii iJiriiiii iNi^iiiiSiii i ingssssesshss]s sss sNstsssss"sonuelndccDcV c c c czcccc;clccccFcFcFcFcFcFcydbbberges< Oecologia ccammleriarrstedlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlzlxlxl Standiford Station StationSTUDY SymposiumTechtotreeU Umbellularia Universityvalleyvarious vegetation vegetation vegetativewaswhite wildlifeWilson wislizenii wislizeniiwith woodland woodland Woodlandsn tha vegetablelh ih ih imioaP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aw ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap a ofOlympia onorderOregonoregoniPacific paired Peromyscusphysiographic population provincePugetPugetPugetQuercusQuercusR Research ReservationSS SsampledService shrewsiteSmallsmallsmallSorexspeciesStation structure structureStudy surveyedSuzannetotraptrappedTroughTrough Trowbridge's trowbrigiiU usingvagransvagrant vegetationvoleWA Washington WashingtonWewerewesternwhite wildlifeWilsonwithinzone7qualityDmmmmmmm)mZmmmmm5mCm~mim>mmnm$m7mmmmm6mmlmashnnnKnn ntified y y yByiBijiingFtative l l l lF l l6 l l lyiBii6iiesU y& y y^ yy$r_rrrBrrantines]terBllyn% nq n] nnaryssternary e8 e e e ee es+ternary, e e e e8 e+ e e+ e, e e- e e e e8 e e- e e e+ e eTebecrcusgAgar!roivusantinarcinauuuusH613T3P52596Q7 8 2>3333333 394Q4R588 99f30060?0Y00c00v00901Q357R7.942]2222c2h2h2h24783361111v119031Q353479S45G22d2]2220050"000d0024477888555:5B481 3/]climaticaaaaaaaa6aaaaaaYa7aaaaa-azaaaaa+a6aFamaaaaaa aaaaYa a7aaaTaaalallyo oologistsx0x1nnn2n6n8n n/nnPnnnnei< icopathologictonpped%ti%ingthochoreonalieessssedddZdydVddfdd5d}d~ld~lelelelelelelelelelelelelelrrrrrrru uubOOOO OOOOOtimes#iEiiiii8iBiGiMii;i@i[i~iiiii*iNi?iMiifingxmmmmmmmmmmonsoothy$n.n n n n n nW nh n n n n n n n n n7 nI nb n n{ n n= n n n n n? 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ttech'sh&hrth invadedsiong  estigatedK rrespectiveigatedn ion  s [ s sos zl %l l wll l ll l land'y'srozymesues sBttt t ae emss<e:4 elf V wateJX J .A AAny ysmimersonohninslly5sephinehua uurnal uwniperusvaderssiveg  estigatedforK rrespectiveigatedn ion  s[ sllP lolz l% l lw l landsyssuesd sBtte aahana erations<4:elf TO  VJ A AAns ysmimmyohninsnathane5sephinehua lin uurnal uanwniperusniperush1995 724 alcncestrali  rtificiallyGbeautyry carer@oloredcyclic Hderived iseased Elaborate(fastorestryT glaciationhebda iLexs nconsistent  TraspecificJuniper pLiveaDMcMinna nEcessarilyOakOffi ption Pacific lanner'suractices oductsn quaternaryo reintroducingussiana9silvicaln 1outherntated urveythemt  itratable_unitedvascularo Washington's ildlifeazygotesesaceaenandeee eee-eeee,e.e/e/e/e/e4 e4 e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:e:ePpinepinesPinusPinusPlainplots prescribed prescribed prescribedQuercusQuercusQuercusredreduced Research response resprouted resprouting rootstock rootstocksSseason seedling seedlings seedlings seedlingsShelton shortleaf simulated simulated southeastern southernspecies sproutingsprouts subjectedsummersummer Survival survival Survivalthreethroughtoto topkilledUUpperversuswerewhenwhitewinterwinterwithyearears` agrifoliaL l l le l l> lA lr lt ls l l l l l lw l l l l l lc ld lh l? l> l l l l l: l] lV l( l l[ l\ lU l` lL l le l lA ls l l l l oGo biossstisHFHlersmadrensiidsFsshs`shsskhkkensmeeeed snusvrraaaa0aaaZavaaaaaaaaabbbbEbEbEbEbEbjuscokaike keren@llbbbb8bbbb b bb*b2bEb Covariancetionsry,en,nnantsraaaaa<aMaLasaaaPaaaaIaaaYaXaUahaaaaaHaaaa"a4apaqaCaaOaaaalaaaaaaea#a@a5aLaqaaaaaaa aaaaEahafafaaaaa5aTaaaqaaaaagehss'smsnsnsnsnsNsN eRiRiRiRiRiRiRiRiRiiRiRiRiXingXsXsXssttttttttsingtonwxFunk'sifnelingGrnishiingsturer r ri r rtrowedstheriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiioingmore s s ss s s sscaureVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVVSGGGtureVVVVVVVVVgVhVVVVnVVVVVV(V?VWVeVVSGGGGGGGG G a aaiauaxa}aaaaa6 Odocoileus$ rB r r/ r/ rratumssllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllPuweavaNaaaaaaga;aaSaCa}aaBa=akaaaa`aalaFaaLaaaamaaaaaaaaaaaBa"aaoa"a5aaaaa*aaNa@atasaaa#aJa!a-a6aGaaaaxakeYeeTenedgTingsrlynnessesLlthrthereleseereee_eqeeeee"elereseecedic iB iG iQingee"elereee_eqereseecediG ic iB iQing'verob8eersilhabitatssOsnsosrsssssZss-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-ssPress{\b : }130 p.\par \tab This is one of the first comprehensive treatments of palynology in the Pacific Northwest. A very good discussion of methods, techniques and interpretation of pollen cores is given. Separate sections address postglacial forest succession in the Puget Sound region, Willamette Valley, eastern Washington, northern Washington and Idaho, and the Pacific coast. 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Limited data suggest that differential survival is maintained over time as overall survival declines. With few exceptions, the addition of screen protection to discourage predation significantly enhanced survival and growth. Shade provided by window screen cages is suspected of making an unmeasured positive contribution. 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" A InutsattttMta#aTaaaall'siin W Wa W WLWO Y" c c. cX cP cX c c cV c c c c c c c& c c c cW cX cw c ctaginaceaekwistmphssaOO'''''''''''BriencclockrMealy a aa"a"ajacentdjacentcentdjacentdjacentdjacentdjacentdjacentdjacentdjacentdjacentdjacentdjacentdjacentdjacentdjacentkkssssssssssssss!s!s!s!s!s!s!s!s!s!s!s*s*s*s*s*s*s*ss/s1s3s5s9s'woodeVeeeeeeeezeeieeee$e3eHeee[eeeeQee.ePeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee9edAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAArcArcArc F G H I K L M YN YO YP rQ rR rS rT rU rV rX rY rZ r[ p\ p] p^ p_ p` pa pb pc pd pe pf p premovalsssfsnss%s!s-s>sTsZsss=sUedddd>rr0r<rnrnrnrnrsrsoaooaodomooooooooooooooo HKan Siskiyous ttchensis'''''''''''''''''''6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''@'suercusR randomRangerareRep Research S selectedService Sierrasites southern Southwest Standiford Station summer swallows SymposiumTech TehachapithanthattreesU URLvalley variableswewerewidely wildlife Williamswith woodlands Woodlands woodlands woodlandsxhadgggg'g0g9ggOg<gvgNgggggMgg]gg g"gg5gKg^grgCg~ggggAgkgggglgmgggggggggggagggigogjg gggg)g@g8g;gVgYggggggggg gggEg6ggfgngggggggggggggJg!ggWgggg}gggarelUn ueirillrr7s6treakyUn ueililrrr7s6treak8ylllbertckechinataslus MC MMoclassy-graphyL+ogicall* l lY la la lc lc lc lc l l ll l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ll l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l lyo lyo lyo lyo lyo lyo& o& o& o& o& o& ossss :pz]js~sss6enclosedsloo]ompasse e eO eds s# sRuntered r ri r r# r rQ rragei i i iingroached|ing m}mentd dA d d d d d d? dZ d d} dcd_aaLaNaaaa[aAamaaaaa/aafaaaa>aMaaQangered e e e e e0 e1 e2 e4 e6 el e8 ek e e5 e/ e& e eK e9 e3 e5 e7 eZ e e eI e el ek e e e e6 e5 e e& e7 e e e  eK e e3 e e7 e e e e eemicssssssmos so eyx establishment: eM ek e e em eL e e e eK e e% e eF eq e e e e ee e e e e? eT e7 e8 e eZ eellah#heticsimateddd9dNd[ddFdddd dd<d s s s  s s s s$ sL s\ s s s5 s: s sB s s s s. sl sF sL s= s sN s sB sZ s s ss i i iZ i i i] i i i iF i i i  i i i i iing o  o ot o! o o o  ot oxExuuxu}uuuuuuuucccc8 architecturep t t[ t t t t t tpaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa with different-sized apertures, a mesh of 3.0 x 4.0 cm did not appreciably alter the rate of acorn disappearance compared with the uncovered controls: a mesh of 0.5 x 0.5 cm totally inhibted the disappearance of acorns. Five species of small mammal were live-trapped. Of these, Clethrionomys rufocanus, Apodemus argentius and A. speciosus are thought to be implicated in the disappearance of acorns. The rate of acorn disappearance seems to be directly related to total numbers of small mammals. Acorn}ResourccesJsss=sss3 s sssssPssusEssssssssissssmsssLsYs=ssssssssssss#s: p} p p p p ph p p p p? p? p? p? p@ p p p p p p p p p p p p p p pration o o o o o o o o o o o o o opwpectiFiiiFive l lyi i i i i i i ig i i i i i i iK i i i i i iirationf o o o o oonserlandobbb b} b= b bbbb6bbgbbObFbbmbbbbbbbbbbbbb#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#b#bnbirdsbirdsb#bnchbbbbbbbbb6bbbbbb?b]bbbnbirdsqcapefilliotcurtusvvesFs6ssss#s[sssshionCtomertstEoTooMoooo^ooiooooooooooooToooioversEs'tt?ttingsoss<ssssMssss^ssssos=sssssDss?s]ssssV{VVVFVyancittaaocitta pSphilicc ccleWs"ssnssssWssfsiiiuiiMii ica*afalnoooooooooooo opediadidaaetidael1991aa)aaa*aKa-aaab24a9adaaaAaOaa~aaacaaaCaoaaaat9t9t9t9t9t9t9t9t9t9t9t9t9t9t9?99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999898484999@99999)9n9t999 9+9.999!9g999999*99984icontinuedgddKddd]dZd!d s0 s8 s s s sk s sl sd s s s s|s i i<ingX t t@ t ttysousL l l ln l lj l| lB lL lyun u uoumoV oz o6ortaumu/uPuurc d s s s s ss ing ing o o o o o o o o o ourcz ractcingdiction s8rysssti5i~iii iCitiiMe edi ing ibuteibuuuuu@utei d9 d| d d d dZ d i s+ sY ss s s s sn i ing7 o o o o o o ong pgallsWsussssss-sssyssAsmss)ssssusssssssAsssm)sssssRmanbel''#'si#iiee#ee#e$ei/i i> iiiiiiAicoonr4neyp"A-A"Aperfi-iTsrnr%rrrbaye^elottob d[ d\ dodalien ssssbsnerernernernerrhhhwalL9LllicONnmanrrrrettypyiiq i il isisonyyyyyyyaaaaaa9 Dryopteris9 uuafalallboisccoussoe ff@ftffffffYfhfff(ff8fifAfff`fffcfdf"fif#fFfqfffff ffEfKf7f]fff3fffMfffffkffiieldmmmortiersannnnnnnnynnnnnn6ccanezeee}esg nnee e    e e| e% eq e e ed eeeeeeeeeeeee7 tte' iingssterrrZrabilityt tttaiwingN50000'00I0v0000;00V0(060l080k0r0~0O0k00L000000Q0000000000010K0005060T0W000j0E000080L0F0V00.00q010r0C0801F1567m10K0I0v00000;00050V0(060T0W060l080k0r0~000O0k0j00L000E00000q00.01080L0F0r0C0V0081F1567cm13Mn'''''o''c'e''''@'5'7'c'''''''*''K'['7'n'r't's'''''''''C'G'M'7''o'''''' '" ' '4 'M 'Z '] ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '= ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'Y 'W ' 'T 'o ' ' ''c'''''''*''K'['7' '" ' '4 'M 'Z '] ' ' ' ' ' 'W ' ' ' ' ' 'T 'o '= ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'Y ' ''2mU regenerated d d d d d d d d d i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i irrelate climate with the distribution of eight arboreal oaks in California including Quercus garryana. Based on this analysis, the authors concluded that the projected climate change, based on three general climate change models, will not significantly impact the distribution of the arboreal species of oaks in California. The genetic variation within each oak species would allow them to adjust to the projectedchanges in climatic conditions. dry root weight. 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y? y? y? y? y? y? y? y? y? ylllld y y y' yI y y y y? y] yEyuuuuguluuJu]sesWsual/du u.ulu llyuDutedamsams2TParaceddshheidsQkueOeedgingsOtOstssssddeoffsi iingmtionl allG l l lm lB l l l> lyi iilhhGhhjheadssnQnedinghttktTssmbmBmmKm@mmplediIing n nK n8nsajactions s c cendedrsJsJ eJ eJ eetsnnGnnsningttTtkssKmmmbmmplediIingK n n8nsa"actions f f5 fC f f f" f f f5 cC c8cendedeectssssJ f+fervrred i ing<sfmixed"tt[tVtt6t8tBtt tttttgt#t"ttdtttt7t>tetDtWtttttttttTtotwtttttturesssszunara<l1mmc333Lov343[3333&33 3L3volW]WD| N9 O O O# O O OttBttttt tttttttgt#t"ttdtturezssszunara1l<mmc333Lov3343[3333 3&3L3volW]WD| N9 O O O O# O Oi190I00`0ssss]ssu2i3_33y346P8969 9V1/1U10111~133D3/456677855555556777777777777777777777j9DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD3~33344/95/5567r7D8r8D88999>9.2>2.224d411'439H9T9'939H5T55679D9j3D(ClampittraTeeee emont. nnceifyiiiingzkssseeeeee&e eheUe$eeFeeeNefeeeeedss*iii#i&iiii$imiii7iNiAieifiziiwiiZiiicaa^alf fsssssssssssssssss}edy} y} y} y} y} y} y} y} y} yyy} y} yyss[ssewedu uH uQ uq us uw y y y y7 y y y* ysyting t{tterbucku{ uusene|eT" significantlyV s( sJ s[ sB sB s= sk s s s` sl sL s s sm s s s s sn s s s s s so s  s s" s& s8 s s s s sn ss s s s s s s s s s s! s- s6 sW s s s} s s sshlUlKlolandereen8hhouette s"iceousQts6s sB s= sk s s s` sl s s} sL s s s s sm s s s s sn s s s! s s s so s  s s" s& s8 s s s s sn sshlUlKlolandere8enhhouette s"iceoustQs6satUniteds3sVsssssss ss4sXskssssssssh s/s/s/s/s/sFsFv^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k7 balsamroot timoren n= n n7ndkAkkshs4srb9baraeNeeT e e;eBeLeecueourer5rrootknnnnnnnnnnnnnnn n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n&nesnesnesnesnesnesnesn&nesnesnesn'n1n n nPnWnn@nHnVnnnn1nn nPnZntnnnnnnnn n+n=n|nnnnnn&neses w359hmm6V60090^0000!00w0000000}0k00001<2J'25 456=6#8B9>7#700800)00000F00<00000c0112#44J679m9688V0V0V0033333333444411F11111<111112.244b75m5J67889m9Y88V8000l0C0e00'001%1335E56889t93:907W9199999l9919^9T9J'93ss2Q7F7777 7k77>77m388888~888c888888W8J'rdK4555'5 5A5k5c55I5a8X8e888b8f8'88B88$88n8633k3k3:3888888888888pApApApA666$6b6f66'666777/3333C3"363R3~333H3:5;57300<0;0 330 88pAA[foliarUkAkk)kkkkkpksllow_e?eegeeedi-iDiUiiai^iikii iiiFiiiiiiiiiiiing s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s sswwwww sb s so sl s/ sr s s s s s sI s s sC sK s6 sa sf sz s s sswww-w_wwwwwwedRndagv70000000"0&050900B0O0000m00000 0n000r0.0i0/0000 00^0000}0000-0B0P0W00Z000040_00000c00>000r0B0q000K00083F0060803V4X4Y56F6M8M10p030001'8E2M6Y7Z92 00030700000U0\00;1E1824U00;1E1824|6|7Z9 30 044`finerr"rrr;rQrrrrrQieeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee e eooo os)s)s)s)s)s)s)s)s)sL20L000000m00000000 0000000r000%00/0i0l00000F0L0Q0Y00d0000000 0000*00K0N0Q0e0f0f0n0z0000000000000000-00C0M0T0Z0W0o0000Q0Z00000_0T000'''s' ''''0F0L0Q0Y00d0000_0T000''''s' '''1Leachaaate&s&ediiingd&ddcdeUeme/eeriisssssfffaaaaaaaaaXaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaageslnlwllllletsletslbypVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVl oak habitats (interface between moist coastal lowlands and hot, dry interior basins), and oak savanna. Each community has its own assemblage of mammals, birds, insects and microfauna. The current and historical distribution of Q. garryana are discussed. Threats to Oregon white oak including land conversion from oak communities to urban land, conversion of mixed stands to monocultures, uncontrolled firewood cutting, insects, disease, fire (hot, late summer fires), overgrazing, and lack of p K footpathsCrintaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaapulus prefreezing PseudotsugaQuercusrangeranges referenceregimeregionsregions relatively resistance resistance resistedRockySakaiseveralsome Southeasternspeciessppsubsuch survived temperature temperaturestestedTheyThujatototreetreetrees tremuloidesTsugatwigsWeiserwereWesternwhichwhilewinterwithyearswithinFMnotOaYaaaBamaqaauavawaa\aaaahaaaEaaaaaaaa:aMaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaableama@afanapaqaraauavawa|aa\aaaaaaahaaaEaaaaaaaaaaaaa:aMaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaablechedang@MmanWaUaaaaagedmjmjmmentc c c c c c c c c c c c ce c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ce, J. R. and A. Mossadegh (1990). "Will climatic change affect our oak woodlands?" Fremontia 18(3): 55-57. The question of whether future climate change, characterized by a warming of the earth's atmosphere, will affect California's oak woodlands is a concern of many Californians. Change in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide has caused several climatologists to predict changes in the earth's climate. Various authorities have predicted a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentra] Municipall t t% t t$tum9zzzrrrphyrr}r r rills seum hhroomJs$st3tDtcttttt$tttt@titttt!tFtttttTttttttelhuualclocelialo rae N< N< N< N< Ntt$tttt t;t@tTttttttttelhhhhyyyyyuuualism stic l!lyxximizedyc7cGccccelialoologia r r rrrhizae e< e+ e~ e e e< e+ e e N< N Npwhiless'sCsIs<sussssEsHsss s*s9sAsOsVs8srsys}ssBskssslssmsspssKsssisssdsssssssssssssssssssssstlersnted on 18 trees. Acorn production started around 20 yr and plateaued around 80 yr. Trees with inverted vase-shaped crowns typical of dense forest stands produced fewer acorns than those with columnar- or mushroom-shaped crowns typical of more open areas. Open-grown trees growing in well-drained, loamy soils had the highest productivity within natural settings. Trees in urban parks with fertilization or irrigation also produced well. 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iKKKKKKKIK9KXKfKK\KKKKKKK-KTKWK7KkKKSK=KkKKKKKKKKK K&K7KBKKOClDaCamaaaborateb iine]pseds  sticities ynvwhoNllHlVlllmlBl8lFl6l]lllesdsss~ssssTsalesfsezyEyyyyqIEII Icc chmandeclll0lllll llHlClkllllllplllil8lllllTllllyr_rrrr#rDrWrr r rOrrrrrrfrrrrr_r`ss6sassVspreadt t t tg t& tL t t t tthss$surdeeeeeeIeeeeee$eernesse1J000[0*070h0z00G0j00M0P00y0k0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0z0actorsfirefireforestforestsformedfourfromfuel garryanaGroundhadhave Hessburg historicalhuman implicationsin influenceinsectinsects interior InteriorLand landscape landscapeslearnedlink literatureloading magnitude Management management ManagementmapsmaynativeNaturalNorth Northwest Northwest objectivesofofofoldeston opinionsorOregonototherOurPpaperpatch pathogenpattern patterns patterns photographs potential Intermountain n nA n n# nnal^tttthtionalod o+ ow o o o o o oh o o oode splantedyzretm aC a ationsssJssssqsss edi i i i i i iP i i ing v vc vesshipstupted ion sw sciencesciencesciencesciencesciencectedoaksofofoldononeotherpaperParkParkparks particular plantingQuercusreachremovedrockyscotchscrubbyseensincesizesoilssomespecies spreadingthattheirtheyThisthoughttimetipto treatmenttypeup Vancouver Victoria Victoria VictoriaWWarrenwaswerewhichwithyearsH aa]aa a5aUa[a a6aa9afaaa%aTaaRaTa~aaaa)aaaaaa]aa&aca}aa aoa@aaaa6aQanaaaaaZaaarstads\seob beckrbeckrssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssprayedingeadZiai\iiAi6iiiifiiii(ing s s ss3ingeeeeUeTeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee er  s s ss3ingee}eeeeeeeee%e/e@eUeTeoeeeeeeeee0eKeaeUeeeeeeeeeee4e#e6eKeWeXe7eeeekele er ySierraflnnmnnn=n5nAnn7nnnnggnnfaaBaliil l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l! lys! s! s! s! s! s! s! s#7MOYchmz"'-29BDNPw} gggNgRgigpgrggggggggggg&bothi7kFkqkkkkkkkkkkkk%k*k1kKk6k]k^kfkrkkkk~kkkkkkk#k-k?kMkTkPkWkmk7kkokkkSkkk}kkk kinrysLtleneckingoml lmljlllands  s> s s  s7 s0s7uAucekl- lderdndaaries yr yK yA y y7yjee7eedfytifulFrdockingoml lmljlllands  s> s s  s7 s0s7uAucekl- lderdndaaries yr y yK yA y7yjee7eedtytifulFrdoc Buckinghamc ll"nerwwheatd[bxbbbbbbbbbbbobb[bbbbb.bbbbreakxu_uuuuuuuuxurstdxd_dingUgetsPexee'e_eweeeeeeFeeeee[eeeeeePee'eweeeFeeeeoee[eeeeXeee elleDee'ewee ell@f;ffeeringsildingu7u=u"upllbkllllEll^l_ldl]eKeLeoeeee*eDee0 randomized6 lUlyggggggg"gedd"dd d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndndjayseeeeeeqean$ffffee ersonreynnnnn6nnkins,nifer+sYsZoKopardizey?ypsoVonrUr3rrArromerrrysssCs"spersenrmeigsawmm4ee e1 e eZeneznYrsonmrmyBristststststs4sensTrUrVrromerryssssssCs"spersent i" t rmeigsawmme2e3e4e e1 eeenezoZmrmyrBrinoanqnaiqquinhh5eehh'hfffflfLffreh hhannanessrsssts4sen0i northwestern o oa o o o o o o o o o o o o oonwwaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Inc.cluding conducting burns and controlling invasive plants), and protecting, restoring, and monitoring animals.s4.LOCATION OF FILES: Connie Harrington's officeely tended to become the dominant sprouts within a clump when 12-in. high stumps were left aBkOregon'$'z'~''''E'F''V''''f''''''' ' '''''''''6'5''c'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''D> C A A A" Ao AAA&A&A&A&A&A&A&A&A&A&A A B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B BB B B B Bauthor presents a plan to involve school children and adults of all ages in a cooperative effort to preserve, restore and expand the Garry oak ecosystems in British Columbia. She suggests having school children establish and maintain gardens where local seed or seedling stock could be nurtured and eventually transplanted into the community. She suggests elaborate education about the ecosystem. She suggests that students of all ages take part in this collaborative effort. For example, she suggests lusing^ntn!nRnTnfnsnn_nnnnPnnnn^nnnnenFnGnYnBnonnhnnn]ngnnnn5nUnCn}ninBnjnknnnlnnnnmnnnnnn%nnngnn[nnnn7nnEnNnAnrnnnn!n6nCnMnSnSnSnSnSnneasuu,TBaeeac<chingiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiind garryana garryana grasslands grasslandsgrowthhadhashighly hypothesizedIdaho importanceinininclude includinginitialintense invasiveisIslandItJamesKlargelyleastlesslevellittle LOCATIONlogs Lowlands maintenancemeansMimamixedmoreMoundsNativenativeNaturalNature Northwestnotnotednotesnoxiousnurseryoakoak obectives OBJECTIVE objectivesofonOregon outplantingPacificPatch perpetuationpineplants ponderosa prai3ofk5a;tYs=gqaadtoeieereoi  s,iaEvaA ]sf@nnrtrsizeWpsotrauuuueeettttverle%a!a>t?sGgTX]aoawtoejieereoi s iaEvaA ]sf@nnrtrsizeWpsotrauuuueeettttverl ch5 viability ln l l l" l l l lZ lUlebTbbMb\bkbybibAbmbbb7bb[burnumcariads g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g gA gA gA gA gA gggggpp"A$AAAABAEAFAJAUAVAeAfAmAsAyAAAAAAAAA6A5AAAAoAQAAA#AaAAA/AoAAAA=ALAYAcAAAAA>AKA9A6A7AeADAAA}AAAAAAAAA3AAA5AAAAPAWA7A!AA8AAAQASAZApA}AAA A4 A A A A A A A A Ao A AAAA AAAbAxAAAA^AbAUA#A0searcheeeds5s)ing;sville4shorekidekoonaadaaaa@acaUaba{aaaaaaa$a0aNaaaaaa7a@aAaLa[a^abaqa}aamaaaadaKa#a@aaaaaaaaa%aaaaaa#aa6aXa7aaaaaa aaliTiiiiTiiiLi<i iNiii#i/i@iii3ixityyelyeeQediQi s s s s s s s s stkt{ttft}ttBt[ttttttleeS e5$000(000o000+00000`0`0`0`0`0`0z0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0lockHenryhoweverinin influenced invadersisJournallimitedlocally lodgepoleLowlandLowland LowlandsmajormanymaximumMaymoistermoreNormalNorth northern NorthwestnotofofofotherothersPPacific palynology periodicpinepioneerpollenpollen portrayed postglacial postglacial prevented profilesPugetPugetPugetQuercusrapidly reachingregion regional regionally replacedreturnrevealScience sedimentaryseveralsilvics Pe^abaIaa5a@a~akaa6aaKaja#ahacaaa1aKaDaaaaa.aaa-aa]aaag g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g gGen germinationgoatsGTRhave hayfields implement implementedinIninclude includes involving irrigationIslandIslandK LL landscapelargerlong macdonaldii McCreary MiddlenativeOakOakoakOaksofof ofoldonon opportunityPacific pacificapartpigsplantplantposter presentedprimary Proceedings proceedingsprogram protectionPSWPurcell QuercusR ranching removingRep Research restoration restoration restorationS Santa saturatAtaxono`omics s s s s s sh s s ssts syo^oo+oMoooooo`ooooooooooQohocooooooohooMuscyylor''5'si6iii6ii5i6zzononicenananananananananan'd'''5'siiii5iBBBeeac<ching`mmc c crr8rfulnesscc=h}nn nnnnnnnnn#nJnnnnnnQn nqnZnnn$nnnn nnanv54000r000$0c0B0V001222I35*'59F50000000]0U00h0*00I011Z1K122o34466D60000000090k0 01K45L6672222222222Q22L33M3M0N133388888888888888888882Q22223M3?449M9?88`9}0(000000 082238.> Loftis" ggaaa~aa[a arithmicgged6ingWiii^iiiaiiiieiDii?iicaialisticssss~siiiiiisnnsssssssssssssssssssssssrsrsrsrsrs4 gg ggrw/wwwwwwwwwsssssss8shsosqssssssssss s%sAsssss ss"s(s8sTsVsks~sssssssrss434756B94.4111111W111111171b1{11111]1111111911d12C3566665Y55^0{0F00V000000N0v00050B0k00000000B0B001L1135R778<66000808080808080808080X07777777777777777777777000@0000080X0e1233 67T88 Quotation771992aa!a{aAaBaa)aaaaaab3a(a3aDanataaa+a-a9abaa aRa>aaaamaaaa a$a.aa"a)aa aama?aaa!a?a>aaaaaaaaaaaaaatatatatatatatatatatata666666655555555555555aabaaaaaaaaaaaaaLaL5NbN556 6"6%6J6s66652000abm*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2)2)2S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6(6(6(Danthonia californica) and Stipa sp., such as Lemmons needle grass (Stipa lemmonii), have ecological characteristics that suggest they are adapted to the disturbance regimes of fire and camas digging. These characteristics include dormancy, hygroscopic awns and self-pollinated cleistogenes.Piecingpoint pollinatedpreproceed Proceedings proceedingsEinclinedoudedddtdd_dddddbdddddEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdEdGdGsGsGsGsGsGsGsGsGsGsGsGsnfluenceinsectsinterdependencyisitJaredjay keystoneknownLlacklistedMmajor majoritymammalmammalsmanymayMichael migrationMore Morrisonmost mountainnestnestingnonnotoakoakoakoaksoaksofonorotherownpigeon predation PresentlyprimaryprovidequailquercusrareRecent regenerationrely reproductionscru* improvements%ing naaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaU&washhhhhhh hhh#h$h&h'h)heh+h/h0h8h9hhAhBhChGhLhOhYhZh<hahBhohhshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshshad a regime of less frequent (natural fire rotation = 149 years), predominantly stand-replacement fires. Fires created a complex mosaic of stands with variable date and severity of last burn. Fire-created forest patches originating in 1800-1900 are mostly less than 10 hectares. Since 1900, very little of the study areas burned, possibly because of fire suppression. Old-growth forest conditions have persisted on some sites through numerous fires and over many centuries.lands woodlands Woodpeckers1989E999999L9!999I9O9V9K9@99999900c00sssMsEs_ssss?sassQssssscsss@s7sgssfsssTssrsIssJslslsfsss16aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaNaNaNaNaNaNaNaNaNa2222-azaaa,aaGaaa!a1aBaaaa4a9acadaaaaAaOaaaa!a){NbedrockjomsLse2e5eecheeeeeeeeestesttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttlettttttltttttttttttmttt ttttt#tnttttttttttleh^regardeFeeedi iing lS lk l l l l l lesss s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p pD pD i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i p3 p p p p  p> p p p p p" pR pT pj p p p p p p p p p p p p9 p@ pS pV p[ p p p p p p3 pO p> p p" pD p( p p p p  p  p p* iK i] in ip i} i i i i i i i i i. Washington '4 '@ 'O 'c 'x ' 'e ' ' ' '% '$ ' ' ' 'e 'f ' '~ ' ' ' ' 'J '! ' ' ' '} ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '7 '2 'K '] ' 'svfbison/sellr%tee=terbrushtnutBvariateensjorgumsugstadl_ackUggggggg$gKggoggg6gOgrg{g~g_gUgggg6g gYg9gBgggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggumackrjackrum\jackuQ sburg kdeskkekel@lyn2n@n2nnchetXquetMe$smsXsMs stobasidaee<edsoe;MM+,<$WildlandsbsCsfiee6e6e6e6e6e6e6e6e6e6e6e6e6e6eeee ef e* e* e* e* e* e* e* e* e* e* e* e* e* eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeXfcyclical&ngnooooo&o:o@oooooo1onoooo&ooo1ono opediadWdialWl lindricalnapidiipadaeiidAaaaWaes s s s s s sA s s s s s sA s ssnnnae eeokodonulsurus p pC pZ pperaceaerNrilNrilis teeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeestorederrr]rUssyed:inggmm#msyuduuta4aVamirevesnraight&eoenedt6t=lbergo nndssRtaeeWeeKegies y y yP y y yO yj y y y y y y7 y y y*y)ieinioiiiiiPi^iAihiiHiSiiiUi=iiiiii ificationDesls y y yZ y y y yyeeeeeUeeiiAiiiiiii ificationDe{eedu  uK uumee8eamRscbbbbedsssiiii6ide:grazinge0eqeeleeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeemememememeeats(s(s(s(s(s(s(s(s(s(s(s(s(s(s(s(s(s(s(s(s(sdhighininindexits kelloggiiLleafleafleafless limitationslocallowerm2mmaturemaximumMaximummay moderate moisturemore Mountainsmuch nutritionalofofOregonOregonphotosynthesis potentialQuercusRrangedregions respiration restrictScienceScience significance Siskiyousoilstandssummer surfaces temperaturethanThereto VariationWWaringwestwesternwinterwithwestwesternwinterwithplantingsplants pr7 Publishers7 i4 ingDs_e{eeeeeeee eeee[ee>eeeeQe"eeeeTeeerrcusgget!lsllll8lOllllYlqlllllllllllllllllllludedinsectsiskeeplengthMmanualmanyNorthnumberoaksofof ofomittedOregon originalotherp particularlyplantprepresent productionQuercusRrange reasonable regeneration reproductionrootsS seedlingsemotaService shadeSilvicssilvicssoilSomespecies sproutingstumpsthanThisthosetimberTo topographyU URL utilizationvaluevar varietiesvariety Washington Washingtonwerewider wildlifewithwithinworkyieldft?woodlandsgAA@ASAIApAqA$AAVAAAFAAnAoA7ALAnAApAAAA AAAAA+A4A<ATAAGAsAA}AAAPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAArcArcArc pesSurfacesurfacethanthatThesetoTsugatypesusedusefulvalues Vancouver Vancouvervar variants vegetationwereWesternwhenwillXericzoneellwerewhichwhitewillwithwith woodlands woodlandsyearsYellowd undamaged e e e% eerbKbb%bbbbbbRbTbZb_bpb?bbbbbbUbbbbbob{bUbbbhbbbbbbb5b7b@bAbbmbbbbbbbbebHbQbb bb%b1bbfbtbbbTbPb!bbbQbbbbbbJburnedi ingcutttingd d development} estimatingnPgorner& r/rowthQlaidg!ying9 p pplanted i ing'sides7 s aaj ableijioS o\ o^ og oxood r r r r rl rJ rrey iesesT100Y0000 00@0R0S0^0000000&0/00090?0M0u0w000000000$0:0J0V00q0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0r0z0aintainedmaximum moisturemustoakoakoaksofonOR orOregonOregon OregonpPappercentperiodpreventpromote properties propertiesQuercusQuercusrangedreduce requiredRes Research secondsetstageState studysurface temperaturethatthickThistimetimesto University untiluse utilizationwetwhichwhitewhitewillwithwoodent has been the foremost factor in the decimation of the B.C. Garry oak habitat. Recommendations are made for conser&A parasitoidsZ s sA sY s cA c) ccelCsjimiCizationjsdosenchyma t t ttaa^aa aaaaaalhhhesesis'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''se'sel r6 r6 r6 r6 r6 r6 r6 r6 r6 r6 r6 r6 r6 r6 r6 r6 r6 r6 r6 r6 reee'e2eIeKe]e?ePeeeersslllllandssQssss1s3sOsttYt2t t t t* t r r r6 r19845566n66666<66O6Y66666<77O7q77>7e777S77K77O7A77@777777a-ahaaa\aaaaaIaIaIaIaIaIaaO9O9O9O9O9O9O9O9O9O9O9O9O9999999999999999999999999999F989<99997999L99E999T99!9999>9y99@92999O999>yoak'':'H''''']''g'''''''''''' ''"'''V'(''9':''A'S'['\'I'K'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'M'R'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'8'(''*'''-'.'''1'>'shoduringjsls s#ss/s5s7sssdsssssssssssss%s1s7sKs6ssszsssssssss%s!s?sMsWsXs7sssSsZssssssssskygwwVwarfeellinggindling y yMyerBraingok]kikkkaaaaaaaaarfrrrrrrnesssssss sfunction E EEa aaaHaMaWapaxaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa[handbdbbbAbbpbb_bkk3kFkkkTkkkkkBkookhhh#hhhBhhheldl[lesiingdeQeeeylleynaaaaa\aaaaaaRsenoooHooonuuspploidlynlynlynlynlynessnnessnnessnanpanpanpanoodwoodwoodwoodwoodwoodwoodwoodwoodwoodwoodyyyrHr_rrrrrrrHooooonuuusrr r!rrr p!p8ppenedy y r*rdiii7i inessx n.nessppan:woodyyyR northwest e e e e e eY ea ex e e e4 e e\ eV e e e e e e e e6 e e e e e e! eJ eK es e  e e9 ea e e e e e e' ec eH e e e e e e e e e e e e e eJ eC eB e e e< e] e7 e7 e7 e7 e7 e7 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ec eH e e e e e e e e e e e! e  e9 e e e e e' eB eJ' ea ern o! o- o oi o o oI ol oq o o o o! o- o o o oe<Wcoloring&urKffulOumbia''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' species, contributing factors to the decline of the species are discussed along with a description of the habitat they occupy. Quercus garryana is listed as habitat for the Lewis' woodpecker. The decline of Garry oak is given as one of the contributing factors to the disappearance of this bird from the Victoria area. southwestern o9 oC oT oorthwwedingyyymyy{y%y.yyy{y%yyybeanEpca^aaaAa a6aaaajacedddQddddNdjddd7dEddd drr^rNsciNiialngiGinnLnnlaa7aawayiqiGishsshssrhrrks=rowsell2lvllial`l`l`l`lllllllyulyuuldingDe6e7eccc5uOurll-lWl}lolyu/uldingitceisLDeakingc cDcVij iialii19567F7 77778:8m8 8998999x66666x6B66r6 0'y' '0'2'44455555555555555555555o555555555555555555I5I5I5I5I5I5I5I5I5I5I5I5I5I5I5I5I5[2L2j22 2223B33 333B3 33"4k444"44V6Y55I5f5=5~555k555V5Y55I5Zenteringsiprisesyhalpyicingcre>lll`l6llllljlllllllTlyttEttt7ttjtiesllled\oo omologicalsF s s s sty yZ y y rranceKsiesyyhy&yvv vionmentalrtanomentalOonmentaO a a a a a a a a aK aK aK aK aK aK aK aK a aK aaK aK aK aK aK aK aK aK aK aK aO aY a# alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp alp p p a  a$ ap alp p firstsosssssssss@sKsbsfssssssssss8sGsasNsssssssssssSs[s~ssBsBsksssssssssnss6sBsss%sis)s7sQssssssssssNs6sssss%sssssqsps ssss5chePrhhA hhhsBssksssspsqsssssss sssnsssss5chePrhhA hhh/e$e8k southernmostlandwardI sI sI sI sI s s c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> c> cerlaid ownershipPacific parcelparcelizationPlanpolicy potentialprescripZtrunkLeZe[eeemeeedsssss'snssVsfsmssfstssjsyingsonjsBs1NNaugaT6TmTrTTT^TCuuuan<bel nU n n n n n n n nn n n n n n n n nndraiiiibybybybybybybybybybybybybybybybybybralesculosis{sxxifaciens<ulesc`ctckerlulvlwlxlLltlulvlwlxliOlipifera w! n n  nU n nT n{ n n n nC nO n n n nndrai8iyisonryrQgrassee<eOe0e1eeee8e2eYeWe<eeeee4ee@e6ele8ekeqekeeleeeege#eeQeYeYee}eeeeeshhhEhEhEhEhEhEhEhEhEhEhEhEhEhEhEhEhEhEhEhEhEhEhEhhhorizon horizons humifiedIIIin included influenceintoisIslandKlocatedmanymatterMediterranean menziesiiMineralMineralogicalmore MorphologyMostNaturalnearly northernoak occurringoccursofof ofononeorganicOrganopaper parklandpartper PhysicalPodzol Properties PsuedotsugaQuercusQuercusresults scatteredsecond separated separatesSevensiltsimilarsitessoilSoilsoiMdowneeenee8ee.ee edr5r7r>r fallenhilleslope wwardz.zLzen raaa0aft1g4gg5gg3g5ggg3g?gmgginginage#eekee$e8e!ediii$iJi9ingmaticmaaallyii il ig i istically wBwingsznebenchssseedwwxxhageDiedr2rirrrrRrrRsRsRsRsRs/stnstnmnmnwateredmuuughtyyyyyr8rRvtOtyttschilovingo'opp~pedu2uughtyy yvyy-y]y81075O82'22r2:2U226C9u555555*5557.eX71S0900Q000*00L0x00*00|000W000R00#0000>0m000r000*00}0000J0001111111111144555555555555555555550Z002N1\11111111N1D2$224b3x4444g483t3U3g3x45h Unsupervisedthinned) iV i( i i* iT iilrrAr~rrr0rCrvrrrmrrrBrrFrrrKr@rXr]rZrrrreatedu u u u u uusualllyw6 wkwateredp?d>dddd$d9dBdRdvd{d&dd[dLd^dBdjdddVddmddd ddpdddgdddgdgdgdgdgdgdgdgdgdgdgdgdgdgdgdgdgdgdgdgddatedddddiiiningeavalnheavalnand6s6s>ss>sperr'rr r r r  Southernmjm smostwwards eest  w I o o! e+ ernparseD ecializedties es ff =f'f ff [f fuf m f Bfff ficmenoradic ee ulatingts pJting >p r r <rayingout ging G qquare%xin tagesiUine =kingtBminate  n/nda a aardsize]sKiford p ngiess7r p p pp<plerrsted mte'sndynynlynlyntstsspA r rJrawlingoutedingg squirrel%R tagemminateaUn= dBa ai ifordspoint] s sKr rror r<rtingves tesm sw decompositionrativereasedPddhdjdmdddpdYdddKddd6d?dMddd rA rc r r r r rU r' r8 rC r r r r r r r r@ rB rj rm r r r r rj r r[ r= r r r r r r r6 ro r r r  rr ss{ ih im i iY i i9 i i6 iing i iz i id iK u7 u uurrensd ddicatedj eemedpcpfffNff-f/f7fgf{f~fffff$f9'g''''''N'['$'sfgfecation st;s;ss|limingttttt0aaFaaaaaaaa"a@aKaQaa`ation s sQ e e e e e e e#edi!i0ibiiiiiIiYiii"i$ilikimiii6iiiKii"ii&iFi[ii7iKiAiiii%i#imiiiiQiLingscslsksssLs%s&ssKsTs7ss(nInn^nknnCnnnn&nn/nanthes/ nnccocidda7e7ersrengrenamamamamamakllyddguistickn connected n7 n nm nessioicut/onsm s vCvityrriieooqoofoolorsFsciousequences s t t tly7 r rrvancy' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'f 'f 'f 'f 'ly7 r rrvancyt ' ' '% 'q ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'S 'j 'k '+ 'I ' 'f 'p present_aaaaaaIaa a$a9a?aRayaaaaaa"a&a1aa`akaqaaaVaaaamaaaaaaaaaaa$a"aiaaaFaYaqaaaaaaaaa a,a7aKa9aQaeazaaaaaaaaa?amaoaaZaaaaation sh s e-edi* i< i i i i iR i i i i i i i i i i i# i- i) i* i= i< iL iB ih id i i i i i i iR i iingsefQuercusfiDi@iniritisizi|iWiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii}i~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.iiiiiiiiiiiii3i overwhelmed inglyinterW i ing i- iCinaWpositediZ i)inguleaswenlll5nn5nQnxbbb7bbbbbeyRedrjrrmrrGrmsGshmhhhipm sL s< s s s s s s s s sR s$oundizarksss9sa7a7a7anllllnn nn7bxbbb3bbbbey=eedrrrrshLhip x x> x< x xb x x< xford o oa onyydendrum#genyez<z`aarks9s\P~PPeaaa a*a7a probability= l lF lN l l lUleiiiViiiyyeee3e{eeeleeegee7eeeee%e!eeeeVe^slem>aaUaTaa<aaaaaaaaeeeeedi.ingsd. d. d. d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d diiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiingsd d d dJ d  d d dI d dHenrypp;p3pting^rrbaaa4a6alakaaYaaea5a7aaaceousg g g g g g0 g? gC g gR gk gp g g gm g g g g g g. g ge g g g g g0geruriumtertmicide s' sm s s s6 s sb s? vm v v v v v6 v v? v v vvores s sI s s s s o o o oous@y s s@ s sk sk sk sk sk sk sk sk ssdttoforei itage m[man nn4nn4nnandezi i p1 pB p p p p4 pDpetologyi5 iD z warranted= eenhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhburnhhhburnsingon distances t tFtlyi iillednctiiqiiiiiiKiWiZiiizion s$ s sg g g g gg g gguishrtedion r i i9 i9 i9 i9 iD ion c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c= ion u u u u u uc u u u u u u  u- u u u u u u u u u7 uI cK cv cx c} c c c c c c c c c c c c c4MLoustauvatoseless inge}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}ee}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}e}eerire. Height growth of new shoots from completely topkilled saplings was highest in the first year after the fire, but declined in succeeding years. High levels of vole damage in resprouted topk.mbusinessemestqtc6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6cc6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6c6cgroves habitatsHere historichistoryinin individualintoisItjuniper latitudelinear livestockMmappedNnearnorthoakoak occupiesofofonOR orderOregonOregonOregonppassespath patternspine ponderosa populationportion Portland Portland precipitationprecipitation predation proceededQQuercusQuercusQuercusRrangeRangeratiosreconnaissance reproductionringsRiverrunSs sagebrush seedlingSierra simplifiedsouthMcCrearyniQ i ic iT i iG i i? i> i_ i i iP i iR i^ ib iU iI iD ie i iY iZ iX ia i iN ih iE i i: iH iM i] ig i; iV iS i[ i\ iC ii iB i iO ij i i= ik i i i i` il iF iL i im i in i iK id i iA if i@ i i iimmon uullochDDonalduuuuuuHuuugald G G GGeeiiiii> i" iinniesr raw. KX K K K KZKayqennaiLainiughlineanMinnPP1P2Phees.4UseedBdd;dddddIdId]d]d]d]d]d]d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{d{ddofof ofOliver onorOregonOregonPacificPacificpealedpineplant ponderosa Proceedings proceedings productivityQuercusrangingreReid Resources rolesseaSeattle silviculturalsites southern southwestern succession successional Symposiumtakestendsto treatmentsTruetwo underburning University WA Washington Washington Washingtonwerewesternwherewhitewithyear Al2O2ani]rming kskab$bbannnn in n nyiien aIs!s son ve l lii yisoOows~ phabeticallym ine!s ready<ssot tt"ternateiveso Hmbrosiaenityrica3nna*as %ongmphibianseJnaerobic7logysismtomical yycestorl8rralalyyyyentrientrientrentr/////uminumcH mericans3ss*ountnmnalysesJismtomicald'sss3t9ttt tt tettt8 tX t ttt tt'ttEttjtttC t t tOtt/t/t:OYakimadnnnfeirrwood'''('('(''('('('('|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'|'}'sy'sy understoryValleyValleyValley vegetationwaswerewesternwhere Willamette Willamette Willamettewithnutrientss#ssnssss t  t tE tc tf t t t t t  t& t: t@ tb t~ t t t t t t t# t t t t t1 tn tz t t tB t t t tE tc tf t t t t/ t t tn t t t t ttiona aT a alvu v v v$ vA vy v v" v= v v/ v v vu v v v" v~ v v/ vyves t tE tc tf t/ t tn t t t t tTtiona a a" alv= v v v v/ vu v v v$ vA vy v v" v~ v v vu v v vyvesstttt~1288B89'6i6z6666V66300000L0 08000000}0008090a0000c000f0000000007B777771222~222V22V3133339!994i5556$6*66777aaa4C55i55566$6*6677<777777w78V8:9(2d20K010]00w266f94(4"4 444a44$ag ecosystem a a? a( a a( a a a aZ a a a a a aa ab a a a a a a a a  a a a a7 a a a a* a aK a a a a( aW a aF atics) s t t t* t t) t t t t t t t t t t( t t t t& t& tobed locationMmeadowsMontanamostnonNorth northeastern northern Northwestof ofoftenonON on oneonlyOregonOttawa pPacificplant plantain protectionQuercusR Ranunculus Ranunculus recentlyreport respectivelysimple southeast southeastern southwardstatureStatusStatus stoloniferoustallthatthroughtiptotoothed understory Vancouvervarvar varieties verifiedW Washingtonwaterwestern Wildlife withyellowh*Ecologynnnn'n_nunynnnnnn7n:nVnnYnbnnrnnnn=nnnnnnnnnDnnn{nn%ncnnnnFnqnnnnnnn%n*nhnnnrnznnnnnn6n]nonnnnnnnnnn nnn:nn+nn*n)nnnnnnn nnYnanFnmnnnnnnnnch restoration restorationS Service sixteen Southwest Standiford Station such SymposiumTechtheirThisthosetoU URLusedusing variablesWwere WoodlandswouldS5seedskkkkk>kkk@kkkkkkklkkkkmkk kkBkkkikk=k7kkkkk.k-kTk7kkkings|smeeeeieeKee7eedi"inglysTnnnnHn=nhnnnn6pp&p;pfppWppZp0p[a$age/i]ingkkkings|smeeieeKeeee7eedi"inglys=nHnTnnnhnnnnn&p;pfppWpp6pZpp0p[a$age/i]ing]s5y/ygmentih*'03578b45~55b6B666[6~66666 7 5 59000000000Y0Y0Y0N0N0N0N0N0N0N0N0N0N0N0N0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R0R00[0M000?0M00Q00Y0Z0P00*0D0]0e000000000#0+0N0O0R0]0`0t0000000000 0R0map#lessTsss#sossss[sssgss7ssss ssQssLpedrhrBrrqrfrrrrPrhiBingsfsRssPsesashssgsssmssFssfsWssLssPsashsgssfssatum and Quercus gambelii, two dominant trees of this region. Hydrogen isotope ratios values of xylem sap of both species matched winter precipitation input values throughout most of the summer, indicating a reliance on deep-soil moisture sources throughout the growing season. Mature Q. gambelii did not take up summer precipitation, whereas A. grandidentatum responded slightly to the largest summer rain event. Small trees of both species, particularly A. grandidentatum showed a li  efficiently!ortcs_ssbshsHslsssosBsssosssQgRgGgghgggHgSgCggngggg*gfgg]gggg4ss3ssAlZlWl6lin# hleringerrhiiighteeOe?eeeeMeeeeAeeeeeeeeeeeeeenh regeneration regeneration regenerationremoteremoval required restoration Restorationrestoreresultsensingsoilsoilstepstreamsubjectsuchsurveys susceptibleSystem Thereforethesethis thoroughtotreeunderstanding Universityusing vegetation watershed watershed watershedswere wislizenii woodland woodlands woodlandswoodyneedles stingutralvada Zi  ertheless}wAxteinetypRSystemse |trogen o buyukinndormantnthinningrmally theLeaste ) ern!rlyAnw weste eQ ee ern o F o j t t aEaPe .eeeedwwR  ucleotidesl llmbere eerousxrturedo thatchesrienttivesYssa+O O'clockN[Neil aa kvll Sl l llddG' ' ''' ''n'' ' ' d dr ' ' '7' ' ' ''2'g l ' '' q ::s sssssgf0fbff:ff*weree11711E1N19161A1[1]1^1e11h1f1f1@1n1t1s1z111111111111111111111.1111111111J1!1-161>1C1?1B1M1Z1W171!1o11111sQ1S1111111111111 11115ssleyemaelt1111111111111.1111111111J1!1-161>1C1?115ssleyemaelthhFrbypslul}lxl~llllllll_ll0l1lllllllllllllllRl^lbllUlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMI Michigan Michigan mixed northernNorwayOakoakoaksoaks occurrenceofofonoriginppineplantplantQuercusranrangeranges referred relationreport reproduction resulted scatteredscrub seedlingsshadesilviculturalsitesitessizesslashsmallsoilsoilsSpecspeciessprout sproutingstandsStation stocking successionthattheirThis throughtto treatmentstreestypesvariousvaryingvolumeswellwhitewithwithinyears'X Associations= T T T T T T" T# TM T_ Tn Ts T| T} Tz T T T0 T1 T T T* T) T  T T- T T T? TA T' TI TX Ti Tx Ty T T T T T T T T4 T T T TR T T6 Tl T8 Tk T T T T TV T T T T T T T T Tc T T$ Tg T/ Tc T T T T T> TK T9 TD Tz T| T T T TT TP T7 T T T8 T T T T T" Ts T| T T T T' Ty T] T T T T T T T T T T T TCTABmediiingumediiingpW1574O8'22e229666p66676 00\0000[00000v0000D00~0000 080v000]050J0^00l00000/0 0010000L000000,0'000000n0r000003~1222"23331117s7s7s7s8s8s8G8G8G8G8G8G8G8G8G8G8G8n4411465<506,W<WnWWWkW077M7G8 responsiblei r rj r# r re r rq rrouteeeeedib i ibing s s ss t i% i% iR iR iR iR i i i i ii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ii@ i@ i@ i@ i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iiGonc=cdcccccAcfc@cncrcccccccc?c]cccccc0 c1 c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^cvasioninvestigationL landscape landscapelatemammalsmethodsmidmixedNativenative nineteenthoakoakofofonOR Oregon OregonOregonp particularPeavyPeavypeopleperiod personnelprairie prehistoric prescribedQuercus savannah savannas settlerssmallsourcesourcesstandsState studentStudiesstudysurfacethatthesisThistotransformation twentieth University usedValleyValleyValley wildlife Willamette Willamette Willamettehli communities t t  t7 t> tK t9 tQ te tf tD tz tW t t t t} t t t t t t tC t( tT tP t7 t! tw t t8 t t tZ t tj t tq tp t} t t t t t t t t" t t t t# tO ts t} t? t t t t t te t- t? t2 tR tY tm t t t t4 t& t tI tO tR t t} t t t t t t tC t( tT t t t t t t t" t t t t# tO ts t} t? t t t t t te t- t? t2 tR tY tm t t t t4 t& t tI tO tR tes}surveysiieiGimihiciiiiiiFiiriti!i@ivalebebeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeqeqeqeqeqeqeqeqeqeqeqeqeqe americana, Pinus strobus and Quercus rubra. The fern understory reduced light levels from 3.4% of full sun to 1.1% of full sun beneath its canopy. Fern cover decreased emergence of Quercus. Quercus suffered higher levels of seed predation under fern cover. The selectivity of the understory filter can influence the density and species composition of the seedling bank below its canopy and can determine patterns of seedling spatial distribution at the stand level..1% of full sun beneatp Willamette$ d dH d df d d  d d6 d5 d d$ d& d# d7 d@ d8 dG d d d d d d d  d d d dG dS d d dq dp d d d d d# d9 dK d~ d d d d  d d d9 dG dW dx d d' d$ d d d  d d6 d5 d d$ d& d# d7 d@ d8 dG dY d d d d d d  d d dG dS d d dq dp d d dde$emeiamiamiam d d d d d dde$emeGettei)iam*sWsnstsssusMssssss$snsOssssssst* vulcanismkgarebZisn t t t t t t t ttturesen3A3A3A3A3A3A3A3A3A3A3AA3A3A3A3AoAoAoAoAoAoAoAoAoAoAoApApApApApApApApApApApApApApApApApApApApApAApApAiated with the rocky barren dry areas was different from the large oaks to be seen on the better soils, but this has been disproven. It has been estimated that some of the oaks, which had to be removed due to their dangerous condition were up to 400 years old. The Garry oaks, in particular give the Park a character which distinguishes it from other large and beautiful parks in the northwest.pecies.11p1q111111111ng<;easterlyZnsss~sss s!s s*srsssssssssssss s s)sCs9ssssss"s^s`s}ssss>sBsssmsssss sssss#sisossssssDssssssss(sZsssZsos{ssssssOs6s8srsss>sVsssssssss6sssssssssssssssssssssssrsidewoodt8awayleaemeeBeBeBezellnslaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ainvaded}rqrsssi!i@ingll]llBluabler9riablytsibilityonvvvvvv'v?vGvYvXvvvVvvvvvvvvgvvv v]vfvv~vvv?v]v!vZvvqv}vvvvsv'v?vXvv}v}v}v}v}v}v}v}vvesvesYsYssYsYsYsYsXsR sR sR sseeeessBsssesssTentoried sC y y yy r r r r r r r* r r* r s s s6 s sI s sf sg s s s s s&feaaturesdnneli- rtilizationerIberse eldghting urest lbertnaleKrishley"r Ke egw. s ns Wss stsshmLagrantoraw eringocusedsg +liariIloweds odpthillsss pathsOrint rTc 2b b Ubb b b\b b Ubb bbscedecast ro Tst rl'i e  e e  e4 ee e eeerssrysX sksmkmkmkmmmmmkmkmmkmmepeee3eestmmm r r ra r. r rTr\rr=rrysssXmkmationiPfoodppppppnpp6ppp@p7pppp pppTpppppplant6 s s6 s5 s$s@t$tt@t7t|tttuffs0t erZbZbZbZbZb\b\b\b\b\b\b\b\bbbbbbbbbbbblrrsCs ssssss5ss0s?sCs]ssss r r r r r r r r p8 p p p p pG p p p pIpathsK rrintsr=e]eebbbbbbbbbb$bZb\b^bsb{bbordereeeBeaeQe[eee*e9efeeeSeeeeedsCsPsmsiinancesE sD tC tqtt t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t     a }   asaaaaa aaaaaaa!anaaaa6a5aacapaaaBaaraaaaa%aagaiaoaaoaa&aaaaaa=a7a/a@a8a5a7aFa;aGaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaK1996bkc7,aaaaaaaaa'a)aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaadadadaaaaaf2f2f2f2f2f2f2f2f2f2f2f2f2f2f2f2f2f2f2r9991949_999a aaaaaaa+a5a@aTaaaaaaaaGaNaPaaaa>aSaVa\aaaaaa9b99  r2u222#2*2Z2b2f2i morphologys tc t^ t t t t t tc t t t9 t t" t t t t t ti tQ t t t tctypes s  r rc r rriso oont t4t6tt5t7tt t<alityT o> o o oI o' o oa oo oh o o] o@ o oU o o o o` oL o o% o o# o o o% o o oM o< oT o o o o o o' o oo ov o oh oM o] o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oonsonsttttttttttttlllll100000000#0@0c0K0~0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L0000000m0000000 00 00000000000000000#0%0&0=0L0@0B0c0F0H0K0i0l0/0~000d000000tres6 ofk c c c c c c c c c c c c cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccParea'"'L'Q'e'W'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''0's''''m'''''''''' '''"'#''''''' ''''''' '#')'='<'L'@'E'F'L'Q'V'_'d'i'/'q'x'0'srkerandeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenative American Indians in the region. Autumn fires in the valleys and prairies (including oak [Quercus sp.] savanna) were followed by harvesting of mature tarweed (Madia spp.) seeds by Kalapuyas. The oak (Q. garryana) savanna ecosystem - which may have covered up to 800 000 ha - is regarded as a fire-maintained ecosystem, as the fire-intolerant Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) can quickly regenerate and eliminate oak in the absence of fire. In the mountains (used seasonally for hunting and other rBmfortyumrwardi"ssiilo-o-o-o teraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa, close relationships to species outside of the region. In addition, these species either have lobed leaves (e.g., Q. kelloggii, Q. lobata, Q. garryana) or have leaves that appear to be derived from ancestors with lobed leaves by reduction (e.g., Q. dumosa, Q. berberidifolia, Q. john-tuckeri, Q. cornelius-mulleri, Q. agrifolia). Lobed leaves, such as those found in numerous oaks of the eastern U.S., are characteristic of species from temperate or cold climates, but not any of the more tropical species, thuskurstakit8schei0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;00;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0Bnumberiiii@iTi_i_i_i_igigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigigiinisIslandits Krajina'slarge Limnanthes Limnanthes Macoun's macounii macouniimahonia meadowfoam menziesii MontreaulnervosanumberOoak occidentalisoccursof ofonON on onopenOttawa ppartplantplantsPointpools PseudotsugaQuercusQuercusreportRockyRodd Saltspring ScatteredSeeseepageshortslopesstandsStatusStatus streamssubzonethistoTrial undergrowthUplands vegetationVernalwesternwhich Wildlife withYellowzone Southwest e e, e6 ec eT eW e eG eh e e e? e> e_ e e e e eP e eR e^ eb eU e e e e e e eI eD e' ee e eY eZ eX ea eB e eN eh eE e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e eaks, effects of oaks on production of range forage, population genetics of oaks, regeneration and management of oaks and harvesting of oaks for fuelwood.n the first year, more blue oak seedlings were alive a year later. The survivorship of both species was significantly enhanced by the shade treatment.ootTechTechThisTietje U urbanURLusVerner WwaswhichWilliam without Woodlandswwweto topography topographytwoU unknown variableverywaswerewesternwithyearsRZBVOCyllllTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlTlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlVlsitional oak habitats (interface between moist coastal lowlands and hot, dry interior basins), and oak savanna. Each community has its own assemblage of mammals, birds, insects and microfauna. The current and historical distribution of Q. garryana are discussed. Threats to Oregon white oak including land conversion from oak communities to urban land, conversion of mixed stands to monocultures, uncontrolled firewood cutting, insects, disease, fire (hot, late summer fires), overgrazing, and lack of pMtsssuchddddd_dddd0dBdWdvdddHdd5dRdldrdCddddFddd6d5dBd.dKdddidod7dLdddddd d ddKd]dddd?d]d7ddoddddddyeIeKe ehlenbergii l l}llernwn9nchhh hlenbergii i i i3icklllllllchiikii%ingNeNn=nfnnbergii4leriiiiiiinshtif9fGfhffkffacetedoralingualcuspleiiunderstory reduced light levels from 3.4NBostonc tanicaal? l` l l l l l l l l l l lysh5h5h5h5h5hh@h@hh@h@h@h@h@h@h@h@h@h@hkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkPpapers Perspectives potentials practices proceedingsRRange regenerationRepRep researchRMRMRocky RubioS Service silvicultural southwesternSpanishStatesStation summary symposiumTechTech technologiesthatThistitlesTopicU United utilization utilizationVvalues watNyssaGOOA'S'q'm'/''''N''w'''sAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsjUsilva`HVHerttttowny7y8icals+s m m m m m m m m mD eD eD eD eD eD euuOu ultural m m m m m m m m  m{ m m m m m m m m m( m m m mT mo mu m} e e e e e e9 eD equercinnausiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiieeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeewouldyearsof how thel/ variations* e e# e e e e e/ eE e e eedsscsrssssss5s@s^ssssasissssss-sss&tpttal<ies_ y yK yK yK yK yK yK yIoIoIoIoIoIoIoIoIoIoIoIoIoIoIoIooIousDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlDlflyviiiieeeheeQeR3W> Management ' ' ' ' ' '$ '' '_ ' ' ' ' ' ' '( '* '7 ': 'I 'V ' 'b ' ' '= ' ' ' ' ' '  ' ' 'D ' '{ ' ' ' ' '= ' ' ' ' '% '* 'h 'n 'r ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '6 '? '] 'o ' ' ' ' ' ' '3 'W 'W 'Z 'Z ' Frequentfromgrowerhaveheavyhistoryhowever hypothesizedinIntenseisits knowledgelandlatelesslife manipulationMarch mechanismsmesicmodemoremustneedneithernor northern northernnot Numerousoakoakofofononeopenor overstorypartialpast patternspresentQuercusQuercusRredredreduced regenerate regenerating regeneration regenerationr< wislizeni iA i iR i_ t} t} } } } }   ddddddXdododododododododododododododododododododododododododododododododododododododododododLiriodendron tulipifera) stands (aged 20-75 years) to a single application of N (300 lb./acre) or N + P (300 + 66 lb./acre) was studied at 37 locations throughout the Tennessee Valley. Responses to N were consistently positive, but varied greatly among locations. N + P gave a small additional mean response, but was not consistently effective. Response fell off in the fourth and fifth years after treatment. L. tulipifera showed the greatest response to fertilization. Effects on mineral nutrition are illustraonkcccccc,c+c6c@cUcWcrctcc{ccccccccccccccccccccccccccc_c_ccccccccccccccccccccppliedAppliedareaareaBAbasalbasalblackCClasses combined compared consisteddatadbh defoliators diameter diameterdroughtduring ecologicalerrorerrors experiencedFiveFiveforforForest Forestry Forestryfromft2growthgrowthgrowthGuertin hardwood hardwoods hardwoodsinin individual intervalJJJournalJournalLakeLakelandleaflesslowerLower ManisteemapleMean measured measurements Michigan Michigan modeling mortaliBritishttttttt+t-t6tFtItRtbtEtmtxtytt tttYtlt8tttttttt6t5tttt&tYttttttt7tQtztttttt5tWt7ttttttttoPono"oad<cXcccMccjcmcccoc"ccccBcwcccEcaste e etttttttttoPond"oadcBcwcjcccmcccc"coc<cXccccMc7caste eE e e erl8Gk55C5z555U5555m5s555555 555n5D55o5d555o5)585[5c55555555K595^5555.555555C5?5M5755o55Q5Z5" 5 54 5 5 5 5 5B 5 5l 5W 5o 5w 5 5 55P5^5b55I5$5Z5B5k55h55515D5555-55]565T163&Abbbriolai6iiln0ngee1eWeQedsGsssss0sserlems0sserlem!ium!rnPacificaa a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a alia included tree canopy dieback, the amount of the canopy shaded by other trees, and the density of California bay in the plot. Cases were also significantly associated with counts of other plot trees with early P. ramorum canker symptoms, indicating that spatial aggregation of diseased trees occurs on the scale of the plot area (0.02 hectare). For Q. agrifolia, the incidence of decline and death related to P. ramorum in case plots was almost equal to rates of decline and recent mortality due to other ag4described#d9dsdd d d d d d d d d d d d dFdF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF sF swswth; irrigation; water relations; biomass; proceedings; URL0JDThis study characterized the distribution of geographic variation in water relations traits for six populations of California blue oak along a precipitation gradient (two each from high, medium and low precipitation environments). Acorns were collected from each population, germinated and the resulting seedlings were experimentally treated with three different watering regimes in a greenhouse experiment. There were significant amo vegetation aq a, aE ae aW a a} aP a aZ a a a" a aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aY aGGarryGarry garryanaGreaterhad herbaceoushowHoweverIinininvades invasion invasive invasiveIslandJlevellowm2 Management management Managingmanual marginallymeadowmeadowmeadows measuredmethodmethodsnativenumbernumbersoakoak observedofof ofonlypagesParkplantplantplantsplotspodspotpresent processes proportionQuercusquiterangedrangingreadily recorded regeneration relationshipremnantremovalremoved` distributiona a a a a a a a a aI a  a a a+ a- a6 a8 a a aA aG a' aV aW aE aF aV a a ak a a ay a a a a a a a1 aR aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP aP al al al al al aflowers). Prediction of crops of the White Oak group may be shorter, because the period of acorn development is 5-6 months. The present article summarizes 6 years' observations on the flowers and immature and mature acorns of Q. velutina, Q. rubra, and Q. alba, tabulating for each the flowers and immature acorns (counted through a 30Xtelescope on each twig in sample areas throughout the crown) and the mature acorns (trapped on the ground) [cf. PRThesesssssssssssssssses/s8s9ss sFsIsLsYsWs9sZsXsFsossusxs{ss\sssssssssssssssssssssssssifornia; proceedingsA hardwood resources assessment was completed for the Sierra Economic Development District in the north central Sierra Nevada. The assessment included the development of a tree grading system for the major hardwood species in the area, an inventory of the hardwood resources, and recommendations for hardwood management. Hardwood volumes of total wood available for utilization per acre were found to be low for stands classified in the Blue oak-Interior live oak association, moderat<harmful6o.ldpzppppp ssyshttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt&twigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigytwigyt&twigyysjiremovingknnnnnnnn<nalderedaZaZaZaZaZaZaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaest fragmentfungalGarryGarry garryana garryana garryanaGen geophilumgrassesgroundgrovesgrowingGTRHhalfHaneyhardpanhavehighestHinfI identifiedininin including InfectionisITS1ITS4JacksonKK LLto1aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaa3aaaa5a%a#aJa!a-aa6a>aCa?a(aDaGaMaTaPaZaWaXa]a7a!aaoawaaa8aaaaaaaaQaSaaZaaaaaaabqapa}aaaaaaaaaaaaaaastingbkbacco d dayWdXddldddnd.ddd]dd!dd]dlddddnd.ddd!ddelH fertilization e  er e  eu e e e" e e er e_ e e e e  e e  eu e e es e e eJ e eer d r7 r% r r r s s s s s s s s s s s seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee!eer'e2e6ejeveeeeeeeeeee.e/efehekeme!eerrfKss5s6shssstffolliott i i1 iB i i i i preZpossibleyyy yByyyyyyykynyiyyyyyBy%yyy8yFyyyyyyyyyy yZt8tthttAttttftt?t b-b?bb'bAbCb9bbbbbb6bBbFbbbb?bbZbbburncc compactioneKedcrefhfgfifjfkflfmfnfdfff,f ffffffmfnfgf,ff ffffffireiglacial i i, i i i6 ic i i i i, i8 i i iM inoculationponedFsibeginnXnnings s@ s s7 s% sW ssuuuGunhhfhnhalfvovveoiors scs^ssJssssssGsuri i iTindr6r's6iigPing@ll llllhllll;lllSlllill!llcldll&l;lYldllllllelllllTlZlllQlieveGdQdQiQillll/l3lElGlieveQdlzl5a%a[aaaza5a%a[a6and&n6e&ez evuei i inghamn! n} n oongw@tDtnth significancey l l l l l l l1 l l l l l lty l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l lys s s marginally s ssWiii?iqi9ilandicayA y9 yA yynnnn]neU eae]eiee6eRoQo_osGscaljjorie8kuee[eeetesee eee$edlmlFlYl0lyr1r2rrrr^r6rr_rAs_ttAtt8iing ssiljl'lassha{acaaaaalllandslandsthainsatoshiervonssZtaa2 alltt' '!''sl l l l l l8landsthainse2eeezsssyCssserllovato@ontesstt -Hester, Arlene S.Heusser, L. E. Heusser, L.E Heusser, L.E.Heusser, Linda E Hibbert, D.M.Hibbert, Dennis Mark Hibbs, D.E.Hibbs, David E.Hickman, J. C. Hickman, J.C. Hilt, D.E.Hilt, Donald E. Hilty, J.Hinckley, T. M.Hinckley, T.M.Hinckley, Thomas M.Hirvonen, H.E.Hitchcock, C.L.Hitchcock, Charles Leo Holland, R.F.Holland, Robert F. Holmes, T.H.Holmes, Tyson H. Honkala, B.H.Honkala, Barbara H. Horney, M.Hornibrook, E. M.Hornibrook, E.M.Horwath, W. R. Howard, J.L.Howard, Janet L. Hruska, Jiri Hruska, M.C.Hruska, Mary C. Hsiao, J.Hsiao, Ju-Ying Huddle, J.A.Huddle, Julie A.Huemmrich, K. F.Huemmrich, K.F. Hull, C. Hull, CallieHultgren, B.D.Hultgren, Bruce D. Humple, D. Hunn, E. Hunn, Eugene Hunter, A.F.Hunter, Alison F.Hunter, Malcolm L., Jr.Huntsinger, L.Huntsinger, Lynn Hylton, L. B. Hylton, L.B.Iizuka, Kazuya Illick, J.S.Illick, Joseph SimonIllingworth, J.Illingworth, J.M.Infante, J. M.International, CABIrgens-Moller, H.Isebrands, J.G.Itahana, NaoeiJackson, R. D. Jackson, R.D.Jackson, Randall D.Jacquart, E.M.Jacquart, Ellen M.Jamieson, J.A. Janszen, H.Janszen, HarveyJaramillo, A.E.Jaramillo, Annabelle E. Jarret, P.Jensen, Veryl M. Jepson, W.L.Jepson, Willis LinnJespersen, B.S.Jespersen, Beryl S. Jimenez, L. Jimenez, LuisJimerson, T. M. Joffre, R.Johannessen, C.L.Johannessen, Carl L. Johns, L. Johns, Lois Johnson, D.H.Johnson, David H. Johnson, E.A. Johnson, F.L.Johnson, Forrest L.Johnson, H. M. Johnson, H.M.Johnson, Herman M.Johnson, P. S. Johnson, P.S.Johnson, Paul S.Johnson, R. R. Johnson, R.L. Johnson, R.R.Johnson, Ralph R.Johnson, Rebecca L. Johnson, S.G.Johnson, Sharon G.Johnston, C. N.Johnston, C.N.Jones, E.P., Jr.Jones, Earle P. Jr. Jones, G. N. Jones, G.N.Jones, George Neville Jones, J.D. Jones, Jon D. Jones, K. Joseph, J.P.Joseph, John P. Joslin, J.D. Joslin, P. Joslin, Paul Kagan, J. Kagan, JimmyKajimura, HisashiKamitani, Tomohiko Kaplan, Didi Karlik, J. F. Kasari, T.R.Kasari, Thomas R. Kashani, N.Kauffman, J. BooneKauffman, J.B. Kaye, T.N.Kaye, Thomas N. Keay, A. Keay, Anne Keck, D.D.Keck, David D.Keeler-Wolf, T. Keeley, J. E. Keirnan, K.E.Keirnan, Kim E. Kellogg, L.D.Kellogg, Loren D. Kelly, N. M.Kelly, N. Maggi Kelly, N.M. Kenady, R.M.Kenady, Reid M.Keniston, R. F.Keniston, R.F. Kerr, G Kerr, G. Kertis, J. Kertis, Jane Kessler, R.Kessler, Richard Kie, J.G. Kie, John G. Kiefer, E.Kikuzawa, KihachiroKilbride, K.M.Kilbride, Kevin M.Kimberling, D.N.Kimberling, Diana N. Kimmey, J. W. Kimmey, J.W. King, J.E.King, James E. Kingsley, D.Kingsley, Duane Kirkby, J. Kirkley, M.L.Kirkley, Michael L.Kirkwood, J. E.Kirkwood, J.E. Kittredge, J.Kittredge, Joseph Klinka, K. Klinka, Karel Kloss, S.Knapp, Alan K. Knapp, D. A. Knight, R.S.Knight, Ronald S. Knops, J.Knops, J. M. H. Knops, J.M.H. Knops, JeanKnops, Johannes M. H. Knox, C.R.Knox, Charley R.Kobe, Richard K. Kocher, S. D. Koenig, W. Koenig, W. D. Koenig, W.D.Koenig, Walter D. Koike, S. T.Kolb, Peter F.Kossuth, S. V. Kossuth, S.V. Kozlik, C.J.Kozlik, Charles J. Kozloff, E.N.Kozloff, Eugene N. Kozlowski, T.Kozlowski, T.T.Kozlowski, TheodoreKozlowski, Theodore T. Kraetsch, R. Krajina, V.J.Krajina, Vladimir J. Kramer, C.L.Kramer, Charles L. Kramer, P.J.Kramer, Paul J.Krannitz, P. G.*FValid\ateSdd iionley+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+'+''+'+'+'+'+'+'+'G''9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'9'ted using the first detailed large-scale maps from the Original Survey of the mid-1850s. Comparison of those maps with 1970 maps shows considerable change in distribution. The Kalapuyah Indians created and maintained the prairie-savanna landscape in the 1850s with fire. Woodland distribution began to change when American pioneer farmers supplanted hunting and gathering with plow agriculture and animal husbandry. The new techniques of landscape modification replaced annual burning. Evolution of the lo{iseVaaaaaaaaahaaaaaaaaaa:aHaMaa]aagaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaakoakofofononor patterns patterns PeromyscuspinepinePinus Plucinski potential predation predation predation predators primarily principal proportionQuercusQuercusRatesredremovalremovedRodentsrubrarubrarubrumseedseedseedseeds significantsignificantlysizedslowlysmallsmallsource sourthernSpatialspatialspeciesspecies squirrelsstrobussuggestsuites temporal temporalthanthatThesethreethreetimeto treatmentsPinformamaaitonion i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iisitlarvaeMany maturationmatureMayMoreneedednormalnotoakoak observesofofofonotherparts performed pistillate predationprevent production productionQuercusreasonregion research revealedscant SchefferseriessetsmallspeciesstudiesthatTheothesethisto Universityviable Washington Washingtonwaspswaspswerewhichwhilewouldge, stratification, sowing, transplanting, culture, outplanting).Atissue culture), acorn propagationDwetter5h$hateYeoe ee e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e8eateat8lr.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.r.rrerrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr#r$r)r0rCrGrKrLr6rarhrfrsrNrUr\rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrre primordiaulaceaencipallA l l l l& l3 lH l lr l lK lA l- lA lyl llesj s$ o o o ooideaes tBted r s sBings us!ooo!oooooooooiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiesS essnsns5 v v5 v5 v5 v5 vvateoGarryaaaaa.a)aaaaaaaa aa(aWamaaanata+aba aRaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''hwithin lplicate nailed and quintuplicate or quadruplicate stapled, non-reversible, double-face, flush, four-way, notched three-stringer, 48" by 40", warehouse and exchange pallets were made of green or partially seasoned western hardwoods (Fremont cottonwood, California white and black oak, Oregon white oak, or bigleaf maple deckboards on Oregon white oak stringers) or western softwood (coast-type Douglas fir). The 57 pallets were tested for their stiffness, rigidity, and load-carrying capacity according to h ownershipsm sfs$oundifordA{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{AA{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{A{AyAyAyAyAyAyAyAyAyAyAAAAAAAAAAAAmodelinggCllOll l$lllllEllllZlglVll$lings  s s[rrrxrrrrFrorrrrrVr~rrOr=rr5r[rrrrrratellllllllllOlYlllll*lrlillllllll ll)ldllll!lllElys s4 s9 sW sZ s!sniii^iiciYi8izingst7tt6tBt  ification s5 s sq sU sedyWyyJyCyyyyoyyMy y5ilchangingqnQnncnTnnGnn?n>n_nnnPnnRn^nbnUnInDnennYnZnXnannNnhnEnn:nHnMn]ngn;nVnSn[n\nCninBnnOnjnn=nknnnn`nlnFnLnnmnnnnnKndndndndndndndnnnnnelneln@nfnnNnhnEnnn:nHnMn]ngnKn;nnVnSn[n\nCninBnnOnjnn=nknnnn`nlnFnLnnnmnnnnnnngnnnfnel   Buckner, E.Buckner, E. R.Buckner, Edward Bull, E.L.Bull, Evelyn L. Bunnell, F.L.Bunnell, Fred L. Burger, J.E.Burger, Janis E. Burger, W.C.Burger, William C. Burke, G.M. Burns, E. E. Burns, R.M.Burns, Russell M. Burrus, M.Burrus, Monique Burton, T.S.Burton, Timothy S. Bush, L. Bush, LisaCAB InternationalCabanettes, Alain Cain, M.D.Cain, Michael D.Callaway, R.M.Callaway, Ragan M.Campbell, D. C.Camping, T. J.Campos-Palacin, P. Canada, Nature Conservancy ofCanham, Charles D. Capron, G. Cardon, Z. G.Cardon, Z. G., Funk Carey, A. B. Carey, A.B.Carey, Andrew B. Carmen, W. J. Carmen, W.J.Carmen, William J.Carolin, V. M. Carolin, V.M.Carothers, S. KCarpenter, I. W.Carpenter, I.W.Carreiro, Margaret M.Carroll, G. C. Carroll, G.C.Carroll, George C.Carvell, K. L. Carvell, K.L.Carvell, Kenneth L. Casey, K. Cecich, R.A.Cecich, Robert A. Cermk, Jan Ceska, A Ceska, A.Ceska, A.; Ceska, O. Ceska, Adolf Ceska, O. Chaar, HatemChachulski, C.E.C.Chachulski, Caryn E. C.Chamberlin, W. J.Chamberlin, W.J.Chambers, C.L.Chambers, Carol L. Chaney, R.W.Chaney, Ralph W.Chappell, C.B.Chappell, Christopher B. Chase, M. Chase, M. K. Chatwin, T.Chatwin, TrudyChauvire, Marc Cheng, X.Chesnut, V. K. Chesnut, V.K. Cheyney, E.G.Cheyney, Edward G. Chiller, D.G.Chiller, David G. Chisman, H.H.Chisman, Henry H.Chittenden, A. K.Chuine, IsabelleChurches, K.R.Churches, Kenneth R. Cicero, C. Cicero, Carla Clark, C. L. Clark, H.W.Clark, Harold W.Clatterbuck, Wayne K. Clausen, K.E.Clausen, Knud E. Clawson, W.J. Clement, C.Clment, ChristopheCline, Morris G. Coate, B. D.Coblentz, B.E.Coblentz, Bruce E. Cochard, H.Cochard, HervCochard, Herv, Tyree Coe, J.M. Coe, Jan M.Coggeshall, M.V.Coggeshall, Mark V. Cole, D. Cole, David Colin, F.Colin, FrancisCollet, CatherineCollingwood, G. H.Collingwood, G.H.$Columbia Gorge Audubon SocietyColwell, W.L., Jr.Colwell, Wilmer L., Jr.0+committee, Flora of North America Editorial Conard, H.S.Conard, Henry ShoemakerConnaughton, K.P.Connaughton, Kent P. Conner, K. F. Conner, K.F.Conner, Kristina F.Connor, J. Michael Connor, J.M.Constantinidou, H.-I.A. Cook, J. E. Cooper, C. F. Cooper, J. G. Cooper, J.G. Cooper, J.M.Cooper, Peter V.Cooper, RoderickCopenheaver, C.A.Copenheaver, Carolyn A.Cornell, H. V. Cornell, H.V.Cornell, Howard V.Costello, L. R.(%Council, Oregon Woodland Publications Council, Washington Woodland Cour, PierreCourdier, FlorenceCovington, W. Wallace Cox, G. S. Cox, G.S. Craig, R.D.Craig, Roland D.Crawford, Hewlette S.Crawford, J.A.Crawford, John A.Crawford, R.C.Crawford, Rex C.Critchfield, W.B.Critchfield, William B. Cronquist, A.Cronquist, Arthur Cross, S. P. Crow, T. R.Croxdale, J. G.Croxdale, J.G. Curlin, J. W. Curlin, J.W. Czaja, A. D.D'Antonio, C.M.D'Antonio, Carla M. da Silva, P.da Silva, Paul Dagit, R.Dahlgren, R. A. Dale, M.E.Dale, Martin E. Dale, V.H.Dale, Virginia H.Danner, Brett T. Darling, L.M.Daubenmire, R.Daubenmire, RexfordDavenport, D.R.Davenport, W.A.Davenport, William A. Davidson, G.Davidson, J. M. Davis, F. W. Dawe, N.K. Dawson, J.O.Dawson, Jeffrey O. Dayton, W.A.LOhabitat\ili8ikiiCiiJiOiji=iiiiiiiiini6i5iiiiKii=i&i8i5i7iYiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiKifiii}iiiiiii?iTiPimi7ii8iiiiOionsg g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g gg g g g gg g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g ggareTodde#pelbgetherhJhRh<hhhhhlleranceo s" s s s s s so s s s" s s s s sT s s s s tttt&t"tttTttt3tei ingmekentella o ontella osalinsonins?olKlKlKlKlKlKlhl so s s sT s s s s s tt"t&t8ttttTtttt3tei ingmekentella ok oosalinsoni"ohikonsooBo?ollDlclFlll'lKl:lll}llllllhsmixedtttOtctttt#t$tgtot#ttttttttettt~ttBtotwtpt}tttttt tt4t<tUtTtt0t1tttt2tYtVthttttttttttttta; silvics of plant communities that include Q. garryana; soil types associated with Q. garryana plant communities; the occurrence of Q. g. var. breweri and Q. g. var. semota; epiphytic cryptograms associated with Q. garryana; climate; water relations; nutrient cycling; effects of fire on oak ecosystems; effects of grazing and browsing on oak ecosystems; reproduction; predation of acorns, seedlings and sprouts; establishment of oak regeneration; taxonomy of Q. garryana; and management recommendation69222c2222!2k2222,2V33f3X3:4:8:9919Q0Q0Q0Q0Q0Q0Q0X000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000_000000000000000000ersistent Physiology Physiology Plantings Plantingsplantsplotspotspotting previously Problems ProblemsQQud demographicf nS n nnstrablet te dI d d dp dd d d so s s s s s ig ing on nndrochronologicalfylimaticecologyHlogyZfordningss8ssssmsselllGlllllllllllclll&lllllllll]lel5lJl!ll?l7llZlRlyiMi8i8iora  ut t] t] t] t y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y yeewithyearstQdanrgocoTooGoo?o>o_oooPooRo^oboUoIoDoeooYoZoXoaooNohoEoo:oHoMo]ogo;oVoSo[o\oCoioBooOojoo=okoooo`oloFoLoomoonooKodttAtft@ttttthoniapphne rby ks ks kQk kQko_ooooPooRo^oboUoIoDoeooYoZoAoXoao@ofooNohoEooo:oHoMo]ogoKo;ooHologythoniaphnes rby k k kQkb regeneration v> vJ v vO v v v v v v vm v v v v vd v v v{ v# v vK v v v v% v v" v vg vi vj v= v v v v v v v v v v vN vr v v v v v v v v v? vT v8 v v v v v vZ v v v v v v vQ v v v v v v< vR vT vZ v v v vP v v v v v v v& v  veliminary results show that white oaks ranging from 35 to 100 years responded well to release from overhead shade in hardwood stands in S. Illinois; diameter increment was 46% higher than for unreleased trees.U URLVvalleyvalleywaterwaterwere WoodlandsnbShea.aringthddXddingsGseptt0t9tt6ttCthtYsOsihiilallsyytitnter{eds0 s sm s s{sw{wwNw:wlwwwww{wwNw:ww%wwUwoodsT s s s sU sT s s s s o sbonpppardh6h5h5hherdirardiaFichleyeeeeeediiterwoodoterwoodootototototototrrrrh6hherdyFich7fley7otosse2e9eedss9ingsrleyo.ockdFdxedaMmaker<otrVresults(mmmmmm mmmm!mmmmm,m<m@m@m@m@m@m@mQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQmQme reduced new shoot growth. In additional studies, shoots and roots of trees lifted in March were pruned to various levels before planting. Results indicated that root pruning influenced seedling growth much more than seedlings when planted, whether differences in root weight were natural or obtained by pruning. The effects of shoot pruning and root pruning on seedling growth were largely independent of each other. therebythistoto tolerance treatmentsUnder understorieswhich xerophytic releaCrasterf{telddddddfdddd9ddd5dKd~didBddkddddd ddod=ddddsdhdddddd%d!ddds"hhh h@hEhfh{hhhhUhh#hZhBhohvh{hhh~hkh`hhhh"hhhh1hhhh-hWhhShhhherXiiiiHiHiHiiHiHiHiHiHiHiHiHiHiiHiHiHiingsOregonOregonOregonppassespath patternspinepollen ponderosa populationportion Portland Portland Potentialprecipitatio6l identifiedk sA s sB s s sn s s s. s s@ sY s se s s s s sZ s] s s s yh yyiGiiPieihiigiiioioigzgzgzgzgzgzgzgzgzgzgzgzgzgzgzgzgzgzg:gnacioiIbIbIbIfandeeeeeeeRe^ebeeeUeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeIeeee e eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeraoakoaksofofononepostPre prescribed Preserve protectionPrunusQQuercusQuercus resistance restoration restorationRosarubrarubraRubus saplingssavannasavanna savannasScience seedling Seedlings serotinaseveralshrubs significantsignificantlysitespeciesStatestudy styraciflua successive survival survivaltallThisto Transactionstree tulipiferaTwentytwo vegetation velutina velutina Vermilionwaswerewhilewoodyxedings^bypYl[lcl6lll8lklnlplClxlyl}llllllllllAlBlllBlljllUlllllll`lllllFlFlFlFlFlFlFlFlFlFlFlFlFlFlFlFlFlFlFlFlFlFl0 ina1 a aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa(white ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''on each twig in sample areas throughout the crown) and the mature acorns (trapped on the ground) [cf. F.A. 18 No. 2738]. It is concluded that there is no infallible method of making an early prediction of the size of mature acorn crops from flowers and immature acorns, though the potential size of the crop can be estimated, and the actual size determined by later observations and check counts.Cowlitz boil the bark as a cure for tuberculosis.r>Repa aaaa.a.aaaaaaaaaaa\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\a\accurofofof of omnivorousononPacific pigspigsplants populations potential predation Proceedings proceedings productionPSWPurcell QuercusRR regeneration regenerationRep Research RootingrootingS scrofaseed seedlingService significantsoilsource Southwest spp Standiford Station survivalSus Sweitzer SymposiumTechtheythroughtotreeU URLVanvarietyVurenwidewidelywildWild wildlife woodland Woodlands woodlandswrapped U b b b b b b! b b bQ b b b b b b b, b4 b6 b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= b= bhabits8ddddggQggg g@gEgUgrgxg{gggggggUggUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgUgIIIIIIIIII7I7I7IonorPacific part particularly perchingpermitPlumb Proceedings proceedingsprovidePSWQuercusR Range recommended regularlyRepS savannasseason selectionService shouldshrub significantsitessource Southwest speciessppstandsStation supply SymposiumTechtheseTimothy totreetreesU unevenuse UtilizationVernerwhere wildlifewith woodlandstipreYbbkbbbbbb7bebb6bbaitingurnTcautionseededs.s#sxing is# s# s# s# s# s# s# s# s# s# s# s# s# s# s# s# s# s s# s# s# s# sC sC sC sC sC sC sC sC sC sC sC sC sC sC ssC sC sC sC sC sC sC sC sseidon- od d d d d sO sQ sR sy s s# sC s s s s s s sseiion ddateddion% o- o o o s' lj l h h h i i i iN iJ o o( o: oB o< oM oP om oQ oq o o o o orespro62000bm9m!1R2220212+22*222L2X22222@2U2222r22221222322-262M2222)22a2E2]2;2k2L2f2Q2acaTaaGaa?a>a_aaaPaaRa^abaUa)aIaDaeaaYaZaXaaaaNahaEaa:aHaMa]aaaga;aVaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSaSa(a(aA2Q5FeaaQa8arful8nesslisibilityi l% l lletitthered uresssssbzbzbzbzbzbzbzbzbzbzbzbzbbzbzbzbbrcccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeed^dd cccaldeee"e,eCeDe_e{eeeeeeeeeeeee'e(eAenereeeeeee+eTe[eeQefeeeee8but7cFcqcccccccccccccc cc%c*c7cEcKcNcAccncrcccc}cccccccccccccccc5c%c#c-c6c>c?cBcTcPcZcWcXc7ccccZcccc}cccccc cccchert3t^ecc%c*c7cEcKcNcAccncrcccc}cccccccccccccccc5c%c#c-c6c>c?cBcTcPcZcchert3t^ecupfFL CalifornialW ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '  '  'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'N 'V 'V 'V 'V 'u 'z ' ' ' 'd '? '> ' ' '_ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'P ' ' ' ' 'R '^ 'b ' 'U ' ' ' ' ' ' 'I ' ' ' '' 'e '> 'G '2 'K 'I 'V 's[and\tJaKeOiRhQhU^cnL"g~iomml=snAruFarJ jU=bpaoi`sl umaLrrml eaetaeiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiPatrickt% tq t t t t tRterneee_eOeBeeee e$eoeeeefezeeeePeZe!eediingssBssss@srs-sssssEsRsTshssss_ssssGsqssusssVsBsjsksssssssssnssDss sVssssssssEsfsrstssss-s?ssAsonaeucitylv{vvvv vVv}vvvv vl v9 v veeeeeeQeeeeZsapwood6ra6'sht6togaggTeent`tPtelliteh iiatesuion s s su s$ sfactorily^ yB v v v vxvauuratedk s s#s#ingonJ d dNdayRnaRy lhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhsssNeNeNeNeNeNeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees~ssKscbccc<ccccccScVcccccee"eGebefeeeeNebeoee publications lo lU l( lclysshed rK r ro r r> r rn rB rQ r r] rr r r rsi i i ieeeerrcusgllllllllllllllllOlOlOlOllllllllYlYlYlYlYlYlYlYlYlYlYlYlwlwlwlwlwlwlwlwlwllllllJlYlglqlsllllllllll8l|lllllllOllll!lYlqlslllllllll8ll5lwllInforrmaaitoniE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iE iensities for research. Principal component analysis of white oak (Quercus alba) and black oak (Q. nigra) revealed different stem profiles across four ecological land units in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Multivariate linear regression and geometric models were developed to predict d.b.h. from stump diameter for both species. For the multivariate model, the prediction variables were stump diameters at 15 and 30 cm above ground level. The geometric model used stump diameter at any height. It is concl l l l l l l llll]llllllglllllKlllllllllllll.lllllllllllll;llllllllllllllll 6, Wilson, D. Carroll, G. C.NGInfection studies of Discula quercina, an endophyte of Quercus garryana Mycologia 1994865635-647VPQuercus garryana; foliage; fungi; diseases; precipitation; acorns; twigs; Oregon.'Discula quercina is a ubiquitous endophyte in Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana). We determined which tree parts were infected with this endophyte, censused how infection levels in leaves varied on a temporal scale over the growing season and on a spacial scale over the growing season and on a spatial scale between leaves and within leaves, and described growth patterns of the endophyte away from infection sites. The endophyte can be isolated from leaves, tree bark, acorn shells and cotyledons but rarely from wood. Infection in leaves is via rain dispersed conidia and increases with time and rainfall. When spring rains stop in Oregon, infection levels do not increase. Endophyte distribution between leaves is aggregated, within leaves the endophyte infections are more frequent along the midrib versus the lamina and gradually decrease in frequency from the petiole end of the leaf towards the distal end of the leaf. Methods used to successfully grow trees with leaves free of endophytes and consequences of infection by endophytes are discussed.e Wilson, D. 1995piFungal endophytes which invade insect galls: Insect pathogens, benign saprophytes, or fungal inquilines?  OecologiaB 103m2255-260bRLQuercus garryana; foliage; fungi; insects; wasps; galls; Cynipidae; diseases(!Fungi are frequently found within insect galls. However, the origin of these fungi, whether they are acting as pathogens, saprophytes invading already dead galls, or fungal inquilines which invade the gall but kill the gall maker by indirect means, is rarely investigated. A pathogenic role for these fungi is usually inferred but never tested. I chose the following leaf-galling-insect/ host-plant pairs (1) a cynipid which forms two-chambered galls on the veins of Oregon white oak, (2) a cynipid which forms single-chambered galls on California coast live oak, and (3) an aphid which forms galls on narrowleaf cottonwood leaves. All pairs were reported to have fungi associated with dead insects inside the gall. These fungi were cultured and identified. For the two cynipids, all fungi found inside the galls were also present in the leaves as fungal endophytes. The cottonwood leaves examined did not barbor fungal endophytes. For the cynipid on Oregon white oak, the fungal endophyte grows from the leaf into the gall and infects all gall tissue but does not directly kill the gall maker. The insect dies as a result of the gall tissue dying from fungal infection. Therefore, the fungus acts as an inquiline. Approximately 12.5% of these galls die as a result of invasion by the fungal endophyte. (!Wilson, Dennis Carroll, George C.e@9Avoidance of high-endophyte space by gall-forming insectslEcology 1997787 2153-2163HBQuercus garryana; fungi; insects; galls; wasps; foliage; CynipidaeEndophytic fungi and phytophagous insects derive energy from shared host plants, and so are likely to interact with one another. Several authors have proposed that fungal endophytes of woody perennials, like endophytes of grasses, have a mutualistic association with their host and provide enhanced protection from herbivory. However, there have been few tests of this hypothesis, and most studies have focused on correlating the presence of endophytes and herbivores. We investigated a system where an endophyte was known to cause significant mortality on one species of gall-forming insect (Besbicus mirabilis). but not another (Bassettia ligni) that occupies the same plant host. We predicted that gall insects should avoid high-endophyte space and that mortality would be lowest in low-endophyte space if endophytes protect plants from herbivory. We used the spatial location, temporal infection patterns, and within-leaf growth activity of the endophyte as elements of endophyte space. Besbicus mirabilis avoided high-endophyte space at the within-leaf scale by occupying part of the leaf where endophyte infection and endophyte-caused mortality were predictably low. However, the within-leaf position was under opposing selection pressure from mortality caused by grazing herbivores and developmental constraints, so the gall did not occupy the region of the leaf where both infection and endophyte-caused mortality were the lowest. B. ligni was spatially correlated within leaves with the presence of the endophyte but suffered almost no endophyte-caused mortality. However, B. ligni occupies the leaf lamina. where the endophyte has no growth activity, in contrast to the leaf midrib, where B. mirabilis galls are found. Further, B. ligni emerges from the gall just as endophyte infection levels reach a peak. so this species temporally avoids prolonged contact with highly infected tissue. However, the between-leaf distributions of both insects were independent of endophyte infection. Fungal endophytes influence the spatial patterns of insect distributions, but at different scales. Growth activity of the endophyte may also play a role, and simply examining presence/absence correlations of insects may be misleading. :3Wilson, Todd M. Brewster, Stacey B Carey, Andrew B.{ 1998f`Western gray squirrel progress report: Fall 1998 survey results, Ft. Lewis Military Reservation  Olympia, WA XRU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station December 18Quercus garryana; oak woodlands; Sciurus griseus; habitat; wildlife; small mammals; acorns; wildlife food source; management; Fort Lewis; Puget Lowlands; Washington; competitionrThe western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus) occurs from the southern end of Puget Trough, south along the foothills through the Cascade Range in Washington and Oregon, and into the Sierra Nevada near the Mexican border. Western gray squirrels appear to maintain populations only where oak communities exist; the squirrels' range extends only as far as the northern limit of the continuous distributions of Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana). Acorns are a critical food source for gray squirrels in winter. Human development and coniferous forests are replacing oak woodlands throughout the Pacific Northwest. Dwindling habitat, disease, and competition with other squirrel species may contribute to declining populations of western gray squirrels in Washington. Once common in Washington, the western gray squirrel is now listed as a threatened species. We conducted a follow-up survey to investigate current squirrel populations at Ft. Lewis. The objectives of this report are to present the results of 1998 surveys, compare 1998 results with results from 1992/1993 surveys, and make recommendations for future research of western gray squirrels that will contribute to management strategies for oak ecosystems on Ft. Lewis.t$Wildlifeo6eOeOeOererererere~e~e~e~e e e eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeee eeeee!e"e#e(e=e/e@e3e4e6e5e7e:eYete}e~eeeeeeeeeeeenL flammableKulat6non6nnessexvesceus7 exibilityGleiZieso ghthtJtnsososhstches@oated ck s oCodee&e]eeedi7iKiKingMpIplainB s s7 s srii"i@ijihioiiingissrallllllllclLll3l lpllllXlllllllllllllllllssss{s{sticuf uf uurishurishlllssKssencediibundad d ddasssssOssticu$ u um uurish9 Amelanchier iioratei5 ing o onn n nnabledidmentsijitymtttsrnnnnnnnnnn n n n n nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn#n#n#nfnEn s1s1s1s1s1s1sn?nfnn4nynznnn"nTnn n n] n- n n n nn&n:nZnnnnn7nKnnnnhnknrnnnnnnnnnnQnRnnnfnnynznn"nEnsss ss1sv. Microscopic y eereiteo sk s pe pphereso orogenesisdtltusd d00~0 0G0000l0m000000 0f0000W0dqd`dayl1lIlel llIll"lAlklljl7lllWlllandppOpppppppointribsslopetory6uummeruummer wwesteeelkenelkenelkenelkenrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrantsmtingotingom ool4 l4 l4 l4 l4 l4 l4 l4 l4 lss4tStionov op o4 o7 ooryB l4 lT conspicuousnlangtanceJ yy ttLiiAi`iiQiiiinidoully*situteF rrainedi im i5 i ing t[ s[ uC u u u u u u=uct ediU i iV iC i i  ing onQ u@uelol3ltant sing m-med~dr%rrsing ptionervativey*sFitute rrainedim i5 i i ing t[ s u u u u u[ uC u=uct edi iU i iV iC i  ingQ on u@uelol3ltant sing m-medBd~rr%r@r]rrsiingW p pBptionB w w w w wG w w7 w< w w w@ w wervativerseedlings:sssss9s@sKs>sBsksssLsssssssssssssssssssssssssssM sM sM sM sM sM s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s snal visitors based on the time spent in the oaks. Winter species were found in oaks during the winter and early spring; then they moved to other plant communities in the same general area to breed. Breeding species were mostly neotropic migrants which arrived in the late spring. Bird species diversity increased in the late spring and early summer. Comparison~ vulnerabilityleI t6 t t  tK t t3 t] t t ttturesAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.quercinauusiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiive success after overstory removal. The required timing and intensity of silvicultural operations for regenerating oaks therefore depend on the ecosystem-specific population dynamics of each species. Knowledge of birth, death, and other population processes of oak reproduction within defined classes of ecosystems, as well as knowledge of periodicity in seed production are prerequisites to the development of ecologically sound silvicultural prescriptions and realistic predictive models for regenerating oaks.dh landscapeE s s: sH sM s] sg s; sV sS s[ s\ s sC si sB s sO sj s s= sk s s s s` sl sF sL s sm s sn s sK s% sq sd s s sA sf s@ s s s s s s s s s s9 s s s sP s s sb s s sD s  se s- sG s s sH sg s sS sp si sB s= s s s sL sm s s sn s sr s8 sq s s s s s s s| s sP sq s s s iT iG i: i iD s  se s- s sG s| s s s s i: i im in iT i iG ixingsw|problemsgccmcncc"cAcccc?c>cceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeed * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *      ' ( + . 2 b n r                ( * 2 3 7     lT,4N$George, Lisa O. Bazzaz, F. A. 1999hbThe fern understory as an ecological filter: Emergence and establishment of canopy-tree seedlingsEcology2803n833-845hardwoods; competition; seedlings; understory; soil; seedling survival; predation; plant communities; regeneration; microenvironment; Quercus rubra;We investigated the role of the fern understory as an ecological filter that influences the organization of the seedling bank in New England deciduous forests. Microenvironmental variables - including light levels, litter depth, soil exposure, soil moisture, and soil organic matter content - were quantified in experimental plots where the fern understory was undisturbed, partially removed or completely removed and were related to natural recruitment and 1st-yr survival of Acer rubrum, Betula lenta, B. alleghaniensis, Fraxinus americana, Pinus strobus and Quercus rubra. The fern understory reduced light levels from 3.4% of full sun to 1.1% of full sun beneath its canopy. Fern cover decreased emergence of Quercus. Quercus suffered higher levels of seed predation under fern cover. The selectivity of the understory filter can influence the density and species composition of the seedling bank below its canopy and can determine patterns of seedling spatial distribution at the stand level.("Gilkey, Helen M. Dennis, La Rea J. 2001&Handbook of Northwestern plants8  Corvallis, OR Oregon State Universityi<6Quercus garryana; Quercus kelloggii; plant descriptionlfPage 87 gives a short description of the Oak family and a small section dedicated to Quercus garryana.(!Girton, Raymond E. Park, Edgar R. 1942:3Respiration studies on germinating white-oak acorns4-Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science\51 83-86l4.Quercus alba; acorns; germination; respiration.'It is a well known fact that the respiration rates of germinating seeds commonly increase from a low rate for the dormant stage to relatively high values during active germination. Dormant seeds are usually characterized by low moisture contents which may be as little as 11 per cent or even less. Dormant white-oak acorns (Quercus alba), on the other hand, were found in this study to possess moisture contents of 35-45 per cent or sometimes greater. It is therefore of interest to examine their respiratory behavior during the course of germination.t@:Giusti, Gregory A. Schmidt, Robert H. Churches, Kenneth R. 1991VOOak sustainability: A challenge through public education and outreach programss Standiford, Richard B.rlProceedings of the Symposium on Oak Woodlands and Hardwood Rangeland Management. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-126  Berkeley, CA XRU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station246-249Quercus spp.; California oaks; restoration; preservation; management; anthropogenic impacts; education; California; proceedingsThroughout California, public awareness on the role humans play in the decline of oak acreage is increasing. Public and private organizations, agencies, and individuals are instituting planting days, releasing articles on oaks to the media, and sponsoring lectures. Many of these activities are limited in scope and lack a strong educational component that promotes sustainability. Educational programs certainly need to address such issues as site selection and preparation, acorn selection and storage, nursery propagation, species identification, and audience identification. This paper discusses sustainability as it relates to stand restoration and landscape-wide ecosystems. Educational delivery methods are examined and potential audiences are defined.nGlendenning, R.i 1944^XThe Garry oak in British Columbia: An interesting example of discontinuous distribution$The Canadian Field-Naturalistr58 61-65r March-Aprilu|vQuercus garryana; British Columbia; distribution; acorns; acorn dispersal; wildlife; birds; Washington; Puget LowlandsArticle discusses distribution of Quercus garryana outside of normal distribution in British Columbia. References are made to Q. garryana distribution in Washington in the Puget Sound area. Acorn dispersal is discussed. File location: Connie Harrington's office>7Golden, Michael S. Dubois, Mark R. Stockman, Jeffrey L.r 1999`ZOak regeneration following three cutting treatments on mountain slopes in northern Alabama Haywood, James D.dnhProceedings of the Tenth Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-GTR-30  Asheville, NC PIU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station 8-14@9Tenth Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research ConferencefQuercus spp.; Quercus prinus; Quercus alba; Quercus rubra; eastern oaks; regeneration; harvest; reproduction; germination; topography; management; silvicultural treatments; proceedings; URLEarly regeneration success of upland oaks (Quercus spp. L.) was compared for three regeneration cutting treatments in the Sandstone Mountain Region of northern Alabama. Two 4-acre replications each of block clearcutting, strip cutting, and deferment cutting were established on north-facing slopes. The three harvesting treatments were applied in midsummer. Regeneration subplots were reinvented in both the first and second autumns following harvest. Major oaks present were chestnut oak (Q. pinus L.). white oak (Q. alba L.). and northern red oak Q. rubra L.). Milacre plot stocking of oak reproduction after the second season was related to advance reproduction stocking, topographic position, cutting treatment, harvesting damage, and cover of logging slash. Both small advance reproduction (less than 1 ft tall) and post-harvest germination contributed substantially to the post-harvest stocking of oaks.60http://www.srs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs030.pdf1931a22X23[a7a4X5!666]77]7z7N8889:99sssB122aaa333^3^4^4^4^4^4^4^4^4^4^4^4^4^4^4^4^4^4^4^4^4^444444444444444444S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S6S60W0022122222221ssss21266l6|6v444444l3|avaaaa3bb3 3 44S6P discussed s s s s s sL s sO s sV s s s s s s s s s s s s s sL sG sQ s[ sg s s s s s s s[ s] sD sz s s s s sC sP s s s ss i" i( iu i i i i i? iV i i i i$ ix i i i i iD i# i i i i i i7 i[ i7 iD i~ i i i i? i i iing oons s s s- sp s~ s> s sP s s9 sA si s s s s s s sq sx s s s s s s s s s s s- s% s s e eMfosteri'ttelliDunaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaeationaaaaaa]aaaaa.aaa a aaaaa!a"a'aa*a4aDaaa\aGaRaPaTaeationx plaffectsi*iiiiinities om o oordedstation# rccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccarez_zalBgainmstmmmmicee87 &Heusser, Linda E King, James E.u 1988North America with special emphasis on the development of the Pacific Coastal forest and prairie/forest boundary prior to the last glacial maximum  Lieth, H.Vegetation history  Boston, MA Kluwer Academic Publishers193-236Quercus spp.; general oak; oak woodlands; plant communities; historical distribution; climatic changes; pollen; pollen analysis; palynology; macrofossils; Oregon; Washington; British ColumbiaSince the beginning of the Pliocene, approximately 5 My ago, operative modes of the global climate system have changed repeatedly. The nature of continental environments during these climatic changes is comparatively unknown. With rare exceptions, most Pliocene and Pleistocene continental records are fragmentary and brief. North American vegetation history between 5 My and 20 ky B.P. is limited in space and time. This chapter discusses the plant communities of the Pliocene, Pleistocene and Pre-Wisconsinan periods using information collected through pollen and macrofossil analysis. Quercus woodlands occurred in the Pliocene in California and were restricted to arid habitats. Quercus woodlands with exotic taxa were recorded from the San Francisco Bay region. Sclerophyll Quercus woodlands were reconstructed from leaves in the Broken Hill and Kreyenhagen Hills flora from the early Pliocene (4.6 My). The California Pliocene flora was classified into major vegetation classes. Quercus was present in the Chaparral, Tree-woodland, Woodland, and Mixed Evergreen Forest classes. There is little hard evidence regarding the composition of Pliocene temperate forests in Oregon, Washington, or British Columbia, although it is stated that temperate vegetation in the Pacific Northwest was well-established in the Pliocene, having replaced warm temperate and sub-tropical vegetation in the Miocene. Quercus pollen was recorded in pollen assemblages of British Columbia in the Upper Miocene to Pliocene. Quercus was also present in eastern North America in the Pliocene. Quercus and Pinus woodlands were present in southern California during the Pleistocene. In northern coastal California, Quercus was an important component of plant communities around Clear Lake. Vegetation types during those intervals was similar, but not identical to vegetation types of the present around Clear Lake. The basal Quercus pollen peak is correlated with the last interglacial. Quercus pollen was recorded in Oregon and Washington in the Pleistocene. In Canada, Middle Wisconsinan vegetation included Quercus woodlands. The information pertaining to the Pre-Wisconsinan vegetation was specific to central and eastern North America, where Quercus was present in most assemblages.Hibbert, Dennis Mark 1979lePollen analysis of late-quaternary sediments from two lakes in the southern Puget lowland, Washingtonp  Seattle, WAl University of Washington 37 p.ppollen; pollen analysis; late-quaternary history; Quercus garryana; Puget Lowlands; distribution; Washington; succession; palynology`YAn 18,000 year pollen sequence from Mineral Lake and a 12,700 year pollen sequence from Nisqually Lake in the Puget Trough are reported. The Mineral Lake sequence shows treeless (possibly tundra) vegetation from 18,000-16,000 years ago. Pine-spruce woodland from 16,000 to 14,500 years ago. Grass, sedge and sagebrush dominated vegetation from 14,500 to 13,000 years ago. Pine-spruce woodland at both lakes from 13,000 to 10,000 years ago and from 10,000-7000 years ago the vegetation was dominated by Douglas-fir at both lakes. After 7000 years ago western hemlock became codominant with Douglas-fir. Oak became an important species in postglacial times but apparently not at the expense of conifers as conifers continued to be well represented. It first appeared around 10,000 years ago at these lakes, increased then decreased after 5000 years ago.cisea6a5aaacaoapaaaBaaa{ara.aaaKaaaaa$a"aaga/aiaoajalaaa&a#aaaa a=a&a7a)a8a7aFaLaGaHaQaYa[ahacacacacacacacacaca-wet and summer-dry climate typical of the study area is produced by the proximity of the warm oceanic waters of the Japan Current combined with the rainshadow effect of the Vancouver Island and Olympic mountains. Other associated plants in the forested sites include H. discolor sword fern (Polystichum munitum), and Oregon grape (Mahonia nervosa). In the more exposed rocky sites, purple-honeysuckle (Lonicera hispidula), serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), and kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) ritish Columbia; ecology; grazing; urbanization; browse; anthropogenic impacts; proceedings\VThe author illustrates the effects of urbanization, agriculture, grazing, hydroelectric development, mining, logging practices, and overbrowsing on forest ecology in British Columbia. He highlights threatened forest ecosystems in British Columbia, including Quercus garryana, and explains which elements are most threatening for each system. Pojar, J.r 1980boF?Threatened habitats of rare vascular plants in British Columbiae *$Stace-Smith, R. Johns, L. Joslin, P.tnThreatened and endangered species and habitats in British Columbia and the Yukon: Proceedings of the Symposium  Victoria, BC HBBritish Columbia Ministry of Environment, Fish and Wildlife Branch 40-48tnThreatened and endangered species and habitats in British Columbia and the Yukon: Proceedings of the symposium|vQuercus garryana; plant communities; plant associations; habitat; anthropogenic impacts; British Columbia; proceedingsThe most (both in number and degree) endangered or threatened habitats of rare plants in British Columbia occur where there are the most people: i.e. southwestern B.C., (southwestern Vancouver Island, the Gulf Islands and the "Lower Mainland" or lower Fraser Valley) and the dry Southern Interior of the province. Unfortunately, but not unexpectedly, these regions contain a disproportionately large number of rare vascular plant species, for primarily the same climatic and physiographic reasons that have convinced the bulk of B.C.'s human population to settle there. Much of the pre-European-contact area of Garry oak (Quercus garryana)-grass parkland is now occupied by the houses of Greater Victoria, or the farms of Saanich Peninsula and Gulf Islands. There is little natural regeneration; the old native oaks that die in the cities and towns are for the most part being replaced with faster growing species such as horse chestnut, black locust, and silver maple, rather than their own kind.grazingNeeeeeeee0e?e_e<eXeeeeepeqeeeeeeeleLeme6ee eeNee]e!eeeqeeeee<eReeseeee ee0e?eYe<eXeeeeeeleLeemeene6eeeeNeeeCe?e]e!eeeeZeatees"s"s"sstlstllllllllllllllllglydlydIdd&d_dadXdfddd!d"dYd]d5d6dddrdaegii, the only deciduous red oak inoculated, responded similarly to Q. suber, an evergreen white oak. The two evergreen red oaks, Q. agrifolia and Q. wislizenii, were the least susceptible in one of the studies while the two evergreen "intermediate" oaks, Q. chrysolepis and Q. tomentella, were the least susceptible in another. Significant differences in pathogenicity were observed between two Texas isolates of C. fagacearum. The implications of these results for the California oak woodlands is discussed.9 North e e e e# el e eeeee:eTeZeze_eeePeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee7e>eEe2eKefexe|ehegeeeeee'e*eVe7ekere~eeeeeeeejeqeeeyeeeemeeeneeeee&ee&e5e:eeVfoccupies|yyy#yTiziRioiAiiiiniiieiiiCi#ing r2 r r r] r rrceeneePeeee:eeeee?e?ee?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?eBed sn sn sn s6 s6 i 'D Lansingtagnenosa: rxlxlxlxlxllxlxlxlxlxlxlxlxlxlxlxlxlxlxlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllyrrrrrrrrrrrrsss ssDs'sBsGs9sscale and e e e e eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeechanism for movement of spores. Although viable spores have yet to be found on infected oak tissue, other hosts may serve as sources of rain-dispersed inoculum. In the laboratory, abundant sporangia form on moistened leaves of infected bay (Umbellularia californica) and Rhododendron spp. within 72 hours. These sporangia break off and easily disperse in water. Chlamydospores were also observed on the surface of moistened bay leaves. Consistent with these results, P. ramorum has been recovered from raiS Albanya[ e\ eC e e ei eB e eO ej e e= ek e e e e` el eF eL e em e en e e eK ed e e e eA ef e@ en er e e e e e e eqeertaiZicanstibia uOusddKdedd7d!dddereeee6eeeeYe eeiodesrrUrtnxanderlfalfaredgCgorithmZhicansibrisceZenicanstibia uusdOddKdedd7d!ddereeeYee e6eeeeeiodesrUrtnxanderlfalfaredgCgorithmZhicansibrisceZenedeelak savannas; regeneration; habitat protection; management; livestock; grazing,%Bayrakci, R. Carey, A.B. Wilson, T.M.C 2001\VCurrent status of the western gray squirrel population in the Puget Trough, WashingtonNorthwest ScienceNorthwest Sciencea754.333-341eQuercus garryana; Sciurus griseus; wildlife; small mammals; habitat; habitat protection; Fort Lewis; Puget Lowlands; Washington; habitat fragmentation; oak woodlands; prairieBayrakci, et al. 2001oli determining r rd rr rC rringlling rended ieeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeedr r r r r r r r r r rr r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r rmrsim m m mw m m mmenti i9 i i i i i  i/ i i; i i, i i i7 i9 i\ i i i i i i i_ i iN i iO i ii i@itamaaaaa!anaaa6a5aaoaaBa.aaaaaa"aiaa&a a=a&a7a8a7aFa;aHaqaadaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa*a7aKa7afaDana|aaa}a~aaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaa5aTaWa7aaaaaaaaaaaaahanaZlianZyZeemssrarch restoration restorationS Service sixteen Southwest Standiford Station such SymposiumTechtheirThisthosetoU URLusedusing variablesWwere Woodlandswould_keepiiiiiiningthgloggB iB iB iB iB iB iB iB iB iB iB iB iB iB iq is i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ir Burney on the edge of the plateau. The geographic isolation across this ridge is not great-20 to 30 air-line miles. The ridge is also broken by the narrow, winding gorge of the pit River. However, the ecological relationships of these disjunct species to each other and to their geographic situation have never been clearly outlined.i over a broader range of climatic conditions. Deer and pocket gophers are important in eliminating seedlingsYbirchlCleafd ses;sIssnsosss]so sssss s4stsesIsssssssssosostttttttttttttttttttttttttttttdocinoMETHODSNoonoakOakoakoaks OBJECTIVEofof ofonOregonPacific Patricia patternsphase primarily Proceedings proceedingsPSWQQuercusR RandolphRange RangelandrelationshipsRep Research Richard S Service Southwest species Standiford Station StationSTUDY SymposiumTechtotreeU Umbellularia Universityvalleyvarious vegetation vegetation vegetativewaswhite wildlifeWilson wislizenii wislizeniiwith woodland woodland Woodlandshen w0 withe d ddddddddd!ddddd-ddd!d+d3d6d:d@dDdEdcdRdUdTdTd^d_dbdGdfdfdfdfdfdfdfdfdfdfdfdfdfdfdfdfdfdfdfdododododododododakoakOaksoaksoaksofofof ofononononlyoverallPacific postburn prescribed prescribed prescription Proceedings proceedingsPSWPurcell QuercusR Range recorded recoveryRep Research resistanceS SantaService Southwest sproutingstandstand Standiford Station structure structuresummersurvey survivorship SymposiumtaggedTechthattherethreetotreetreeTreestwoU URLUsingwaswere woodland Woodlands woodlands woodlandsyearncesJAQuercusMi_i<iwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiQiViUi3iYiWiXi6i[i7i9i]i^i_iZi<iAiaibiciXiaidiieiiiEimifiniisiyizi{i|iViWiiiiiiidsuseOdFddmdddhdddddddd?d]ddddddd4dTdZd^d_dhdhdhdhdhdhdhdudffffffffffffffffffffffffffff Northwest NorthwestoakOaks obtainedofonorOregonoverPacificPacific patterns preference preference preferences preferred Products professional propertiesQuercusQuercusredReebrubraSamplessawn significantslicedsmallspeciessppstainstainedstocksuch SwearingenthatthenThereThesetheythisthoseto treatmentTwentyTwo unfinishedused utilizationvalued variationveneerwaswavywerewhitewhowithwithinwoodwoodswrappede4: lanuginosa: rramiechgellilililililililillililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililililillilililililililililililililililililjlyrjrjrjrjrjrjrjrjrjr stellateStephen stetlata stressed stressedthantheseThisthreetissuet,f threatens7 sZ stsesKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsKsdM managementmapped MargaretmethodsneedsnotnumberO'NeilO'Neil oakofofOR OregonOregon OregonOregonOreognOrgeon orientedoutPine PonderosaPress prioritization prioritizing protection protection quantitativeQuercusQuercusrelationships Riparian ShaughnessyState strategies summarizingtablesthatThisThomasThomas threetototalunder University var Washington Washington Washington Westside Wetlandswhite Wildlife wildlife Woodlandswhite'''''%''G'H'''''''''6'['7''''''''''J'!'T'''8''' '' ' '''''''' ''!'+'6'9'<'M'A'b'r'|'|'~''now occupiedofofonor originatedPpart phenomena physiographyPlainsPlainspollenpollenpollens Postglacial postglacialprairie prairies producingQuercus Radiocarbon rationalrecordrecordsregion regional remarkable restrictionscarpScience sedimentsshiftsimilarsitesso southeasternsppthattheretheseThis throughouttimetotodayusuallyV vegetation vegetationWellswere Wisconsinwooded woodlandWyoming xerophyticeto1111;1111111111 1 111 111111141"1$1&1V1(11*11-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1ureJournalleastleftlife likelihoodlikelylimitslittlelogginglowlowest markedly material Measures minoritynotoakoakoaks occurred occurrenceofofofoldonorOriginoriginoverparent presence prolificallyQQuercusQuercusRrotRoth satisfactoryScarletseasonsizespeciessprout sprouted sprouting sproutingsproutssproutsstandstumpstumpstumpsstumps successful suggested survivaltakentendedtheir thereforethesethey4% Conservancyq ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '+ 'I ' 'S 'j 'k ' 'f ' 'sttion i iE ig iS i i in io i i i i i iX i i i i io io io io io io io io io io io io io io io io io io io io io io io io i8Pamelaepp8phletGnamademiswwarop a!aaaaaaa9a\aaaaaaaaaa%anikolase e eermm6mKmZmGmnmtmxmmPmmmmm#m+mYmammmEmm m'mRmmOmmmmmmmmm mmmmQm#m)m/m;mQmmm m mmssssss?sTsss#syyy yyyyyaagraphsRryrifera$REaaagraphs svlleleeeediing smtmeter s s sEtheirsssssssssssss5sKsLsVsls8snsrs"ssAsBsBssjssVs=skssssslsfsssxssssmsssssssssnss6spsss#s"sisosls"s=s/s8m5m7mFmVmhmqmmmmmm mmmmKm9mDmzmmmmmmmmmmmm3mm%m!mmmCm?mmQmmmmmmmaLaaaaa/aIaMaNa{aanchosenr@ristianoophers rr oq o o omatographicyy yZooosome n n n nnicaloles6 srologies y y yr y y y ysanthemumo4olepiss6 sE sh su s s s s sq sy s s s s s sk s s> sr ss s sw s s sE sh sy s sk s s5 s ss s s sisphyllauckxinerchesicerohFORgarMnnamomidference sstancessFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFs comparedgss@sssssss[shsnstssssss#s!s6sZs7sssss-ski&iiBing s& sL sm s sHson sd s! s s sd s s s s sF sm sh s s s s sg s  s* sf sn sq s sT t tI tF tY t tm t t t t! ttment alizationeeedsssWtttibilitylles sm sf sn sh s s s sq s sg s sT t tI t tF tY t t tm t t! ttment alizationeeedsssWtttibilitylles ehendiumsF Surveyorstsi!i!i!i!i!i!iRiRiRiRiRiRiRiRiRiRiRibivalebebebebeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee investigators have concluded that some large refuges are essential to minimize extinction rates and to ensure certain species any chance of survival at all. These conclusions are based not only on studies of oceanic islands, but also of habitat "islands" on mainlands, as well as of refuges themselves. Some researchers disagree and argue that these applications of island biogeographic theory to conservation practice are premature and are based on insufficiently  asynchronizeddesmuseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeecklimbslistsmammalsmanymeadowMeadow meadowmeadowsmeadowsmeadowsmosaicnooakOakOak oakoaksofofofferonorother outcropspaperpatchesperches Preservation prior proceedings proceedingsprovideQuercus remainingRichard rockrough scatteredSociety sourcespeciesstudiessuitsthatThere thereforethese thicketsThistotreesTrudy urbanization urbanization Vancouvervariety Victoria were wildlife wildlifewithwoodsearsfacingttnt&t5tqtttttftJttoViViViVialsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssses, and distributions of each element are given. Various California oak species are listed as characteristic of several forest elements. Quercus garryana is listed as a characteristic species within the Oregon Oak Woodland, Black Oak Woodland, Mixed North Slope Cismontane Woodland, Northern Juniper Woodland, and Black Oak Forest elements.S Service silvicultural simulator simulatorstandsStation Tech thinningThisto treatmentstreetreeU uplandUser'suser'syieldyieldyield*options#rr>r a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaabaagaiaoajalara/aoaaVclearing=lhll]llyssssiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiipipissary negativelynotoakoakoakofofoftenononororderover prescribed prescribedQuercusreduced replicated responses richness richness samplingsavannasavanna savannas savannasscaleShannonShortshortSiemannSiemannsimilar sometimesspeciesspeciesspp taxonomictermtermTilmanto unaffectedvaried vegetationvswasWewerewholeyOak6'''sn# landf s W 0W WW W Wt Tt t t t t ~IMsKtgrasst! bservations ersccupancyeiesrrencesd docoiieusleuss:ratumecologiaidmleriaa rsted fgf Bf'f f f f fwff0flfff ,f f f fU f. f f o f f . f  f N f M f f , f = f , f  f fHf ;f _f f^f f f ^f f f f (f _ffif,f4frfededferedferedediceficeficeficeficeficeficeficeficeficeficeficeficeficeeficeficeficeiceficeficeficeficeficeficeficeficeiceeficeeficeeice;Bolander;eesss3singert< tM tL t= ttsymbycilla/n@filgnnAnerDoVoBooQooB ookl_ll l. lX l l l l ll'lVlXlkllll\lllBlGlcllllet sHmqmBiginganem*semthmanErchersderhiiiiiiing ssVeycyasznaof the 59 data-sets support the hypothesis and show a statistically significant positive relationship between the proportion of seeds surviving the pre-dispersal stage and the log of the crop size for the same year. Evidence that pre-dispersal seed survival increases with the length of the mast interval is poor.gon white oak. LOCATION OF FILE: Library in box 181  protoplastDvedddnaancessus id7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7dd7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7d7dFdFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsFsYiiYiYiYiYiYiYiYiYiYiYiYiYiRingingonmental factors; regeneration; reproduction; light; history; disturbance; slope position; aspect; soil; site indexrCarvell and Tryon 1961  Carvell, K.L.5 1967ZTThe response of understory oak seedlings to release after partial cutting. Bull. 553 Morgantown, WV >8West Virginia University Agricultural Experiment Station 18 p.Quercus alba; eastern oaks; seedlings; release; growth; height; crown structure; silvicultural treatments; management; sprouting Carvell 1967R1998aa!aa}a{aUaa[aaLaaa6aaaaaaWaab9a aOaUafaraxa{aaaaaaaa aBaIa_aaaaaaaa aa9a:a[a}aaaaaaaaDaaaagaoaaaaaa%a*aaaaa!aWaaaa!aaUaaBakaaa5ahaafaJaaZaaJabKbt thcthcmrcmrrradiancerradiancelProcesse3eWeue>eeDe9eehee(eeVeeeBeeneBeeleeeDeeBePeeZeeiedss if ix i i i i i& ia ib i ig i  iV i i i i i i i iX iiing^ oorsqduce ddUdddddd'ddddd*dVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVdVdrrrrrrrrrrr v v v v v v6 vL vN vJ vM vI vz v v v v v v( v. v/ v8 v= vesitt\garryana'_'b''c'6'l'8'k''n'p'q'r'"'$'z'x'y'~'''''='>''A'''E'F'H'J''''V'''''''e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'f'6'l'7'8'k'''n'p'q'r'!'"'$'w'z'x'y'~''''''5'6'8''='>'''A''''E'F'H'J'''''Q''S''''''''f'shes2issuestnttttteaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaarryana) type in California is 458,000 acres (97,000 of these are timberlands and 361,000 are woodland). Two shrubby varieties are recognized (Q. garryana var. brewerii and var. semota). Tree-form Oregon white oak occurs mainly in northern California, in an extremely broad range of environmental conditions. It is common near the coast in transitional belts between redwood and Douglas-fir stands and grassy glades, on dry ridges and south-facing slopes in the interior Coast Range, and on volcanic soilsStatesiwwwwTwwwwjwqw=widei< iP i iD iq ih i i i s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s srannitzL landscape landscapelinearmatter McCreary menziesiimodeloakOakoakOaks occurrenceofofof ofonononceorPPacific patchpatches populations Proceedings proceedings PseudotsugaPSWPurcell QuercusQuercusQuercusRR reduced regressionrelatedRelationshipsremnantRep Research S selectingService seven severelysitessize southeastern southeastern Southwest species Standiford Station study surveyed SymposiumTechtestsThisrH historicallyl ek e e e6 e5 e e eN e eNesyT y? y y y"yt-t#ttt+txttHttAtttt.tttt,tet|tt]ttt7t tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPtPt8tchcocusdL0Columbia'1'''+'''''*'')'''''+'-'6'F'2'I'R'b'E'F'm'x'y'k'''' '4'''R'Y'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'6'layed early abscission. Removal of the leaf subtending an inflorescence a week before anthesis, and excision of the shoot meristem at anthesis, did not enhance acorn retention. It is concluded that expanding leaves favour acorn retention and that early abortion is not caused by competition for assimilates.ter loss when water was freely available--an attempt to simulate potential conditions. A plastic roof was constructed unde*huntingss ssqsQsingers3 sG s sqsbandryzarK yacinthinabridi_iLiiiiiiization e^ e_ e_ e eM e e eL e e e e ex ey e e e eT e e8 e e e e ex eA e e_e d dsddddLdddd7ddTdd8dd<dratediiionulic o o o o oelectric#genlogic#y g  g groscopicGltona menoptera o o oA o oA o) ouspericum i~ i~ i~ i~ i~ i~ i~ i~ i~ i~ i~ i~ i~ i~ i~ i~ i~ i~ i~ iod personnel positioamongmrr rrrrrnrrrr"rgror"rr@r;r[rrrrrrr rr*rErAr@rrrsrrrrrrr!r6rZr!rrZrrrrphousuungtteeeeeeeeeeeeee*e^e`eieBeeje`eeeeemeeejeee/eQeeee]eSeedi1iQiing$sp&p/pQp=pqp p1phpppOphibian  sY s  s= d5 d d d  dn d= d5 dY d dt d  died A n nheNtcliffse4mm9mmatessssssQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQssQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsQsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZsZshotosplantPlant plantingPlants popularity portions possiblepost presentedPress printingsprocess producedproduct propagatonccc}c~ccccccccccccccccccc3ccccc5c%c#cJccc-cc6c?cDcGcMcTcPcZcWcXc]cmc7c!ccoccc8ccccccQcSccZcccccjcccccqcpc}ccccccccccccc ceeRe{ec5c%c#cJccc-cc6c?cDcGcMcTcPcZcWcXc]cmc7c!ccoccc8cccccc ceeRe{e:Quercusiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiii4i'iVi(iii.iii1i5i9i:i@iAii[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[i[iintact intensity intervalsinto intolerant invasionisJkilledleaveslight LOCATIONLoislongLow maintenance Management management menziesii mortality mortality Multiple NationalNeilNorman northernnotoakoakoakoaks OBJECTIVE observed occurrenceofofof ofon openingsorOregon overstoryPacific ParkPark's Pillsbury Plumb Prescribed prescribedpresent preservation preserve Proceedings proceedings PseudotsugaPSWQuercusQuercusR Range *c Schreiner/nteoderelereitzereUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeUeeeesssssssssssssssssssssssssssdwoods; economics; management; silvicultural treatments; inventory; utilization; Washington; OregonsRaettig, et al. 1995 .'Rast, E.D. Beaton, J.A. Sonderman, D.L.m 1989~xPhotographic guide of selected external defect indicators and associated internal defects in white oak. Res. Pap. NE-628  Broomall, PA \VU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station 24 p.w82Quercus alba; wood properties; defects; buds; barkRast, et al. 1989WDChicagokkensefllylFlXlbldren}lerxingana]kkapin p p ppmunkLpedissmantDttenden la.mXmPmXm|m'mVm_mmEmm3mmmmm^ mydosporeso\o^oride^ooophyllllasticoicemmmFm|mmmpoeg#osinggpTppedssennnTrristiane o o ohicyleoleoleoleoleoleoleoleoleoleoleou u u u ;orideophylllasticoiceFompoeggosing`ssenristianonahopheq rr os o o omatographyoosomed n n nnicalluleoo ou er~1821r3K6]33B00b06b674W00"0Q00c0T00G00?0>0_000P00R0^0b0U0I0D0e00Y0Z0X0a00N0h0E00:0H0M0]0g0;0V0S0[0\0C0i0B00O0j00=0k0000`0l0F0L00m00n00K0d00A0f0@00080s114K750 0'' '' 'ss sWsq2324F59660*'5;5714e4414e480oo9999959o90n Standiford nK nd n nA nf n@ n n n n n nngpnpffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffoakof ofOlympia onOregonOregonplant prescribed preservation priority PrioritypromotePugetQuercusQuercusrecommendationsrecommendations regenerationreport reproduction restorationreverseSciurusseenshownsilviculturalsizesmallsourcestandssummaryTtabletheirThese thinningThisto treatmentstrendvaluesWA Washington Washington Washington Washington'swellwhitewhite Wildlife wildlifewill WOODLAND woodlands woodlands woodlands$%Harmerlffulo6oldppp yf yf yf yf yf yf yf yf yf y} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s} s0Vuren WA-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAcations importanceininterInterspecificintraspecificisitsJohnJr Juvenile juvenileKKobelevellevelslightlittlelow mathematicalmethods Michiganmodels mortality mortality Mountainneutral northern northwestern nutrientoakoccupyofofonPacalapHpoorpredict probability profound publishedQuercusrecentregionrichRichard sapling's saplingsshadeshadeshade Silander simulatorsitesitessoilsSORTIE spatiallyspecies specificFforalafaFaaaayaaaaaaaamaaaaaaaaaaaaaa a aaaaaaanaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa&Hatem8ing8redveiiiiii!i#iLiOiRiTiZi_iGipisixi~iiiii_iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii flammulaforforbsfoundfromG garryana garryanageneralGiven glaberrimusHaberhabitathabitathashave historic historicalIdahoif Illingworthimpactsinin in indicates individual InformationisIslandItitsJknowknownlack lanceolateleaveslikelylimitlimitedlobed location locationslowlandMmeadowmeadowsmeadowsMontanamostmuchnewnonNorth northeastern northern Northwestnowof ofoftenonON on ononeonlyOregonOtta* between!nnnnnnnn#n4n<n@nEnTnZnnnnnnnnPnnnn^nnnnnnn)n9nKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKnKn1970199222345500536666768alalso ANALYSISandannualappearsareASSTABbe birchleafblueBradleyBromus carinatus Cercocarpuscirclecluster collected communities community composition Cynosurusdata describeddetail determining discussed DISCUSSION distribution documentdogtail echinatus efficientElymusenvironmentalet examinedFfactorfactorsfescueFestucafirefive Foothill foothill Franklin FranklinfromG garryana garUspeciesVf=fkffffffmfffffffxfffLfffffffffffffffffffffffffff fnfnfnfnfnfnfnfnfnfnfnfnfnfnfnfnfshowedsrr'rOrarvr{rrrrrrr@rnr~rrBrBrrrrrrrrKrrorVr[rrrrrrrrrrr#rMrWr}rrrsi ingnnnnknnnNnnnssssstlColumbia'8'k''n'''A''''''''''''6'5'''.'/''&')'Q'Y'''''''''' ','7'K'9'Q'z''''''3''5'('P'W'm'7'''''O'n'''''''''+'-'6'F'PreservesKsessssQs+sCsbsssKsssesssQs iIingI tC tttlemento o o o o o o o&oakingpproutingeBs e e9 eJ eK eL e| e e e e eX ea eE ex e e e e e e e e e e e e\ e= e e e e eU er e eG e e e e| e e e e eedidingureItItItItItItItItItItuFseventlt}tttttnttQttt%ttTttZt\teenh7 hhyr'aale eeeLeUeZexeeeeee3e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9e9emay account for the well known adaptation of this oak species to arid habitats. Our data revealed that Q. pubescens is able to maintain high leaf relative water contents under water stress conditions. In fact, relative water contents measured in summer (July) did not differ from those recorded in April. This was apparently achieved by compensating water loss by an equal amount of water uptake.rtilize these important sources of food. Without regular burnings (annual or bi-annual) these prairiForesttttt t,ttpvvn RrrrIbbwee#e3eMeO m mcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcscscscscscscscscscscscscscscscscscscscscscscscscscsc i iar not to be detrimental to bottomland hardwood reproduction. Multiple bums may even increase the root/shoot ratio of seedlings thereby increasing vigor.s a thinning radius based on d.b.h., was employed. Ten-year dX Seasonalityly~ e e e  e@ eediQi.ing. s s s s s s[ s s s s[ s s s{sttttttttttttttttttlebbq bq bq bq bq bq bq bq bq bq bq bq bq bq bbbaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa indicated s s$ s sh s s s s sJ s s sj s s s sE s@ sz s s s> s sss i{ i i i i iB iC ix i: iY i} iL i i ij iY i iK i iT i i iing o ov o5 o` o" o o o o# o oPons sT s vveo o oEors sA sE s s s s s$ s9 s s s s e$ e e e eo o ov o# o5 o oPons sT s vveo o oEors s s s$ sA s9 sE s s s s s s e$ e e e e e eg eE e  e eeseDesp>serotinanpentineratavvvvvd\dd b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b brbance. Levels of change in red oak radial growth were greatest from 1906 to 1911, an indication of major disturbance. Oak regeneration in all sampled areas that developed into second-growth forest was dominated by seedling-size individuals recruited from 1902 to 1910. However, there also was evidence that red oak, white ash, and bitternut hickory were developing into larger size classes before 1900, and that recruitment and development was related to periodic canopy disturbance. The stand-wide median canXfromaaaPaaaaaaaRa^abaaUaaaaaaaaaaaIa a aaaaaaa#a)a0a6a8a9aaBaBaBaBaBaBaBaBaBaBaBaBaBaBaBaBaBaBaBaBaBaBagriseusgriseushahabitathabitat hamperedhashistoryhomeHome identifyinin indicated information interactionitsJohannakernel KlickitatlargerlayeredlevelslifeLindersLittlemalemalesmammals management managementManlyMary measurementsminimum moderate MovementmultiNestnestingNinetynon observedofof ofonppercentpineplotspolygon previousprimary quantitativeQuercusradiorangerangeranges reported resourceroutesScijTNCo1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111|$Foglh$h$pmldii*iiagerrr rPrWrdr}rrrrrr#r+r3r'rVrrrrrrryr]rrrrr r4r7r:rUrbr"r}rrArFrrrrrrrr rrrr3r)rrrrrrr1rrrrrrrrrrZrXrorrrr rPrr+r3r'rVrr]rrr[rArrror3rrZrr rkUkk kEkkkkkkkpksle?e?e?eiion was poor and shoot growth averaged on"whereasnbbbibb[bbbb1bb#b!bmbbbbysssssssssssstonedddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddts very localized distribution, the low number of known populations, and the tendency of the snakes to form seasonal aggregations. Although populations are able to tolerate human activities to some degree and to coexist with low-density urban developments, their habitats are threatened with more intensive development. Alteration of key habitats used for hibernation and egg laying, in particular, would be detrimental. Because of these factors, the status endangered was assigned to the species by COSEWIC, bas]foundaa a aa"a'aa*a4aaa\aRaca6a8aqaraya}aiaaaAaVa=aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa6a5aBaaaeagaiajalaoaaa=a&a)a5a7aFaQaqaaaaaaaaaaaaKaNa9a[aafafasaaaaaaa.aaaaaa!aDaGaTaPaWaXa7aa8aaaaaaaaeationaaaaaaaaaaatione s s%learnoedsQsssksedttttt_tttttCtxtNtt t't&tSt\t^trtttttt ttpttttttt v*v@vrvvv%vJvvvTved"s"s"s"s"siiiiiiiiits, asking what they would do if their allowable forage use was reduced. We found that replacing the lost forage with other leased lands is the most common solution anticipated by ranchers. Reducing the size of the herd is another strategy ranchers were willing to consider. Diversification and quitting ranching were the least popular coping mechanisms, and selling the ranch was in between. Decision-makers and conservation groups must take these strategies and the problems they pose into a"Fossiliooo5orial5 taaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaacurredofoftenOlympia onlyouroutwashpagesPastplainsplantplantplantspresent presentedprovenPugetPugetQuercusrangereport restoration RestorationRichardsafe savannas selectedSinceSound southernspeciesstandsState State strategiesstudy suppressionTheseThis threatentounknown unpublishedWAWA was Washington Washingtonweedswithwithinwithin woodland woodland woodlands woodlandsria waspwaspswellwidewithyear yearsstbU RegeneratinglT o o o om o o o o onv" v" v" v" v" v" v" v" v" v" v" v" v" v" v" v" v" v" v v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v' v  vo 10.4 cm). The cost of these tree replacement strategies is evaluated, and the effectiveness of tree planting as a mitigation tool, especially as it relates to the creation of wildlife habitat, is discussed.without woodlandswoodyldrFK southward s s7 e e4estE e eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT eT ethforforForest from gatheredGengoldengrapeGTRhashigh hillsideshousingif illustrateimpactsinin increased intensiveintois iteration iterationsK knownL landscape lawmakersledlikely Likliness livestockLuisLuismalls McCreary moderatenooakOakoakoakOaksoaksoaksObispoObispoofofof ofon ordinancesotherPPacific paypaypaymentPhotos policiesposter preservation preservation Proceedings proceedings productiollllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllawslellawsamposiuDaweonmsonysLssssBsmssssdss1s6sssrsttttLt<tttthtrttBttltttttWtttimeoonBHC<CCCUCC'CBCxCCCCC]CCCCCCCCCC$ C$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A$ A6A6Ahe variation in tree age. Although the overall diameter frequency distribution of oaks formed a reverse-J shape, the age-frequency distribution approximated a normal (bell-shaped) distribution. We show how this: monticoluslake/realtumentfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTffTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfTfr on average than those which were only partially topkilled (12/67). Saplings taller than 201 cm, or with a stem diameter greater than 5.6 cm at 30 cm height, were only partially topkilled. Only 20 percent of the completely topkilled saplings had regained both their post-fire height and diameter by 5 years after the fire. Height growth of new shoots from completely topkilled saplings was highest in the first year after the fire, but declined in succeeding years. High levels of vole damage in resprouted topk@1 &Douglas, G.W. Illingworth, J.M.r 1999HBStatus of white-top aster in British Columbia. Wildlife Bull. B-96  Victoria, BC piBritish Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Wildlife Branch and Resources Inventory Branch 8 p.forbs; understory; plant associations; plant communities; noxious weeds; exotic plants; fire; habitat protection; competition; British ColumbiaIn British Columbia, White-top aster (Aster curtus) is restricted to south eastern Vancouver Island and adjacent small islands around Victoria. These populations represent the northern range limit of the species. There are 16 extant sites, and half of them are located in the Greater Victoria area. Colonies at 12 sites have been confirmed in recent years, but the status of the four other sites remains unknown. An additional six sites are likely extirpated. Although some colonies are partially protected from direct habitat destruction, introduced species pose a serious threat to the persistence of most colonies, particularly those that have small numbers of plants. Management of this species given the lack of information regarding the biology and ecology of this plant, its competitive interactions with other species, and factors controlling the establishment, growth and maintenance of colonies. Therefore it is recommended that A. curtus be considered Threatened in British Columbia. 0)Douglas, G.W. Gould, J. Illingworth, J.M.n 2001LFDraft COSEWIC status report on tall woolly-heads, Psilocarphus elatior  Ottawa, ON >8Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada 22 p.VOQuercus garryana; forbs; meadows; plant associations; British Columbia; meadowsHVegetation on the southeastern side of Vancouver Island is markedly different to that found elsewhere along the west coast and other locations in Canada. Moisture deficiencies during the summer may preclude many plants, particularly those not adapted to drought (McMinn, et al. 1976). On mesic sites the vegetation is dominated by Pseudotsuga menziesii, a dominant fire-climax species. In drier areas, where rainfall is low or soils are shallow, the vegetation is characterized by open stands or discontinuous clumps of Quercus garryana mixed grass-dominated meadows or rock outcrops.JK&Dow, Beverly D. Ashley, Mary V.o@:Changing genetic structure of a savanna bur oak populationForest Genetics 1999January61 29-39aJCQuercus macrocarpa; genetics; seedlings; regeneration; oak savannastD=Genetic relatedness among adult bur oaks and among saplings in a remnant savanna in Illinois was compared using data from four microsatellite loci for evidence of changes in genetic structure. Relatedness among all adults in the stand was close to zero (0.005) while that among all saplings was substantially higher (0.075). When the stand was divided into spatial groups of trees, relatedness of adults within those spatial groups was always slightly negative (indicating lower relatedness than average) while spatial groups of saplings had significantly higher relatedness coefficients of about 0.10. Comparison of individual microsatellite genotypes indicated that no more than 19% of adult trees are likely to be the offspring of trees that are currently alive in the stand but 94% of the saplings have a parent in the stand.a,%Dress, William J. Boerner, Ralph E.J. 2001pjRoot dynamics of southern Ohio oak-hickory forests: Influences of prescribed fire and landscape position*#Canadian Journal of Forest Research314644-653nhQuercus alba; roots; biomass; fire; prescribed fire; soil temperature; soil moisture; fine roots; growthLEThis study compares standing root biomass from sequential root cores and new root production in ingrowth cores in three watersheds: an unburned control watershed, a watershed burned once in 1996, and a watershed burned for three consecutive years (1996-1998). Based on root cores collected on six sampling dates from April through November 1998, maximum standing live root biomass occurred approximately 1 month earlier in the growing season in the site burned three times, presumably because of increased soil temperature after the fires. Standing live fine root biomass was significantly lower in the site burned three times in three of the six samplings dates (April, June, and November) and when averaged over the whole growing season. Most of this effect was due to lesser root biomass in the most mesic landscape position. New root production was measured during three ingrowth core intervals: April to August 1998, August to November 1998, and August 1998 to November 1999. Net production was significantly greater in sample plots in xeric landscape positions during each sampling interval. Overall, differences in standing root biomass were inversely correlated with fire-induced changes in N mineralization and increased soil temperature after burning shifted the phenology of root biomass accumulation earlier in the growing season..tResearcheDebeeeHegeeeeelekeneyeie>eleeeneeQeeeoeeqeeeeeeee7efenereeeee(e]e7eeee(e{eeeee[eeeeeeJ'eersm s s> m m% mo m m- m mmblesssingeeeeeeee]ele7ekeneyeie>ee(ee{eeeeeeee[eeJ'emers s% so m m m- m> m m mmblesssing rervation eVsecurity7dell8geqsJssBwickiLiYimentaary t8s6 u6 u6 u6 u6 ukumekeddddddddd@l@l@l@l@l@l@llBlbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb$helpe_eeHeMe;eSeieeeeeeefeeeJeedff!fTfulGs|mmBmionusss/sMspheres slocksssss6s8sos1sssYsssssstromnnceYdddd7dodd^dersoni i5 iirriypppppp^ptingg. g. g. g. g. g. g. g. g. g. g. g. g. ggergeruriumu eert s v v v v v v v v vn species had lower translocation rates than deciduous trees. Translocation rates into leaves of deciduous species showed a very rapid increase during the spring, but by late May foliar P was being moved slowlyJ] Phytophthora[ t\ ti tU t` tf tM s s sociologicaly y$IIceaked ttooidesTturesPs1ssseecingdmont[kVkkUk[kVk$kielekrrcercerkfk&l lesurylsburylsburylsburylsbury nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nh nXZslowerts0stihi.inglyuouuuuuuuugsmpeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeuction for herbaceous plants indicates a relationship similar to that for trees. As the exponent relating seed size to seed production is > -1.0, it follows that large-seeded plants produce more total annual crop mass than do small-seeded species. However, this is balanced by the greater investment in ancillary reproductive tissue by smaller seeded species. The results obtained here ought to be of theoretical and applied interest in, for example, stand-level simulations of population dynamics or for plannin*Coppereice"yyyhrrdillera]woodesssss skkkkk.kkkknMnnMn6neliauus l l llrrr r.rXrPrXr|r'rVr_rrErr3rrrrrrFuFsustOtOt{tatttaoo5onarianaria im i i i i i i i i i i i ionorOregonOregonotherotpover photographPiercepondsportion possible potentialprairie prairies productionPureQuercusQuercusranged regeneration regenerationscarce scopariusscotssizeslope snowberryspeciesstandstandsstandssuchSymphorocarposthan thirteen Thompson Thompson throughou\versa5icoloro o5 oonsssssmuu:usttttbtt;tttttt!tttebrate s s s7 sY s- s s s i i i icicallTllsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqssqsqsqsqsqsqsqsqs}selyicleselsssstZwhener rr4r7rSrJr^rqrCrirrBrrkrrlrmrrrrrr rrrrrBrr%r"rjrlrrr&r/rFrHrrrrrrrrrrrKr6rhrfrsrrrrrrrrrrrr.rrrrrrrTrZrXr7rrrqrrrrea aaaaQa6aa1aaaaaaaa+aaBa2aZabaaern species of deciduous oaks. Number of epicormic branches increased with decreasing stand density, proximity to openings, on south and east bole (aces, and with inc4` staminate n n n n n n naaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVaVa?a?a?a?a?a?a?a?a?a?aPaPaPaPaPaPaPaPaPaPaPaPaPac parametersplots previous Proceedings proceedingsprojectPSWPurcell QuercusQuercusRR rapidlyRep requiring Research resistance RichardsS Sacramentoscorch selectedService sizes Southwest standstand Standiford Standiford Station structure structure SymposiumTech techniqueTecklinthatthisto trainingtreetreeU URLusablevalleyvariouswaswerewhere wildfire wildfire wildfireswinterwithout Woodlandswouldyear8 experienced d d d d d d d d sK s N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Norman notoaksoaksoaks OBJECTIVEofofof ofonoutdoorPacific part Pillsbury plantedPlumb Proceedings proceedingsprocessPSWQQuercusQuercusRR Range regenerationRep research ResourcesS seedling seedlingsService sevensevenshootshootSierra significance Southwest Station STUDY survival SymposiumTech temperaturetheyTimothy toU useusefulwas wislizenii wislizeniidsoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1driers2sOsysss/sssss/stlTlPlGllttschilomvenVnmiinggwwkwater'opApmp~ped^umumumughtss s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1ss1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1s1sssyyi.i.i.i.i.i.i.i.i.i.irn pin oaks was weakly associated with site index. The sprouting of all species was related to tree age, but only white oak showed a consistent trend of decreased sprouting with increased tree age. An average of 134 0Furtheri@iTiiiBiFihii9iiOikini~i=iiimii6iiiiiiiMiiioiIingmore@ sk s s s s s s sscaG9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 WaspsVter v |vves C }var eathering <eded:kss Eightedstkamp lch ker @l s Fnts Kres Ds s vs ss1ssmaelC t eeern Sttltnesster hat *eelann Sn rrhreaasb rbytther xstone ichll letSt tehh ah9fOd `dd +oo ooIdthildfireslandss  iifehtmlamttnttottKtdtttttAtft@tntrtttttttpuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDuDureary mortalityNevada northwesternoakOakoakoakOaksoaks occurrenceofofof ofononPacific paper persistencepresent Previous probability Proceedings proceedingsProgram projections Protection'sPSWPurcell QuercusR rangelandsRep Research ResourceS Service Sierra significance Southwest speciesSperospp Standiford Station SymposiumTechtermtermsthanThisthreattotrendstrendsU URLuse woodland woodlands Woodlands woodlandsworkstandUaaaaZaaaoaaaaaaVaa$aHaOaa`aaaaraaa#aaaLa=aaa aaNaafaaJa?aaaaaa!a<aUaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaant to Oregon white oak studies. These three are listed below, and also entered as separate entries in the database. Linking the ecology of natural regeneration to silviculture by D.R. Larsen and Paul S. Johnson (Columbia, MO), Silvicultural methods of oak regeneration with special respect to shade tolerant mixed species by B. Von Luepke (Goettingen, Germany), Approaches to modeling natural regeneration in oak-dominated forests by R. Rogers (Steens Point, WI) and Paul S. Johnson (Columbia, MO)N ftDresultedgiiiigii"i5ikijiliiiiiiiiiing s s smmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmxmxmxmxmxmxmxmxmxmxmxmxmxmxmxmxmxmxmxmxmxmxmxmflush flushingfoliagefor ForestryfourfromfullFurther generally germinants germination Germinationgivengreatergrowinggrowngrowthgrowthgrowth illuminationilluminationsin indicated intensities intensity intensityinvestigationisItLleafleaveslengthlesslevelslightlightlightmany maximized measurements multiple mximizednearNewnonsignificantnotnumberoak observed occurrenceofofonon outerformoverPperpoorpresentn vegetation a aR a a a a a a a  a a a a a a a a a a a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  aK Ranunculus pI pl pK p8pacious8tyidllDlll^l0l6l9lBlvlll:lAljllll l&llZlAlypppppCp|pipjppYpphpppp:pnrellll1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1l1lWlyslysWsllQllll&l7lnlsl_l0llll7lKlIlxlllllllll1lWlll7lklllyssgsrsxsvsWsstiiKity<Vhardwoods=sssss ssssss6ssQssssls*s< yE y_ y  y' y{ yk y y y y y* yi y y y y yT y y y y* yE yR yT y{ y y y yP y y y  y  yO yo yH y y y y y y* y y[ y y y yi y yrcus alba trees were: (a) released by harvesting all surrounding overstory trees; (b) partially released by removing trees directly overtopping them; (c) felled; (d) felled and partially released; or (e) left untreated. Trees were measured before treatment and 2 and 4 yr later. Although the vol. growth of released trees (a) was greater than (e) trees, there was no significant response in ht. growth after 4 yr. Treatment (a) substantially increased B;Jacquart, Ellen M. Armentano, Thomas V. Spingarn, Arthur L.\USpatial and temporal tree responses to water stress in an old-growth deciduous forest"American Midland Naturalistn 1992 127r158-171pPIQuercus alba; hardwoods; water relations; drought; precipitation; growth; PIXylem water potential of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) and pawpaw (Asimina triloba) and stem girth of white oak-(Quercus, alba) and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera)were measured over 3 yr in an old-growth forest in SW Indiana.The 3 yr encompassed periods ranging from moderate drought to over average rainfall. Both precipitation events and the distance of a stem to a nonforested edge had an important influence on predawn xylem water potential. Individuals closer than 30 m to the edge of the forest had consistently lower water potentials than those farther into the forest. This correlation was greater for pawpaw than for dogwood, and differences were generally significant on drier date. Stem girth was not linked as closely to spatial differences within the woods as to fluctuations in the precipitation pattern. Neither white, oak nor tulip poplar showed a net increase in girth during the severe drought of 1988. During 1989, a year with greater than average rainfall, white oak had a greater stem girth increase than tulip poplar, a reversal of the predrought growth pattern.t "Jamieson, J.A. Douglas, G.W. 1998D=COSEWIC status report on coastal wood fern, Dryopteris arguta\  Ottawa, ON >8Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada 14 p.b\Quercus garryana; forbs; plant associations; plant communities; understory; British Columbia. Dryopteris arguta typically occurs either on coastal wooded slopes in filtered light provided by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Garry oak (Quercus garryana), and Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), or on rocky coastal cliffs and outcrops where associated light-filtering plants, if present, include Garry oak and ocean spray (Holodiscus discolor). Exposure at the study sites is almost invariably southwestern, southeastern, or southern, in descending order of occurrence (Table 1). The cool mesothermal, winter-wet and summer-dry climate typical of the study area is produced by the proximity of the warm oceanic waters of the Japan Current combined with the rainshadow effect of the Vancouver Island and Olympic mountains. Other associated plants in the forested sites include H. discolor, sword fern (Polystichum munitum), and Oregon grape (Mahonia nervosa). In the more exposed rocky sites, purple-honeysuckle (Lonicera hispidula), serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), and kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) were found to be associated with D. arguta. Many of these plants are indicator species for very dry to moderately dry, fast-draining, nitrogen-medium soils, and their occurrence decreases with increasing elevation, precipitation, and latitude (Klinka et al., 1989).ab+ASe",Janszen, Harveyf:3Vascular plants of Saturna Island, British Columbia Syesis 197710 85-96D>Quercus garryana; climate; plant communities; British Columbia@:A list of 455 taxa of vascular plants is given for Saturna Island, off the southern tip of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The island is made up of two glacially sculptured sandstone ridges covered with a thin mantle of glacial till with some marine clay deposits in low-lying areas. The climate is characterized by mild winters, cool, dry summers and low total precipitation. The island is in the dry subzone of the Coast Douglas-fir biogeoclimatic zone. Garry oak and arbutus are present on xeric sites. A provisional description of plant communities is given.Janszen, Harveyf81Vascular Plants of Mayne Island, British Columbiat Syesis 198114 81-92F?Quercus garryana; climate; plant communities; British Columbia;aA list of 474 taxa of vascular plants is given for Mayne Island, off the southeastern tip of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The 2 633 ha island is made up to a series of sandstone ridges thinly mantled with glacial till and areas of lowland underlaid by shale and marine clay deposits. The climate is characterized by mild winters, cool, dry summers and low total precipitation. The island is in the dry subzone of the Coast Dougals-fir biogeoclimatic zone: Garry oak and Arbutus are present on aerie sites.Jepson, Willis Linn 1909 OakThe trees of California San Francisco, CA Curtis & Welch152-178rQuercus garryana; Quercus garryana var. breweri; Quercus garryana var. semota; wood properties; utilization; plant communities; distribution; fire; plant description; acorns; foliage; bark; silvics; range; URLcVPThis book discusses characteristics of California trees. It includes a detailed description of the Oregon oak (Quercus garryana) including its foliage, acorns, diameter, bark, distribution, wood properties, and utilization. The passage also describes two dwarf forms of the tree: Q. garryana var. breweri and Q. garryana var. semota.&http://chla.library.cornell.edu.6wfor{aUaaaaa\aaaaaaaaaahaaEaaaaaaaaaa:aMaaaa]aagaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaab woodland. The purpose of the management plan is to provide the necessary context and direction to achieve the management goals for the Preserve. It provides and overall description of the natural and cultural features of the property and their ecological and historic significance; identifies issues that relate to protecting and sustaining ecological and historic features of the site, basic and applied research, public access and security, surrounding lands, and the role of the Preserve in the localllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll;lllll=FoothillsCs sss0s?ss=sslsssssss#sG pG pG pG pG pG pG pathsI rbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb. bbbubbbbbbbbbbbbb=bb<bKbb`bbbbbbbbbbbbb@bgb b<bbb]RossiptWtrum/t/aa7aa aTaa/a3a^aaiaoafaationssosDsss h^h_ss3s7tten ugethlynnnNnnqnndhhhhheadedtteGddfdpsGiiiainePw]w`leeiyPu aTaiaoaa/a3afaationssosDsss h_h^ss7s3tten ugethlynqnnnnNnndhhhhheadedtteGddfdpsiGiiPineaw]w`leeLsx9xburghiiyayPPPuu u!uuuu>Oak'' ' '''''#'$'D''')'e'+'-'0''6'8'9'?'' 'B'C'F'G'''I'L'O'R'V'Y'9'Z'<'<'<'<'A'A'A'A'A'A'A'A'A'A'A'A'A'A'A'A'A'A'A'A'A'A'ted with the rocky barren dry areas was different from the large oaks to be seen on the better soils, but this has been disproven. It has been estimated that some of the oaks, which had to be removed due to their dangerous condition were up to 400 years old. The Garry oaks, in particular give the Park a character which distinguishes it from other large and beautiful parks in the northwest.aapaaaaLaaaaaamaavofkRncParo deRe^boUnr nleI  clnio$TDy'v)veh/0au6etCFeVrYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYfYfmapsMETHODSMuick MultipleNorman oakoakoaksoaks OBJECTIVESofof ofononorOregonPacific Pamelapart Pillsbury plotsPlumb presenceprivate Proceedings proceedingsPSWQuercusQuercusR randomlyRange range regeneration regeneration regenerationRep ResourcesS sampled saplings seedlingsService Southwest speciesstateStation statusSTUDY Symposium systematicTech throughoutTimothy toU useWwerewhite wislizeniiwithwithshyana; insects; taxonomy; foliage; British Columbia 4-Mallory, J.I. Colwell, W.L., Jr. Powell, W.R.  1973xrSoils and vegetation of the French Gulch Quadrangle, Trinity and Shasta Counties, California. Resour. Bull. PSW-12  Berkeley, CA leU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Stationa 42 p.;rkQuercus douglasii; Quercus wislizenii; soil; plant communities; oak woodlands; California; California oaksMallory, et al. 1973standaaaaaaaaaaaDaaBaZa\aahaaa:aaaaa@aa^aOajakaaaaaaaaaaraa#aa"aoajaaFa=aqaaaaaa aaa*a^aeafafaaaaaaaJa?aTaPaaaaaaa!ard>iibiieitiaZaeafafa\aaaahaaaa:aaaaaaaaaJa?a@aaPaTaCardi!ii>iibiieiti djOhabitatKi@i5iiiiii]iiiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiJiIiIiIiIi4i5i7i8iYiZi]iti}iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiei2iKiIiXiBifiNiiii}ii]iiKii;iiii iiiii?iJiIion4