. XXXXXXXXXXX X XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX X X X X X X X XX X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XXXXXXXX X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX X XXXXXXXXXXX X X I L L I N O I S P L A N T I N F O R M A T I O N N E T W O R K I N P U T F O R M D E S C R I P T I O N S A Data base on the ecology, biology, distribution, taxonomy, and literature of the 3209 plant species found in Illinois Developed by Dr. Louis R. Iverson X (-----ILPIN----) USDA Forest Service X X X X I ---------- I 359 Main Road X X X X X I ( GIS ) I Delaware, OH 43015 X X X X X X I ( ) I liverson/ne_de@fs.fed.us X X X X I ( Data Base) I (740-368-0097) X X I (----------) I X X X X (--------------) Affiliated with X X !------------! Illinois Natural History Survey X X (..............) 607 E. Peabody Dr. () X X () ( ............ ) Champaign, IL 61820 ( ) I ( ) ( -------- ) ( ) I ( ) '''''''''''''''' Data Compiled by ( ) I ( ) David M. Ketzner, M.S. ( )I( ) Center for Biodiversity ( I ) Illinois Natural History Survey ( I ) 607 E. Peabody ( I ) Champaign, IL 61820 (I) (217-244-8821) Input Form Descriptions ILPIN DESCRIPTOR EXPLANATIONS TAXONOMIC - the classification of plants. 1. DIVISION 2. CLASS 3. ORDER 4. FAMILY 5. SCIENTIFIC NAME - as in Mohlenbrock (1986). 6. AUTHORITY - as in Mohlenbrock (1986). 7. SUBSPECIFIC AUTHORITY - authority of subspecies, variety, of form as in Mohlenbrock (1986). 8. COMMON NAME - name used as common name for the species. 9. SYNONYMS - synonyms for genus or species name (not common name synonyms). 10. TAXONOMY COMMENTS - troublesome areas, synonym explanations, etc. 11. CODES SCS Code - National List of Scientific Plant Names Code. (USDA, 1982). ILPIN Code - ILPIN code numeric code following phylogenetic order. Tax Code - taxon code - hierarchical code which relates all files together. 12. NATURAL COMMUNITY - the community type or types where the species is normally found--after White (1978) forest - community dominated by trees, 80% or better average canopy cover. a. upland - forests that do not normally flood--includes terraces. 1. xeric - soil extremely shallow over bedrock or gravel-- canopy trees often stunted and low crowned or there is little understory. Shrubs and small trees may make impenetrable thickets. 2. dry - soil is dry and poorly developed because of steep, exposed slopes or because of bedrock, gravel, or sand at or near the surface. 3. dry-mesic - trees make good growth--but canopy is more open than mesic. 4. mesic - ideal moisture conditions, a dense overstory, and an understory of shade tolerant species. 5. wet-mesic - unusual, caused by poor drainage on level topography, along shallow drainageways, and in seepage areas. b. sand - forest on sand deposits where natural firebreaks have reduced burning frequency. 1. dry - tops of dunes with least humus and soil moisture-- trees often scrubby. 2. dry-mesic - higher moisture. 3. mesic - ravines and north or east facing slopes, rare. c. floodplain - periodic flooding. 1. mesic - moderately well drained soil, because of relatively high elevation or coarse texture. 2. wet-mesic - most common--species deversity higher in overstory but lower in ground layer than in mesic. 3. wet - frequent and/or prolonged flooding with lowered diversity of trees. Open understory and often overstory. d. flatwoods - level or nearly level soil with an impermeable or slowly permeable layer which causes a perched, shallow water table - wide moisture fluctuation. 1. northern - poorly drained uplands on Valparaiso moraine - abundance of sedge meadows and wet praire species. 2. southern - level areas with well developed hardpan, usually on Illinoian glacial till. 3. sand - >1 meter of acid, peaty sand over clay. e. listed - listed in Natural Areas Inventory technical report. prairie - community dominated by grasses on mineral soil--trees occupy <10% of canopy. a. typical - typical, black soil prairie on deep and fine textured soils. 1. dry - steep exposed slopes that are somewhat excessively drained--grasses shorter than 1m. 2. dry-mesic - intermediate moisture--greater diversity and moisture than dry. 3. mesic - favorable moisture for maximum diversity and growth. 4. wet-mesic - water table near surface--composition is mixture of wet and mesic. 5. wet - surface water present during winter and spring, soil nearly always saturated--diversity lower. b. sand - soils are coarse textured (sand, loamy sand)--must be acid enough to have characteristic plants. 1. dry - soil lacks dark A horizon, grass is short. 2. dry-mesic - dark A horizon, good diversity. 3. mesic - deep A horizon in acid sand, mosses and low shrubs are common. 4. wet-mesic - surface water present for short periods, a deep acid A is present. 5. wet - surface water present for up to one-third of the year. c. gravel - soils are gravelly and usually calcareous. 1. dry - steep gravel slopes, short grasses. 2. dry-mesic - relatively high soil moisture because it occurs on lower slopes. 3. mesic - low topographic position--calciphilic plants common. d. dolomite - dolomite <1.5 m from surface--high pH. 1. dry soil extremely shallow to negligible with patches of dolomite pavement--short grasses. 2. dry-mesic - slightly deeper soil over bedrock. 3. mesic - soil depth over 15 cm. 4. wet-mesic - soil depth over 30 cm--close to fen type. 5. wet - shallow, saturated soil over bedrock. e. hill - prairie opening on a forested slope in droughty, well drained soil, often on steep, west or south facing slopes. 1. loess - developed on deep loess. 2. glacial drift - on eroded glacial drift, especially where a river valley cuts through an end moraine and there are many deep, steep-sided tributary ravines. 3. gravel - similar to other gravel prairie, but in forest opening. 4. sand - sand dunes atop river bluffs. f. shrub - dominated by shrubs and grasses and limited to northern Illinois--intergrades with sand prairie. g. listed - in technical report. 1. dominant 2. characteristic savanna - communities with grassy ground cover and an average tree canopy between 10 and 80%. Soils transitional between forest and prairie. Includes "open woods." a. typical savanna - fine textured soil on till plains and lowlands, ecotonal belt along stream forests, "islands" in prairie or forest, and extensive hilly land. 1. dry-mesic - analogous to dry-mesic upland forest in moisture and to dry-mesic prairie in composition 2. mesic - herbaceous cover similar to mesic praire, found on base of moraine ridge and as islands in wetland vegetation. b. sand - sandy soils with little humus--asociated with dune and swale topography, either dunes or beach ridges. 1. dry - crests of highest dunes--little or no A horizon. 2. dry-mesic - lower topographic position. c. barren - local inclusions of prairie flora, mixed with forest, in forested land mainly in S and W Illinois and along major rivers. Includes a diversity of former communities, some of which have been heavily disturbed since settlement. 1. dry - shallow soil over bedrock or on dry, exposed slopes-- tree layer has stunted, xerophytic oaks. 2. dry-mesic - deeper, more moist soil. 3. mesic - unusual--normally the soils support forest. d. listed 1. dominant 2. characteristic wetland - communities that are flooded or have hydric (very poorly drained) soils and a vegetative cover. a. marsh - dominated by tall graminoid plants--water near or above surface most of the year. 1. typical - freshwater communities in glacial potholes, river valleys, and on lake plains. 2. brackish - rare, restricted to salty seepage areas. b. swamp - dominated by woody plants. 1. typical - forested, permanent or semi-permanent body of water. 2. shrub - at least 50% coverage by shrubs. c. bog - low nutrient, acid peat deposits in glacial depressions - restricted to Northeastern Morainal Division. 1. graminoid - nearly always floating, first successional order. 2. low shrub - may or may not be floating--2 strata - low shrubs and moss. 3. tall shrub - climax in Illinois bog succession--occupies the must consolidated peat. 4. forested - hummocks (acid) and small wet depressions present--a tree layer (>20% coverage) and a stratum of tall shrubs. d. fen - peat with calcareous seepage on a rather pronounced slope of calcareous, gravelly moraines. 1. calcareous floating mat - has a floating layer of sedge peat with tall layer of sedges and grasses. 2. graminoid - sloping peat due to upwelling of groundwater-- diversity is quite high. 3. low shrub - similar to graminoid, except for large poorly vegetated seepage areas which serve as fire breaks to permit dominance by low shrubs. 4. tall shrub - similar to low shrub fen, with addition of tall shrubs. 5. forested - on steep slopes in peat--tree cover >20%. e. sedge meadow - dominated by sedges on peat, muck, or wet sand-- homogenous in composition and structure. f. panne - swales in calcareous sand within one mile of Lake Michigan. g. seep and spring - where groundwater flows to the surface (seep - diffuse, spring - concentrated flow). 1. typical seep - typical community with circumneutral water. A tree cover is often present. 2. acid gravel seep - in muck or peat deposits and a low pH caused by water running through gravel. 3. calcareous seep - calcareous groundwater so that tufa (porous limestone formation) deposits form--forest cover is absent. 4. sand seep - acid seepage water flows through sand, usually at the edge of dune or beach ridges. 5. spring community - large springs flowing across broad area--plant community normally not well developed. h. listed 1. dominant 2. characteristic lake and pond - bodies of open, standing water. a. pond - eutrophic, small, still body of water shallow enough to allow rooted aquatic plants across most of it. It must have permanent or semi-permanent water. b. lake - has on its periphery a barren, wave-swept shore (absence of attached aquatic plants or fine organic matter on bottom) --normally having thermal stratification. 1. Lake Michigan 2. reservoir 3. natural impoundment - impoundment formed naturally. a. glacial - glacial derived origin. b. bottomland - backwater lakes c. sinkhole - karst topography 4. artificial impoundments a. dammed b. perched c. dug d. borrow pit e. quarry pit f. gravel pit g. surface mine c. listed 1. dominant 2. characteristic stream - flowing waters that are permanent. a. creek - perennial stream or stream segment with an average width of 20 feet or less. 1. high-gradient - _10 feet per mile gradient (1.9 m/km). Riffles pools, and gravel beds are characteristic. 2. medium-gradient - 1-10 feet/mi gradient. 3. low-gradient - <1 feet/mi gradient, sluggish current, no ruffles, the sediments are silt and organic matter. b. river - perennial stream or stream segment >20 ft. wide. 1. small river - width 21-100 ft. a. high-gradient - see creek explanations. b. medium-gradient c. low-gradient 2. medium river - width 101-300 ft. a. high-gradient - see creek explanations. b. medium-gradient c. low-gradient 3. large river - width >301 ft. a. medium-gradient - see creek explanations. b. low-gradient - see creek explanations. c. listed 1. dominant 2. characteristic primary - soil thin or absent with parent material near or at surface--communities maintained at early successional stage. a. glade - opening in forest caused by bedrock at surface and (usually) a steep southern or western exposure--on sandstone, limestone, or shale. 1. sandstone - top of cliffs and steep upper slopes of S-facing escarpmentnts. Sandstone crops out, and soil is poorly developed. Herbaceous vegetation sparse. 2. limestone - steep S and W-facing spurs and bluffs of limestone. Soil rocky and clayey--a more diverse community than sandstone. Limestone outcrops. 3. shale - rare, steep ridge with thick shale outcrops. b. cliff - vertical exposures of resistant bedrock and unconsolidated materials. 1. sandstone 2. limestone - less resistance to weathering and higher pH. c. lake shore - lake deposited sand. 1. beach - recently deposited sand. 2. foredune - beginning of soil development--often dense cover of low shrubs and grasses. d. listed 1. dominant 2. characteristic cultural - communities created by human disturbance (do not include if original natural vegetation was not removed or if secondary succession has progressed so a young forest exists). a. agricultural field 1. cropland - row or forage crop. 2. pastureland - open pastured land. 3. field division - fence, hedge rows. b. successional field - abandoned 1. abandoned cropland a. early b. middle c. late 2. abandoned forageland a. early b. middle c. late c. developed land - highly modified or has structures--includes roadways and vacant lots. d. plantation - trees planted - orchards, arboretums, etc. e. restoration - man-made attempts to return natural community. 1. forest 2. prairie 3. marsh f. mined land - areas strip mined or with deep mine waste deposits. 1. non-vegetated - very little vegetation. 2. vegetated - better than 25% coverage. 3. developed - recreational or other use. g. listed 1. dominant 2. characteristic 13. SAF FOREST COVER TYPE - forest community type(s) where species is found most often. Note list if mentioned in SAF (1980). Page number in SAF (1980) CENTRAL a. upland oak 40. post oak - black oak..............................38 42. bur oak...........................................39 44. chestnut oak......................................41 52. white oak - black oak - northern red oak..........41 53. white oak.........................................42 55. northern red oak..................................43 01. listed - in SAF b. other central types 46. eastern cedar.....................................50 50. black locust......................................44 57. yellow poplar.....................................45 59. yellow poplar - white oak - northern red oak......46 61. river birch - sycamore............................47 62. silver maple - American elm.......................48 64. sassafras - persimmon.............................48 65. pin oak - sweetgum................................48 01. listed - in SAF NORTHERN c. spruce-fir 37. northern white cedar..............................23 01. listed - in SAF d. pine and hemlock 20. white pine - northern red oak - white ash.........27 01. listed - in SAF e. northern hardwoods 26. sugar maple - basswood............................31 27. sugar maple.......................................29 60. beech - sugar maple...............................33 01. listed - in SAF f. other northern types 14. northern pin oak..................................35 39. black ash - American elm - red maple..............37 01. listed - in SAF BOREAL g. boreal conifers 38. tamarack..........................................15 01. listed - in SAF SOUTHERN h. oak-pine 76. shortleaf pine-oak................................60 01. listed - in SAF i. bottomland 63. cottonwood........................................62 91. swamp chestnut oak - cherry oak...................64 92. sweetgum - willow oak.............................64 93. sugarberry - American elm - green ash.............65 94. sycamore - pecan - American elm...................65 95. black willow......................................66 96. overcup oak - water hickory.......................66 101. baldcypress.......................................67 102. baldcypress - water tupelo........................68 103. water tupelo......................................69 01. listed - in SAF j. other southern types 87. sweetgum - yellow poplar..........................74 01. listed - in SAF k. no - not associated with the forest in Illinois. 14. NATURAL DIVISION - one or more of the 14 natural divisions (Schwegman) whereby the plant is found most often (see map). Note listed if species is mentioned in Schwegman (1973). 1. Wisconsin Driftless 5. Upper Miss. and Ill. R. 2. Rock River Hill Country Bottomlands a. Freeport a. Illinois River b. Oregon b. Mississippi River c. listed c. listed 3. Northeastern Morainal 6. Ill. R. and Miss. R. Sand a. Morainal Areas b. Lake Michigan Dunes a. Illinois River c. Chicago Lake Plain b. Mississippi River d. Winnebago c. listed e. listed 7. Western Forest-Prairie 4. Grand Prairie(B a. Galesburg a. Grand Prairie b. Carlinville b. Springfield c. listed c. Western 8. Middle Mississippi Border d. Green River Lowland a. Glaciated e. Kankakee Sand Area b. Driftless 9. Southern Till Plain 12. Lower Miss. R. Bottomlands a. Effingham Plain a. Northern b. Mt. Vernon Hill Country b. Southern c. listed c. listed 10. Wabash Border 13. Shawnee Hills a. Bottomlands a. Greater Shawnee Hills b. Southern Uplands b. Lesser Shawnee Hills c. Vermilion River c. listed d. listed 14. Coastal Plain 11. Ozark(B a. Cretaceous Hills a. Northern b. Bottomlands b. Central c. listed c. Southern d. listed 15. COUNTIES - List of counties where species is found or number of counties where found. 16. GROWTH FORM - non-scientific category of the major vascular plant groups. a. conifer (Gymnospermae) - cone bearing, predominantely evergreen trees. b. dicot-woody (Dicotyledoneae) - woody stem dicot. c. dicot-herb (Dicotyledoneae) - herbaceous dicot. d. monocot (Monocotyledonae) - monocots. e. ferns-allies - vascular plants not producing seeds or true flowers, reproducing by spores (Lycopodiophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta). f. other - mosses or lichens. TAXONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 17. ROOTS a. primary - the seminal (seed) root and those derived from it. b. adventitious - derived in some other way--often a modified stem. i. fibrous - adventitious root system originates from the lower portion of a vertical unmodified stem, this root system early replacing the primary root. ii. rhizomes - underground stems, often creeping horizontally and producing new plants (Kentucky Bluegrass). iii. stolons - stem trailing above ground--often root at their nodes (Strawberry). iv. tubers - thickened and fleshy subterranean stems for food storage and reproduction (Irish potato). v. corms - fleshy, upright, subterranean stems that bear papery modified leaves or scales (crocus). vi. bulbs - upright, subterranean stems surrounded by thickened, fleshy leaves or scales (onion). c. other - other root form. 18. LEAF ARRANGEMENT - may be more than one. a. alternate - leaves arranged singly on a stem. b. opposite - leaves paired on the stem. c. whorled - three or more leaves per node. d. basal -leaves located at the base of the plant. 19. LEAF TYPE - may be more than one (see figure). a. simple - leaf with single blade. b. compound - leaf with more than one blade (includes leaves divided more than once). i. palmately - leaflets arranged like fingers on hand. ii. pinnately - leaflets arranged on either side of an elongated axis (includes doubly pinnate). iii. trifoliate - leaflets are threes, as in most clovers (incluces ternate - twice divided into threes). 20. LEAF MARGIN - see figure. 21. LEAF VENATION - see figure. 22. LEAF SHAPE - see figure. 23. INFLORESCENCE - the arrangement of flowers on a plant, or the mode of flowering (see figure). a. dichasium - penduncle bearing terminal flower (oldest) and a pair of branches that produce lateral flowers (includes simple or compound, also cyme). b. monochasium - penduncle bearing terminal flower (oldest) and, below it, one branch that produces a single lateral flower (includes simple or compound also includes bostryx, cincinnus, rhipidium, drepanium). c. panicle - elongated inflorescence with a central axis along which there are branches that are themselves branched (includes thyrse). d. raceme - elongated inflorescence with a central axis along which are simple pedicels of more or less equal length (oldest normally at bottom). e. spike - elongated inflorescence with a central axis along which are sessile or subsessile flowers. f. corymb - flat topped inflorescence having a main vertical axis and pedicels or branches of unequal length produced along it (normally blooms outside to inside). g. head - or capitulum, a rounded or flat-topped cluster of sessile flowers. h. umbel - inflorescence having several branches arising from a common point at the summit of the peduncle (includes compound umbel). i. catkin - or ament, a spike, raceme, or dichasium composed of unisexual flowers without petals and falling as a whole. j. spadix - a spike with a thickened, fleshy axis, usually enveloped by a conspicuous or colored bract called a spathe. k. solitary - few. l. other - other inflorescence type. m. no - no characteristic inflorescence type. 24. FLOWER MEROUS - the number of parts or floral organs. a. 3 - merous b. 4 c. 5 d. other 25. FLOWER STRUCTURE a. complete - contains sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils. b. incomplete - missing one or more of above, see sex for missing pistils or stamens. i. not petals - petals absent. ii. not sepals - sepals absent. c. regular - perianth parts of each kind are similar in size and shape. d. irregular - or zygomorphic, perianth parts of each kind are dissimilar in size and shape. 26. FLOWER COLOR - more than one may be selected. a. red - includes pink. b. orange c. yellow d. green e. blue f. violet (B- or purple. g. white h. others (B- another color. 27. FLOWER PLACEMENT a. hypogynous - or ovary superior, flower parts attached near the base of the ovary and free from it. c. perigynous - hypanthium that arises from the base of the floral axis. c. epigynous - or ovary inferior, hypanthium or the perianth is attached to the upper part of the ovary. c. other - another flower placement or no flowers. 28. FRUIT - ripened ovary, sometimes including other adherent parts. a. multiple fruit - derived from several flowers (pineapple). b. aggregate fruit - a cluster of fruits produced by a single flower (blackberry). c. pome - fleshy fruit derived from a hypanthium that surrounds the papery carpels (apple, pear). d. drupe - pericarp with outer fleshy layer and an inner bony layer (the stone) (peach, cherry). e. berry - pericarp without an inner bony layer, more or less fleshy throughout (tomato, grape). i. hesperidium - septa evident in cross section--the outer layer leathery (orange, lemon). ii. pepo - septa lacking--the outer layer leathery to hard and woody (cucumber, watermelon). f. samara - dry fruit, indehiscent, with one or more wings (maple, elm, ash). g. nut - or nutlet, without wings, becoming hard and bony-shelled (oak, walnut). h. grain - or caryopsis, dry fruit from single pistil, often with a thin shell but not bony--pericarp fused to the seed (wheat, corn). i. akene - as above, but pericarp is separable from the seed (sedges, sunflower, aster). j. legume - dehiscent fruit, 1 carpel, splitting on 2 sutures (pea, bean, alfalfa). k. follicle - dehiscent (carpel, splitting on 1 suture (milkweed). l. schizocarp - dehiscent from 2 or more united carpels, the carpels separating from each other but each retaining its seed (parsnip, carrot). m. silique - or silicle - dehiscent from more than 2 carpels--carpels splitting, releasing 1 or more seeding two values (cells) splitting away from a thin septum (mustard). n. capsule - simple, dry, dehiscent fruit of 2 or more carpels, and usually several to many seeded (williow, iris, yucca)--includes utricle (pigweed), pyxis (portulaca), poricidal capsule (poppy), septicidal capsule (yucca), and loculicidal capsule (iris). o. other - other fruit type. p. no - no fruit. 29. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTIC COMMENTS - other outstanding characters which distinguish the species. GEOGRAPHIC - the attributes of a plant which pertain to a specific region. 30. ORIGIN - the geographic area to which a plant is indigenous. a. native - native to Illinois. b. introduced - introduced from outside of Illinois (include one of following descriptors if known). i. Europe - see map. ii. Asia - see map. iii. Africa - see map. iv. Australia-Pacific - see map. v. S. America - see map. vi. N. America - (outside Illinois) - see map. 31. GEOGRAPHIC COMMENTS - geographic distribution notes, year and method of introduction, etc. POPULATION DYNAMICS 32. STATUS - offical listing for federal and state. a. endangered-st b. endangered-fed c. threatened-st d. threatened-fed e. proposed candidate (B- under study for listing by the federal government (either endangered or threatened). f. presumed extinct - persuasive evidence exists of its extinction. g. other - proposed candidate, presumed extinct, etc. h. not listed - not a listed threatened or endangered species. 33. DATE LISTED a. F-year - (ex F-1976) - year listed in Federal Register. b. S-year - year listed. c. no - not a listed species. 34. COMMONNESS - subjective descriptor. a. common - widely distributed with high abundance. b. common-localized - common in localized patches. c. uncommon - localized distribution or sparse. d. rare - rarely found and sparse. 35. ENDEMIC-IL - plant with distribution limited to Illinois or Illinois and adjacent states. Abbreviations: IL = Illinois, WI = Wisconsin, IN = Indiana, IA = Iowa, KY - Kentucky, MO = Missouri. a. Illinois b. IL-WI c. IL-IN d. IL-MO e. IL-KY f. IL-KY-IN g. IL-WI-IA h. IL-KY-MO i. IL-MO-IA j. no (B- plant is not endemic to Illinois or one of the regions listed above. STATUS COMMENTS - species under consideration for being listed, rapid declines, increases, relation to other states, etc. BIOLOGIC 36. HABIT - form of growth. a. tree - produces one main trunk or bole and a more or less distinct and elevated head. b. shrub - woody--remains low and produces shoots or trunks from base. c. vine - woody plant whose stem requires support--climbs. d. liana - a woody plant with elongate, flexible, non self-supporting stems. e. forb - non woody, non grasslike--dies down each year. f. grasslike - includes grasses, sedges, rushes (narrow leaves). 37. NOTE: in some cases, both tree and shrub may be specified. 38. LIFE CYCLE - reproductive cycle (can be a combination of the following if the species exists as more than one type). a. perennial - the plant grows for three or more years in duration. b. biennial - the plant grows for two years duration from seed to maturity to death. c. annual - the plants completes full life cycle in one year. 39. REPRODUCTION - the sexual or asexual process by which a plant generates others of the same kind--a combination is allowed. a. sexual - the plant reproduces by pollination and fertilization. b. vegetative - cases where structures such as bulbils, tubers, stalons, rhizomes, etc., take over the whole reproductive process of a plant. c. apomictic - the plant has a type of reproduction which results in formation of seeds and embryos by a non-sexual process. 40. Flowering period - the month whereby the plant flowers (angiosperms) or pollinates (gymnosperms) in Illinois. Three different times are provided: 1) the earliest observed flowering month, 2) the most frequently observed month, and 3) the latest observed month. 01. January 02. February 03. March 04. April 05. May 06. June 07. July 08. August 09. September 10. October 11. November 12. December BEGINNING (month) MODE (month) END (month) 41. TROPHIC STATUS - the plant's method of nutrient procurement. a. autotrophic - self-nutrition--can use C, N, and S in inorganic combinations and obtain energy from sunlight. b. parasitic - the plant lives on and/or in other living organisms and obtains some or all of its nutrients from the host. c. saprophytic - the plant lives on and/or in dead organic material and obtains mutrients from it. d. symbiotic - the plant lives in close association with another plan and the symbionts derive nutritional requirements from each other. 42. CO2 FIXATION - the biochemical mechanism associated with the incorporation of CO2 and its ultimate conversion into carbohydrates. a. C4 - first step in CO%02 %1fixation involves the formation of 4 carbon compounds--stomata are open and CO2 is fixed in daylight. b. C3 - first step in CO%02 %1fixation involves the formation of 3 carbon compounds--stomata are open and CO2 is fixed in daylight. c. CAM - crassulaceous acid metabolism when 4 carbon compounds are produced--stomata are open and CO2 is fixed in the dark. d. other - another pathway is used. e. none - plant does not fix CO2. 43. SEX - the type of flowers in reproduction. a. perfect - (monoclinous) a flower having both male and female reproductive parts (stamens and pistils). b. unisexual - having only staminate or pistilate flowers, not both. i. monoecious - having separate staminate and pistilate flowers on the same plant. ii. dioecious - having unisexual flowers and these produced on separate plants. c. other - some other arrangement for sexual reproduction. d. none - the plant does not have sexual flowers. 44. BIOLOGY COMMENTS - biologic factors of interest. 45. ECODISTRIBUTION COMMENTS - comments on distribution with Natural Division, or Forest cover types. ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS 46. DISTURBANCE INDICATOR - a plant whose growth and distribution commonly indicates one of the following types of disturbance (more than one may be given; listed in order of decreasing importance). a. erosion - the plant is indicative of erosion occurrence. b. mechanical - the plant is indicative of mechanical disruption such as agricultural or timber-harvesting machinery, mining operations, excessive vehicular traffic etc. c. overgrazing - indicates there has been excessive feeding by domestic or wild animals. d. fire - indicates burning disturbance. e. other - indicates other disturbances--recorded in ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONS COMMENTS. f. no - the plant is not indicative of a disturbance, nor is it found on disturbed sites. 47. SOIL CHEMISTRY INDICATOR - a plant whose growth and distribution commonly (_80% of the time) indicates the presence of one of the following unusual soil characteristics (more than one descriptor may be used, i.e. saline-very alkaline). a. acidic - soil pH <6. b. saline and sodic - alkaline soils which are saline, or sodic-saline (see definitions in 66-68). c. alkaline - soil pH >8.0. d. serpentine - soil contains hydrous magnesium silicate--indication of a Mg/Ca imbalance. e. boron - soil contains boron-containing minerals. f. gypsum - soil contains hydrous calcium sulfate. g. other - other unusual soil characteristics indicated. h. none - not indicative of unusual soil conditions. Texture and chemical requirements of the species - the ability to show full development of all phases of its growth potential on a particular soil texture or chemistry--ratings are: a. good - plant is highly adapted to growth on a particular soil texture or chemistry. b. fair - plant is moderately adapted. c. poor - plant is poorly adapted. 48. GROWTH ON GRAVEL - soil with 2 mm-7.62 cm fraction making up 70% or more of the material by weight. 49. GROWTH ON SAND - soil with 0.05 mm fraction occupying 70% or more of the material by weight. 50. GROWTH ON SANDY LOAM - a loamy soil intermediate in texture between sand and loam. 51. GROWTH ON LOAM - soil containing approximately equal amounts of silt and sand, and less than 25% clay. 52. GROWTH ON CLAY LOAM - a loamy soil intermediate between clay and loam. 53. GROWTH ON CLAY - a soil with at least 35% clay fraction (<.002 mm) by weight. 54. GROWTH ON DENSE CLAY - soil with at least 50% clay separates (<0.002 mm) by weight. 55. GROWTH ON ORGANIC SOILS - soil with >20% organic matter. 56. GROWTH ON CIRCUMNEUTRAL pH SOILS - soils with pH between 6 and 8. 57. GROWTH ON ACID SOILS - soil with pH <6. 58. GROWTH ON EXTREMELY ACID SOILS - soil with pH <5. 59. GROWTH ON SALINE SOILS - soil with conductance >4 mmhos/cm but with sodium comprising <15% of absorbed cations and pH <8.5. 60. GROWTH ON SODIC SOILS - pH >8.5 and exchangeable sodium >15% but conductance <4 mmhos/cm. 61. GROWTH ON SODIC-SALINE SOILS - alkaline soil with pH <8.5, conductance >4 mmhos/cm, and exchangeable sodium >15%. 62. GROWTH ON ROCKY OUTCROPS - limestone glades, etc. where plant grows mostly in crevices. Growth on slopes - the capability of a plant to grow NATURALLY on gentle (0-8%), moderate (9-30%), or steep (31+%) slopes. a. good - plant frequently occurs on indicated slope. b. fair - plant occasionally occurs on indicated slope. c. poor - plant rarely or never occurs on indicated slope. 63. GROWTH ON GENTLE SLOPES 64. GROWTH ON MODERATE SLOPES 65. GROWTH ON STEEP SLOPES 66. PREFERRED ASPECT - plant generally prefers to grow on a particular slope aspect. a. North - prefers north-facing slopes. b. South - prefers south-facing slopes. c. East - prefers east-facing slopes. d. West - prefers west-facing slopes. e. no - no preference detected. HABITAT RELATIONS 67. HABITAT - a type of locality or set of ecological conditions under which a plant grows--more than one may be noted. a. submerged aquatic - fresh water with vegetative parts not rising above water surface. b. emergent aquatic - fresh water with vegetative parts rising above the water surface. c. wet - plant grows in saturated soil (very poorly to poorly drained). d. moist - plant grows in soil with medium (somewhat poorly to moderately well drained) soil moisture regime (=mesic). e. dry - plant grows in soil characterized by extended periods of drought (well drained soil). f. xeric - plant grows in extremely dry, excessively drained soil. g. coal microclimate - plant grows in localized cool spots such as cold air drainage slopes or north-facing shaded ledges. h. epiphytic - plant germinates on other plants but grows without obtaining nutrients from the host. i. other - another habitat type. 68. ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONS COMMENTS - disturbance and edaphic indicators, texture and habitat. Especially important may be comments further defining the habitat. FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 69. MAJOR DISPERSAL AGENT - the primary agents of seed (or fruit) dispersal--more than one may be selected. a. bird i. internal (B- seed is consumed. ii. external - seed (or fruit) adheres to body. b. mammal i. internal ii. external c. insect d. gravity e. water f. wind g. explosive fruit (B- explosively dehiscent fruit. h. other 70. MAJOR POLLINATION AGENT - the primary agents of pollination for sexual flowers; more than one may be selected. a. bird b. insect i. bee ii. wasp iii. fly iv. beetle v. moth vi. butterfly c. wind d. water e. bat f. self (B- predominantely self pollinating - self compatable. g. other h. no (B- no pollination. 71. MYCORRHIZAE - the nature of the relationship of a plant to a mycorrhizal association. a. endomycorrhizal - fungal hyphae penetrate intracellularly into the cortical cells of the root. b. ectomycorrhizal - a sheath of fungal hyphae enclosing the root. c. obligate - mycorrhizal association must exist for the plant to survive. d. facultative - mycorrhizal association may exist. e. no - mycorrhizal association does not exist. 72. NITROGEN FIXING - the plant can assimilate and fix the free nitrogen of the atmosphere with the aid of microorganisms. a. yes - plant fixes nitrogen as reported in the literature. i. leguminous - the plant can fix nitrogen with the aid of Rhizobium spp. ii. nonleguminous - the plant can fix nitrogen with the aid of microorganisms other than Rhizobium. b. maybe - the plant may fix nitrogen, but not confirmed. c. no - the plant does not fix nitrogen. 73. POTENTIAL BIOMASS PRODUCTION - the relative ability to produce plant material by weight on an annual basis as a major component of an established stand, WITHIN A COMPARABLE LIFEFORM. a. high - plant possesses ability to produce a yield or dry plant material comparable to moist forests or tall grass prairies. b. medium - production comparable to midgrass prairie or drier forest. c. low - production comparable to semi-arid woodland, shrublands, or short grass prairie. d. very low - production comparable to slow growing plants from arid climates. 74. FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP COMMENTS - dispersing and pollinating agents, mycorrhizal, and nitrogen-fixing (possibly ranges of N fixed/ha/yr?), and biomass production (possibly data?) HUMAN 75. ALLERGENIC - plant induces an allergenic response, especially hayfever, in humans. a. yes - the plant is reported in the literature as allergenic. b. maybe - the plant is reported to possibly cause allergenic resonse - not proven so. c. no - the plant is definitely not allergenic in any circumstances. d. other - other response. 76. EDIBLE - plant may be eaten by humans. a. yes - the plant is edible. b. yes-qualified - it is edible only after specific preparation or in certain seasons. c. no - plant is not edible but not poisonous. d. poisonous - plant contains toxic substances that would be harmful if ingested by humans. 77. SHOWY FLOWERS - the plant produces esthetically pleasing flowers or a showy inflorescence. yes a. high (B- highly valued for its showy flowers. b. medium - flowers somewhat showy. no 78. LANDSCAPING - the plant is useful for landscaping purposes. yes a. high (B- highly regarded as a landscaping element. b. medium - sometimes utilized in landscaping (include prairie patches). no - rarely or never utilized in landscaping. 79. CHEMICAL SOURCE - the plant is a source for useful chemicals. a. high - the plant currently is utilized as a source of chemicals with redeeming value. b. low - no chemicals of redeeming value are know to be present in this species. 80. WILD HERBS - the plant is a herb source. More than one may be noted. a. medicinal - plant is at least occassionally utilized as a medicinal herb. b. culinary-flavor - plant is at least occassionally utilized on cooking for flavor. c. culinary-nutrition - plant is at least occassionally utilized in cooking for nutritional purposes. d. no - the plant is not utilized as a herb. 81. HUMAN COMMENTS - any human interest stories (culture, history, medicines, etc.) WILDLIFE AND LIVESTOCK - the quality of the plant as forage and cover. Forage value descriptors under best conditions a. good -readily to moderately available in the plant's range and consumed to a high degree. b. fair - readily to moderately available in the plant's range and consumed to a moderate degree. c. poor - available, but normally consumed only to a small degree or not at all. d. all - all aboveground parts are consumed. e. fruit - includes all fruit types mentioned in No. 25. f. flowers - flowers consumed. g. leaves - leaves consumed. h. stems - includes twigs, branches. i. buds - on woody species. j. roots - any below ground parts are consumed. 82. DEER FOOD VALUE 83. UPLAND GAME BIRDS FOOD VALUE 84. WATERFOWL FOOD VALUE 85. SMALL NON-GAME BIRD FOOD VALUE - any bird other than upland game or waterfowl. 86. SMALL MAMMALS FOOD VALUE - any mammal other than deer. 87. AQUATIC SPECIES FOOD VALUE - any aquatic organism other than above Cover value descriptors (species definitions same as above): a. good - readily utilized for cover when available in sufficient quantity. b. fair - moderately utilized for cover when available in sufficient quantity. c. poor - rarely utilized for cover when available in sufficient quantity. 88. DEER COVER (white tail deer) 89. UPLAND GAME BIRDS COVER 90. WATERFOWL COVER 91. SMALL NON-GAME BIRD COVER 92. SMALL MAMMAL COVER 93. AQUATIC SPECIES COVER 94. WILDLIFE COMMENTS - palatability, nutrition, etc. for wildlife. Palatability descriptors - the relish and degree of use shown by livestock for a plant or plant part in Illinois. a. good - highly relished and consumed to a high degree (and digestible). b. fair - moderately relished and consumed to a moderate degree. c. poor - not relished and normally consumed to only a small degree or not at all. 95. CATTLE FORAGE PALATABILITY 96. SHEEP FORAGE PALATABILITY 97. HORSE FORAGE PALATABILITY 98. GOAT FORAGE PALATABILITY 99. LIVESTOCK COMMENTS - palatability, nutrition, etc. for livestock. 100. ENERGY VALUE - the useable energy a plant provides to livestock or wildlife during the period from flowering or early seed formation to the following spring, within a comparable life form in Illinois. 21 a. high - retains usable energy value well during fall and winter (cures well and/or retains leaves, etc.) b. medium - retains usable energy moderately well during fall and winter. c. low - poor retention of usable energy value during fall and winter (cures poorly and/or drops leaves, etc.) 101. PROTEIN VALUE - the digestible protein a plant provides to livestock or wildlife during the period from flowering or early seed formation to the following spring, within a comparable life form in Illinois. a. high - retains digestible protein value well during fall and winter (cures well and/or retains leaves, etc.) b. medium - retains digestible protein value moderately well during fall and winter. c. low - poor retention of digestible protein value during fall and winter (cures poorly and/or drops leaves, etc). 102. POISONOUS-LIVESTOCK - plants that contain or produce, under natural conditions, physiologically active or toxic substances in sufficient amounts to cause harmful effects in livestock, or produce mechanically injurious plant parts. Each plant is included in only one category in the order of precedence shown. a. major - a plant that typically produces substances of high toxicity, may be highly or moderately palatable, and is usually available in its range. This category includes plants that often accumulate selenium or molybendenum or nitrates to toxic levels. Plants in this category cause the majority of livestock losses. b. minor - a plant that produces substances of low toxicity and/or rarely produces substances of high toxicity, and/or has low palatability, and/or is usually unavailable or rare in its range. This category includes plants that are secondary selenium or molybdenum accumulators. It should be noted that also included in this category are legumes, crop plants and other species of significant economic value that rarely cause toxicosis or bloat and then only under unusual conditions of weather, local abundance of the plants, animal hunger, etc. Careful management will usually alleviate these problems. c. mechnical injury - a plant that produces a mechanically injurious plant part during some part of the growth cycle. d. suspected - a plant of suspected but not confirmed toxicity. This category includes some plants that are suspect because there are known toxic species in the same genus. e. no - a plant believed to be non-toxic. REVEGETATION PLANTINGS 103. EROSION CONTROL POTENTIAL - a plant that commonly exhibits growth habit, plant structure, and/or biomass that potentially reduces soil erosion. a. high - plant has agressive growth habits, persistant plant structure, high potential biomass, and/or good soil binding root or root-rhizome-runner systems in established stands. b. medium - plant has moderately agressive growth and moderately persistent plant structure with good potential biomass and/or good soil binding characteristics in established stands. c. low - generally inadequate for erosion control. 104. ESTABLISHMENT REQUIREMENTS - the relative extent of cultural practices which must be employed to ensure a successful planting of the species on sites to which it is adapted. a. difficult - requires elaborate, energy intensive cultural practices (i.e., irrigation, continual weeding/pesticides). b. medium - requires special cultural practices of short duration and/or moderate resource inputs (i.e., transplanting, yearly maintenance). c. easy - only minimal cultural practices are required (i.e., drill or broadcast seed on prepared seedbed, one time fertilization). 105. SHORT-TERM REVEGETATION POTENTIAL - the ability of a plant to become quickly established and exhibit rapid growth within 1 to 3 years (includes annuals) in Illinois. a. good - plant demonstrates rapid growth, good cover, and good reproduction. b. fair - plant demonstrates moderately rapid growth, fair cover, and fair reproduction. c. poor - plant demonstrates slow growth, poor cover, and poor reproduction. 106. LONG-TERM REVEGETATION POTENTIAL - the ability of a plant to become established and persist for over 3 years on Illinois sites. a. good - good growth, cover, reproduction and stand maintenance. b. fair - fair growth, cover, reproduction and stand maintenance. c. poor - poor growth, cover, reproduction and stand maintenance. 107. WEEDINESS - a plant considered undesirable, unattractive, or troublesome. a. noxious - on noxious weed list of Illinois. b. economic - plants whose growth and reproduction cause economic loss. c. colonizing - plants whose attributes enable it to become easily established in suitable habitats (esp. disturbed sites). d. non-weedy - not considered a weed for the most part. 108. AGRESSIVENESS - the relative ability of the plant to establish in any particular habitat--may be related to competitiveness and/or growth rate--item 'd' may be selected in conjunction with one of the others. a. high - plant is very agressive, invades and crowds out other species--may be due to competitive superiority or faster growth rates. b. medium - plant is moderately agressive, will invade but will not take over an area in the short run. c. low - plant is unagressive, invades very slowly and has a slow growth rate and/or low competitiveness. d. allelopathic - the plant is reported to be allelopathic. 109. MANAGEMENT-DET - management practices deemed detrimental to the species survival in a particular area--more than one may be selected. a. fire - superficial burns. b. grazing - moderate grazing, includes mowing for hay. c. disturbance - physically disrupting the soil surface (probably any non-annual). d. clearcut - remove aboveground forest biomass from entire area. e. thinning - reducing stem numbers - forestry or otherwise. f. compaction - trampling, etc. which compacts the soil. g. other - other detrimental management regimes. h. leave alone - doing no managment is detrimental (i.e., the plant may be autoallelopathic). 110. MANAGEMENT-BEN - beneficial practices which increase stand persistence and/or growth--more than one may be selected. a. fire - superficial burns. b. grazing - moderate grazing, but not overgrazing, includes mowing for hay. c. disturbance - physically disrupt soil surface. d. clearcut - remove aboveground biomass from entire area. e. thinning - reducing stem numbers - forestry or otherwise. f. other - other beneficial management practices. g. leave alone - doing nothing is the best management for the species. 111. SEED AVAILABILITY - availability of seed source from commercial growers or otherwise. a. good - available from Illinois commercial sources (Anon. 1981). b. fair - available from out of state commercial sources (Anon. 1981). c. poor - about the only way to obtain the seed is to go out and get it by hand in nature. 112. SEED BANK - the persistence of viable seeds in the seed bank. a. high - seed easily remains viable for more than five years. b. medium - seed remains viable usually less than five years but more than one year. c. low - seed viable for one year or less. 113. PROCUREMENT COMMENTS - number of nursery where available (Anon. 1981 - attached list). Also dates of seed maturity, seeds/unit wt, method of collection, method of cleaning, etc. 114. REVEGETATION COMMENTS - experiments, etc. dealing with how this species is for revegetation. 115. PROPAGATION COMMENTS - cultural practices needed for establishment - germination requirements, nutrition, temperature, moisture, etc. 116. MANAGEMENT COMMENTS - management methods described which benefit the species establishment, persistence, and growth. 117. GENERAL COMMENTS - other comments not reported elsewhere-- REFERENCES 118. REFERENCES - a listing of references used in gathering the information. REFERENCED AVAILABILITY LOCATIONS Wildlife Nurseries Forest Keeling Nursery P.O. Box 2724 Elsberry, MO 63343 Oshkosh, WI 54903 Musser Forest, Inc. LaFayette Home Nurseries, Inc. Box 340 LaFayette, IL 61449 Indiana, Pa 15701 Earl May Seed & Nursery Co. Amfac Nurseries, Cole Shenandoah, IA 51603 30627 Orr Road Circleville, OH 43113 Plumfield Nurseries, Inc. 2105 N. Nye Ave. Mount Arbor Nurseries P.O. Box 410 P.O. Box 129 Fremont, NE 68025 Shenandoah, IA 51601 Prairie Nursery Boyd Bros. Nurseries P.O. Box 116, Rt. 1 P.O. Box 71 Westfield, WI 53964 McMinnille, TN 37110 Windrift Prairie Shop Forest Nursery Co., Inc. R.D. 2 Rt. 2, Box 118-A Oregon, IL 61061 McMinnville, TN 37110 Bluebird Nursery, Inc. Native Plants 515 Linden Street University Research Park Clarkson, NE 68629 400 Wakara Way Salt Lake City, UT 84108 Mangelsdorf Seed Co. P.O. box 327 St. Louis, MO 63166 Union Tree Nursery % Melvin Gerardo Stock Seed Farms, Inc. R.R. 1, Box 182 R.R. Box 112 Jonesboro, IL 62952 Murdock, NE 68407 Mason Tree Nursery Sharp Bros. Seed Co. % Stewart Pequignot Healy, KS 67850 R.R. 1, Box 71 Topeka, IL 61867 Kester's Wild Game Food Nurseries, Inc. Iowa State Forest Nursery P.O. Box V 2404 South Duff Avenue Omro, WI 54963 Ames, IA 50010 Johnson Seed Co. Indiana State Nursery Box 1392 Vallonia, IN 47281 Enid, OK 73701 Missouri State Forest Nursery Cascade Forestry Service, Inc. Missouri Dept. of Conservation R.R. 2 Rt. 2, Box 465 Cascade, IA 52033 Licking, MO 65542 749 W. First Street Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources Kentucky Division of Forestry Division of Forestry Morehead, KY 40351 Fountain Square Columbus, OH 43224 Warren County Nursery, Inc. Rt. 2, Box 204 Clair Johnson & Sons Nurseries McMinnville, TN 37110 Creekside, PA 15732 Smith Nursery Co. Pallack Bros. Nurseries, Inc. P.O. Box 515 Harmony, PA 16037 Charles City, IA 50616 Ohio Seed Co. Charles Fiore Nurseries, Inc. West Jefferson, OH 43162 Prairie View, IL 60069 Stanford Seed Co. Dutch Mountain Nursery P.O. Box 230 Augusta, MI 49012 Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462 Hinsdale Nurseries Cully Nursery 7200 S. Madison R.R. #5 Hinsdale, IL Jacksonville, IL 62650 Synnestvedt Landscape Lake County Nursery Exchange Burr Oak Division Box 122 Rt. 1, Box 310 Perry, OH 44081 Roundlake, IL 60073 Ivy-Dale Nursery Harvey's Forest Tree, Shrub, Rt. 1, Upper River Road Seed and Seedling Gallipolis, OH 45631 198 Woodridge Drive Beaver, PA 15009 Sherman Nursery Co. Charles City, IA 50161 Canale's Nursery Bx 538 Pikes Peak Nurseries Indiana, PA 15701 801 Water Street P.O. Box 670 Pine Grove Nursery Indiana, Pa 15701 R.D. 3 Clearfield, PA 16830 Cole Nursery Co. R.R. 1 Eccles Nurseries Circleville, OH 43113 Rimersburg, PA 16248 Appalachian Nurseries Possum Hollow Nurseries Waynesboro, PA 17268 6909 Henley Street Philadelphia, PA 19119 Vans Pines, Inc. Rt. 1 C & E Nursery, Inc. West Olive, MI Box 556 Indiana, PA 15101 Beachley-Hardy Seed Co. Shirmanstown, PA 17901 Mellinger's 2310 W. S. Range Road Northrup King & Co. N. Lima, OH 44452 Minneapolis, MN 55440 Lynnville Seed Co. Lynnville, IA 50153 Caudill Seed & Warehouse Co. 1201 Story Avenue Louisville, KY 40204 Willow Springs Nursery R.D. 2 Indiana, PA 15701 Hansmeier & Sons, Inc. Bristol, SD 57219 Interstate Seed & Grain Co. Box 470 Fargo, ND 58102 Lincon-Oaks Nurseries Box 1601 Bismarck, ND 58501 Dr. Peter Schram 766 Bateman Street Galesburg, IL 61401 LITERATURE CITED Anon. 1981. Illinois plants for habitat restoration. Illinois Department of Conservation, Mining Program. Springfield, IL. 61 pp. Mohlenbrock, R. H., ed. 1986. Guide to the vascular flora of Illinois. Revised and enlarged edition. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, IL. 507 pp. Society of American Foresters (SAF). 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Soc. Am. For., Washington, D.C., 148 pp. Schwegman, J. E., G. D. Fell, M. Hutchison, G. Paulson, W. M. Shepherd, and J. White. 1973. Comprehensive Plan for the Illinois Nature Preserves System. Part II - The Natural Divisions of Illinois. Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Springfield. 32 pp., plus map. United States Department of Agriculture. 1982. National list of scientific plant names. Volumes I and II Soil Conservation Service SC - TP 159. 416 and 438 pp. White, J., and M. H. Madany. 1978. Classification of natural communities in in Illinois. Pages 309-405 in J. White, ed., Illinois natural areas inventory technical report. Vol. I. Survey methods and results. Illinois Natural Areas Inventory, Urbana.