ILLINOIS PLANT INFORMATION NETWORK ILPIN INFORMATION ON Celtis occidentalis CLASS: DICOTYLEDENAE ORDER: UTRICALES FAMILY: ULMACEAE SCIENTIFIC NAME: Celtis occidentalis AUTHORITY: L. COMMON NAMES: HACKBERRY SYNONOMY: None PLANTS CODE: CEOC NATURAL COMMUNITIES: FOREST UPLAND FOREST DRY DRY-MESIC MESIC WET-MESIC FLOODPLAIN FOREST MESIC WET-MESIC LISTED CHARACTERISTIC SAVANNA BARREN DRY DRY-MESIC MESIC WETLAND SEEP & SPRING ACID GRAVEL SEEP BORDER OF LAKE PRIMARY BLUFF CULTURAL RESTORATION FOREST SAF FOREST COVER TYPE: CENTRAL Other Central Types listed River Birch - Sycamore NORTHERN Northern Hardwoods listed Sugar Maple-Basswood Beech - Sugar Maple SOUTHERN Bottomland listed Cottonwood Sugarberry - American Elm - Green Ash Sycamore - Sweetgum - American Elm NATURAL DIVISION: Grand Prairie Grand Prairie Springfield Western listed Middle Mississippi Border Glaciated Driftless listed Southern Till Plain Effingham Plain Mt. Vernon Hill Country listed Wabash Border Bottomlands listed Coastal Plain Cretaceous Hills COUNTIES: ADAMS BOND BOONE BROWN BUREAU CALHOUN CARROLL CHAMPAIGN CHRISTIAN CLARK CLAY CLINTON COLES COOK CRAWFORD CUMBERLAND DEKALB DEWITT DOUGLAS DUPAGE EDGAR EDWARDS EFFINGHAM FAYETTE FORD FRANKLIN FULTON GALLATIN GREENE GRUNDY HAMILTON HANCOCK HARDIN HENDERSON HENRY IROQUOIS JACKSON JASPER JEFFERSON JERSEY JO DAVIESS JOHNSON KANE KANKAKEE KENDALL KNOX LAKE LASALLE LAWRENCE LEE LIVINGSTON LOGAN MCDONOUGH MCHENRY MCLEAN MACON MACOUPIN MADISON MARION MARSHALL MASON MASSAC MENARD MERCER MONROE MONTGOMERY MORGAN MOULTRIE OGLE PEORIA PERRY PIATT PIKE POPE PULASKI PUTNAM RANDOLPH RICHLAND ROCK ISLAND ST. CLAIR SALINE SANGAMON SCHUYLER SCOTT SHELBY STARK STEPHENSON TAZEWELL UNION VERMILION WABASH WARREN WASHINGTON WAYNE WHITE WHITESIDE WILL WILLIAMSON WOODFORD GROWTH FORM: Dicot-woody TAXONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS: ROOTS: Primary LEAF ARRANGEMENT: Alternate LEAF TYPE: Simple LEAF MARGIN: Serrate LEAF VENATION: Pinnate LEAF SHAPE: Ovate Oblique INFLORESCENCE: Other FLOWER STRUCTURE: Incomplete (no petals) FLOWER PLACEMENT: Hypogynous FRUIT: DRUPE DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTIC COMMENTS: Flowers in fascicles; leaves leathery, asymmetrical at base; bark becoming warty; drupes orange-red at maturity; branches are often disfigured by 'witches brooms' which are caused by the mite Eriophyses. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION: ORIGIN: Native POPULATION DYNAMICS: STATE STATUS: Not listed FEDERAL STATUS: Not listed COMMONNESS: Common ENDEMIC: NOT-ENDEMIC BIOLOGIC: HABIT: Tree Shrub LIFE CYCLE: Perennial REPRODUCTION: Sexual FLOWERING PERIOD: MONTH BEGINNING- 4 MONTH END- 5 TROPHIC STATUS: Autotrophic C02 FIXATION: C3 SEX: Perfect Unisexual -monoecious BIOLOGIC COMMENTS: Polygamous-unisexual and perfect on the same tree. ECODISTRIBUTION COMMENTS: Found in sandy or rocky areas. ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS: No data entered FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS: MAJOR DISPERSAL AGENTS: BIRD -internal MAMMAL -internal MAJOR POLLINATION AGENT: Wind HUMAN RELATIONSHIP DATA: ALLERGENIC: Maybe EDIBLE: Yes-qualified SHOWY FLOWERS: YES AMOUNT: Low LANDSCAPING: YES HUMAN FACTOR COMMENTS: May causes hayfever; frost ripened fruit are edible; not recommended as a street tree because commonly infected with witches-broom. WILDLIFE AND LIVESTOCK INFORMATION: FOOD VALUE: DEER VALUE: - Leaves Stems Buds UPLAND GAME VALUE: - Fruit WATERFOWL VALUE: Unknown SMALL NON-GAME BIRD VALUE: - Fruit SMALL MAMMAL VALUE: - Fruit AQUATIC MAMMAL VALUE: Unknown FISH VALUE: Unknown COVER VALUE: DEER: No data WATERFOWL: No data SMALL MAMMAL: No data FISH: No data SMALL BIRD: Good UPLAND GAME: No data AQUATIC MAMMAL: No data WILDLIFE COMMENTS: Terrestrial furbearers eat the fruit. Regarding small non-game bird food value, this pertains especially to mockingbirds, robins. LIVESTOCK PALATABILITY DATA: CATTLE FORAGE: No data SHEEP FORAGE: No data HORSE FORAGE: No data GOAT FORAGE: No data ENERGY VALUE: Medium PROTEIN VALUE: Low POISONOUS (LIVESTOCK): No REVEGETATION PLANTINGS: WEEDINESS: Non-weedy SEED AVAILABILITY: Good PROCUREMENT COMMENTS: Seed company numbers: 4,14,16,17,20,22,27,28,29,32 PROPAGATION COMMENTS: Tree form - seedlings, bare root, balled & burlapped, seeds. REFERENCES: Mohlenbrock, R. H., ed. 1975. Guide to the vascular flora of Illinois. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale. 494 pp. Jones, G. N. 1963. Flora of Illinois. Third ed. American Midland Naturalist Monograph 7. University of Notre Dame, Indiana. 401 pp. Steyermark, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. Iowa State University Press, Ames. 1725 pp. Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of north- eastern United States and adjacent Canada. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. 810 pp. Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. 8th ed. American Book Co., New York. 1632 pp. Swink, F., and G. S. Wilhelm. 1979. Plants of the Chicago region. Third ed. The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois. 922 pp. Mohlenbrock, R. H. 1967-continuing. The illustrated flora of Illinois. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale. Anon. 1981. Illinois plants for habitat restoration. Illinois Department of Conservation, Mining Program. Springfield, Illinois. 61 pp. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters (SAF), Washington, D.C., 148 pp. Schwegman, J. E., G. D. Fell, M. Hutchison, G. Paulson, W. M. Shepherd, and J. White. 1973. Comprehensive plan for the Illinois Nature Preserves System. Part 2 - The Natural Divisions of Illinois. Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Springfield. 32 pp., plus map. White, J., and M. H. Madany. 1978. Classification of natural communities in Illinois. Pages 309-405 in J. White, ed., Illinois natural areas inventory technical report. Vol. 1. Survey methods and results. Illinois Natural Areas Inventory, Urbana. Miller, R. B., and L. R. Tehon. 1929. The native and naturalized trees of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 18: 1-340. Mohlenbrock, R. H. 1980. Forest trees of Illinois. Third ed. Illinois Department of Conservation, Division of Forestry, Springfield. 331 pp. Downton, W. J. S. 1975. The occurrence of C4 photosynthesis among plants. Photosynthetica 9(1): 96-105. Grimm, W. C. 1950. The trees of Pennsylvania. Stackpole and Heck, New York and Harrisburg. 363 pp. END OF DATA FOR SPECIES Celtis occidentalis ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ILPIN was developed by Louis Iverson*, with data compiled by David Ketzner and Jeanne Karnes Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 E. Peabody Dr., Champaign, IL 61820 *currently employed by USDA Forest Service, 359 Main Rd., Delaware, OH 43015