ILLINOIS PLANT INFORMATION NETWORK
 
 ILPIN INFORMATION ON    Cardamine pensylvanica
 
 
 CLASS:    DICOTYLEDENAE
 ORDER:    CAPPARALES
 FAMILY:   BRASSICACEAE
 SCIENTIFIC NAME:  Cardamine pensylvanica
 AUTHORITY:  Muhl.
 
 COMMON NAMES:
    BITTER CRESS
 
 SYNONOMY:   None
 
 PLANTS CODE: CAPE3
 
 NATURAL COMMUNITIES:
     FOREST
       FLOODPLAIN FOREST
         MESIC
         WET-MESIC
         WET
     WETLAND
       SWAMP
       SEEP & SPRING
         SPRING COMMUNITY
       BORDER OF LAKE
     CULTURAL
       SUCCESSIONAL FIELD
 
 
 SAF FOREST COVER TYPE:
     CENTRAL
        Other Central Types
           Silver Maple - American Elm
 
 NATURAL DIVISION:  UNAVAILABLE
 
 COUNTIES:
   ADAMS           ALEXANDER       BOND            BROWN           CALHOUN
   CASS            CHAMPAIGN       CLARK           CLAY            CLINTON
   COLES           COOK            CRAWFORD        CUMBERLAND      DEKALB
   DOUGLAS         DUPAGE          EDGAR           EDWARDS         EFFINGHAM
   FAYETTE         FRANKLIN        FULTON          GALLATIN        GREENE
   GRUNDY          HAMILTON        HANCOCK         HARDIN          JACKSON
   JASPER          JERSEY          JO DAVIESS      JOHNSON         KANE
   KANKAKEE        KENDALL         KNOX            LAKE            LASALLE
   LAWRENCE        LIVINGSTON      MCDONOUGH       MCHENRY         MCLEAN
   MACOUPIN        MADISON         MARION          MARSHALL        MASON
   MASSAC          MENARD          MERCER          MONROE          MONTGOMERY
   OGLE            PEORIA          PIATT           POPE            PUTNAM
   RANDOLPH        ST. CLAIR       SALINE          SANGAMON        SCHUYLER
   SHELBY          UNION           VERMILION       WABASH          WASHINGTON
   WAYNE           WHITE           WHITESIDE       WILL            WILLIAMSON
   WINNEBAGO
 
 GROWTH FORM:  Dicot-herb
 
 TAXONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS:
    ROOTS:  Adventitious   (fibrous)
    LEAF ARRANGEMENT:   Alternate    Basal
    LEAF TYPE:    Compound  (pinnately)
    LEAF MARGIN:   Entire   Undulate   Dentate
    LEAF VENATION:  Pinnate
    LEAF SHAPE:     Linear   Oblanceolate     Obovate     Orbicular
    INFLORESCENCE:   Raceme
    FLOWER MEROUS:  4
    FLOWER STRUCTURE:   Complete   Regular
    FLOWER COLOR:   White
    FLOWER PLACEMENT:  Hypogynous
    FRUIT:   SILIQUE
 
 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION:
     ORIGIN:   Native
 
 POPULATION DYNAMICS:
     STATE STATUS: Not listed
     FEDERAL STATUS: Not listed
     ENDEMIC:   NOT-ENDEMIC
 
 BIOLOGIC:
     HABIT:   Forb
     LIFE CYCLE:   Biennial   Annual
     REPRODUCTION:   Sexual
     FLOWERING PERIOD:
         MONTH BEGINNING-      3         MONTH END-      7
     TROPHIC STATUS:  Autotrophic
     C02 FIXATION:  C3
     SEX:      Perfect
 
 ECODISTRIBUTION COMMENTS:
     Species is distributed at base of wet cliffs; mudflats.
 
 ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS:   No data entered
 
 FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS:
     MYCORRHIZAE:   no
 
 HUMAN RELATIONSHIP DATA:
     EDIBLE:  Yes
     SHOWY FLOWERS:  YES      AMOUNT:  Low
 
 
 HUMAN FACTOR COMMENTS:
     Fresh stems and leaves are used in salads.
 
 WILDLIFE AND LIVESTOCK INFORMATION:   No data entered
 
 REVEGETATION PLANTINGS:
     WEEDINESS:   Non-weedy
 
 
 
 REFERENCES:
Jones, G. N.  1963.  Flora of Illinois.  Third ed.  American Midland Naturalist
     Monograph 7.  University of Notre Dame, Indiana.  401 pp.
Steyermark, J. A.  1963.  Flora of Missouri.  Iowa State University Press, Ames.
     1725 pp.
Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist.  1963.  Manual of vascular plants of north-
     eastern United States and adjacent Canada.  Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.,
     New York.  810 pp.
Fernald, M. L.  1950.  Gray's manual of botany.  8th ed.  American Book Co.,
     New York.  1632 pp.
Swink, F., and G. S. Wilhelm.  1979.  Plants of the Chicago region.  Third ed.
     The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois.  922 pp.
Mohlenbrock, R. H.  1967-continuing.  The illustrated flora of Illinois.
     Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
Downton, W. J. S.  1975.  The occurrence of C4 photosynthesis among plants.
     Photosynthetica 9(1): 96-105.
 
 END OF DATA FOR SPECIES  Cardamine pensylvanica
 
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 ILPIN was developed by Louis Iverson*, with data compiled by David Ketzner and Jeanne Karnes
 Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 E. Peabody Dr., Champaign, IL 61820
     *currently employed by USDA Forest Service, 359 Main Rd., Delaware, OH 43015