ILLINOIS PLANT INFORMATION NETWORK
 
 ILPIN INFORMATION ON    Helianthemum bicknellii
 
 
 CLASS:    DICOTYLEDENAE
 ORDER:    VIOLALES
 FAMILY:   CISTACEAE
 SCIENTIFIC NAME:  Helianthemum bicknellii
 AUTHORITY:  Fern.
 
 COMMON NAMES:
    FROSTWEED
 
 SYNONOMY:   None
 
 PLANTS CODE: HEBI2
 
 NATURAL COMMUNITIES:
     FOREST
       SAND FOREST
         DRY
     PRAIRIE
       SAND PRAIRIE
         DRY
       HILL PRAIRIE
     SAVANNA
       SAND SAVANNA
         DRY
 
 SAF FOREST COVER TYPE:  UNAVAILABLE
 
 NATURAL DIVISION:  UNAVAILABLE
 
 COUNTIES:
   ADAMS           BOONE           CARROLL         CASS            CHAMPAIGN
   CLARK           COOK            DEKALB          DUPAGE          FULTON
   GRUNDY          HANCOCK         HENDERSON       HENRY           IROQUOIS
   JO DAVIESS      KANE            KANKAKEE        KNOX            LAKE
   LASALLE         LEE             LOGAN           MCDONOUGH       MCHENRY
   MACON           MACOUPIN        MADISON         MARSHALL        MASON
   MENARD          MERCER          MORGAN          OGLE            PEORIA
   PIATT           RICHLAND        ROCK ISLAND     ST. CLAIR       SCOTT
   TAZEWELL        VERMILION       WARREN          WHITESIDE       WILL
   WINNEBAGO
 
 GROWTH FORM:  Dicot-herb
 
 TAXONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS:
    ROOTS:  Primary   Adventitious   (rhizomes)
    LEAF ARRANGEMENT:   Alternate
    LEAF TYPE:   Simple
    LEAF MARGIN:   Entire
    LEAF VENATION:  Pinnate
    LEAF SHAPE:     Oblong   Lanceolate   Oblanceolate
    INFLORESCENCE:   Corymb
    FLOWER MEROUS:  5
    FLOWER STRUCTURE:   Complete   Regular
    FLOWER COLOR:   Yellow
    FLOWER PLACEMENT:  Hypogynous
    FRUIT:   Capsule
 
 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION:
     ORIGIN:   Native
 
 POPULATION DYNAMICS:
     STATE STATUS: Not listed
     FEDERAL STATUS: Not listed
     COMMONNESS:  Occasional
     ENDEMIC:   NOT-ENDEMIC
 
 BIOLOGIC:
     HABIT:   Forb
     LIFE CYCLE:   Perennial
     REPRODUCTION:   Sexual   Vegetative
     FLOWERING PERIOD:
         MONTH BEGINNING-      6         MONTH END-      7
     TROPHIC STATUS:  Autotrophic
     C02 FIXATION:  C3
     SEX:      Perfect
 
 BIOLOGIC COMMENTS:
     Species is apetalous, cleistogamous flowers are formed; slightly
     woody.
 
 ECODISTRIBUTION COMMENTS:
     Species is distributed in black oak woods.
 
 ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS:   No data entered
 
 FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS:
     MAJOR DISPERSAL AGENTS:   GRAVITY
     MAJOR POLLINATION AGENT:   INSECT
 
 HUMAN RELATIONSHIP DATA:
     SHOWY FLOWERS:  YES      AMOUNT:  Medium
 
 
 WILDLIFE AND LIVESTOCK INFORMATION:   No data entered
 
 REVEGETATION PLANTINGS:
     WEEDINESS:   Non-weedy
 
 
 
 REFERENCES:
Mohlenbrock, R. H., ed.  1975.  Guide to the vascular flora of Illinois.
     Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.  494 pp.
Jones, G. N.  1963.  Flora of Illinois.  Third ed.  American Midland Naturalist
     Monograph 7.  University of Notre Dame, Indiana.  401 pp.
Steyermark, J. A.  1963.  Flora of Missouri.  Iowa State University Press, Ames.
     1725 pp.
Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist.  1963.  Manual of vascular plants of north-
     eastern United States and adjacent Canada.  Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.,
     New York.  810 pp.
Fernald, M. L.  1950.  Gray's manual of botany.  8th ed.  American Book Co.,
     New York.  1632 pp.
Swink, F., and G. S. Wilhelm.  1979.  Plants of the Chicago region.  Third ed.
     The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois.  922 pp.
Mohlenbrock, R. H.  1967-continuing.  The illustrated flora of Illinois.
     Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
Downton, W. J. S.  1975.  The occurrence of C4 photosynthesis among plants.
     Photosynthetica 9(1): 96-105.
 
 OTHER REFERENCES:
     Brizicky, G. K.  1964.  The genera of Cistaceae in the southeastern United
          States.  Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 45: 346-357.
 
 END OF DATA FOR SPECIES  Helianthemum bicknellii
 
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 ILPIN was developed by Louis Iverson*, with data compiled by David Ketzner and Jeanne Karnes
 Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 E. Peabody Dr., Champaign, IL 61820
     *currently employed by USDA Forest Service, 359 Main Rd., Delaware, OH 43015