ࡱ> {}vw|za=mRg9wJu( (P / 00DTimes New Roman@b@bLb0pbpb 0DSymbolew Roman@b@bLb0pbpb 0 DArialew Roman@b@bLb0pbpb 0"0DArial Blackman@b@bLb0pbpb 0"  @n?" dd@  @@`` x5w $ {B96H#  3  U/X$zr$=mRg9wJuizc $Pf33@g4BdBd|b 0tbf (ppp  <4BdBd@b@bf\ >? %O =(_Growth Efficiencies of Diverse Pinus taeda families as affected by Genetics of the Root system 8`$ $5$,6rJames E. Grissom and Steven E. McKeand Department of Forestry North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, U.S.A.>s '7, L& Objectives $Evaluate genetic effects of Roots upon Aboveground Growth process Determine whether Root system can alter Stemwood production; under what conditions Identify physiological traits related to Root effects on Stemwood productionBBUL>B) ]  %$ #!"#*  Weather Data: $   <Stem Growth Efficiencies, Grafted trees Fertilized treatment4='$! BCarbon Isotope Discrimination by Graft Class, Fertilized treatment>C     Summary of Important Results$ Rootstocks can substantially impact allocation of mass to aboveground parts, including the main stem. When fertilized, fast-growing provenance attains large mass both above- and below-ground, even when grafted to a slow-growing counterpart. fe T  Summary of Important Results$ pStem Growth Efficiency is affected more by Scion stock, but Water Use Efficiency is affected more by Root stock.^q+5 Conclusions BGenetic factors in Roots can alter Growth Efficiency, when soil nutrients are adequate for growth. Growth Efficiency appears related to Water Use Efficiency, among genetic families. Carbon isotope (13C) content in leaves shows promise as a physiological marker for  Efficiency of Foliage .cSl6,R X ` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3` ̙33` ̙33>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> c(    6v jP v T Click to edit Master title style! !  0tv j v RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0v `, v =*  04v `  v ?*  0v `$j v ?*H  0f޽h ? ̙33 04( j   0#v P   v =*   0$v    v ?*   6t$v `P  v =*   6$v `  v ?* H  0i ? ̙33 TT(  x  c $vj  x  c $v      B>CDEF%% *5<v>_>s<\5F*3!  s\F 3!!3 F\s_v !3F\sLP@`0 F  FBCDE$#F.#ex~n_ TJA7(iUD6*ryenXdJY<K0=#-    vmaTG<40--16=DJPW^enxn]\j  ,5> GOY"c,n:zHU`it}hA4+"|xsnje^WSzOoLeH[EM@=:).($('&-6;>G-SGZ\]obelt} %- ueT@0%{mcZRJB8-"{ vpk`[] hosx }$(/:FR]fpuz{l_SA/*(& %:Q_l">Vn &:JQ'H194-4 332.' b>&nU@*  $1H_o   4HZ!i'v+06:>?@@B GNZgou wz{}u{_wQsCh)aZTNHE@>:9{:d>MA9E,F-GAF[EqEGJLPZagmsx#~.9Ge}rf\QG0 yoaTKEBAAAAADNalv~ !0@OXe|u okg$c-_5Z<Q@GB=F7J4O0T.[*b#jpvz z s'o.j4g9c@_FZMSTL[E`>e9i3l/q-u,|+*))+/6CQ[dlu}yrlfcbt}ugZRKFB=6,"  "#&}-x8tHl_gcfjhkkkmrv{vqjaX&P-I4B:;@4E-L&S Zagnsz y tokf%b,[8IA7H-M4M>JHEQ@W6^.e'j!nrsuuw z$r+k1g4c8b9a:i<o?rAvBzBA?:74320-(     )05:=@AADHLQUXZ[]^^^]][[ZYXVSRSUVWVV{UrVhXZ[M`Ec>g:i5n1t*y !/A[j}|1Tgz !)19AIQZcnw      $ - 37;=@DJC=84/*%    &&'')*+-.012358$:-<6?<A@BDCFDJEOHWKgQrVxYyZ{Z[\^`chnqrrokheba`{`v`q`l_f^aZZVTRLOEK=I5G-D%CBBA A@?=;:::::::965310-,*)'&%~#{"xsnhb[TLD ;3-*&$!  $,"6,K4^8a<bHmPuUxZz_zbzgylyszz}~|v rpon n%n*o1p=qDsHxONLH~D|=z6y.x&yz|}~  $(-06<GOSTW]a\WSOKFA<5-'" +9EQ_mtw{|sbRG;&  %5DNYhx{si\F5&xqjfa\WPHA>ADIOTX\`cj'o4s>xG}OWalz}r~fvUkCd5^'TMMPMIEA91,&!#&+. 25,9==ODeIwI|JOUZ_djosy~{uooqokhcZQLIC<98852+$"&*-/k.a-V+C))$%5@M[m   s\L>-~pYgpy .>Uksskc]TB, v+p0i5d;^?XETKOQLWFc@j9n1s,u,s1k:\@TENIJNDR?Y7a.l!v  iI90)%# {ka^^^ \Z"^6fKmZpgpuk`WUX\]}^n]_ZVVLQ=N,NOQTRM>2240(  !&,2:Dez  $*/4=F Q]f'n-t1x6};@GU\^]ZV~OwEs>n8h3c.])V&O!H;2 +)( &""!8"J$S$YbklcM6& umcWp~,=K[sn\MB5%/H]hr}umjfddffbZVW[^bekpsw{nWE4$xqmljjlm ib4\CWROdHwGE>:51.)&! &-3:@qG^NMU6Y[\^dmqf^WRNJE@:.(%$"!  % 9"J"Zq pdYJ9,  $)4G\hsrf[L>5,  ",/+$ zupmhe`[WZ_bcgnx~wpjfb`_fioz$')-18@EJMRU[bxmmrjtg{T?3+{ywtq l d[SLE">%8'3+..)1'3$5!69:< ?BDGILOQSVWWWXXY[^_abceghzjrmkpcs\wV|OID?:50*$ !*0128A}PuXq\n`kcjgijhpfyb_[XVTRPMKIGEDCBB<8543210..13}6w9r:n;j=f?`@YA_?b<e:h8j6o4u2}0-,**))))# ~ }| "$&)+-012210.-+ )$!.;FR\e@`  BCCDEDFN& "5I]q.:w?cCQB<<(3&$(@`Ah  B[CDEDFNYI9("4 G[o{,n<_JNS<Z([Y$(@`4]Q  BCKDEDFN> ..AWm -s:cDOJ8KG>$(@`  B>CDEDFN u]F 0 19 >>>W<m5* $(@`\w  BDCDEDFN& #6J_r /;wAdDQB==)3&$(@`3S  BZCDEDFNXH8&!2 FYnz,m<_INS;Y(ZX$(@`L  BCJDEDFN> .-AVl -r9bDNI7JG>$(@`7  BCHDEDFNDHpFZDD>/6- " /EZl})D$(@`Qq  BCHDEDFNEHoGZEE?/7. " /F[m})E$(@`Hji  BCKDEDFN= -.AWm ,s:cCOI8KF=$(@`1  BCBDEDFN&v bO:& /!94@GB[Ao<2&$(@`   B\CDEDFNYI8'"3 FZoz+n<_IMT;Y'\Y$(@`\  BCCDEDFN& !5I]q.:w@dCQB=<(3&$(@`  B[CDEDFNYI9'"3 FZoz,n<`INS<Y)[Y$(@`  BCLDEDFN> ./B Xn -r:bDOJ9LG>$(@`_U  BCHDEDFNDHoHZDD?/8- # /EZl|)D$(@`  BCGDEDFNDGpG[DE>/7- # /F[m~(D$(@`%j8  BCLDEDFN> .-B Vl -r9bDNI7LG>$(@`P  B]CyDEDFN+?Qa/nDv\y]c[PT=J,<+$(@`p  BDCDEDFN& "5I^q /;w@cDQB<=)3&$(@`a'  B[CDEDFNYI9'"4 G[pz,n<`IOS<Y)[Y$(@`  BCKDEDFN> .-BVl -r:bDNJ7KG>$(@`/?  BCKDEDFN? . -AVl -r:bDNJ7KH?$(@` O  BCHDEDFNDHpHZDD>/7- # /EZl~(D$(@`/+O  BCHDEDFNEHoGZED?/7. " /F[m})E$(@`  BCKDEDFN= --BWm ,r:bCOI8KF=$(@`]~  B]CxDEDFN*>Q`/lDt\x]b[NT<I,;*$(@`?j= ! BCBDEDFN&u bN9&. 94?FB[An<2&$(@` ? " B]CxDEDFN* ?Q`0mDu\x]b[OT<K,=,$(@`G # BCCDEDFN&u bN9&. :2@FCZBn<3&$(@` $ B^CxDEDFN)>Q`0lDt\x^b[NT<J+<+$(@`MZ % BCCDEDFN&v bO:&.!:4@GC[Bo<3&$(@`AB` & B\CyDEDFN*>Pa.mCu[y\cZOS=I,;+$(@` ' B]CyDEDFN*?Qa/mDv\y]c[OT<J,<+$(@`?1 ( BCDDEDFN&u bN:& / :4@FD[Ao=2&$(@`Gf ) B]CyDEDFN) >Qa0lDu\y]c[NT<J,=+$(@`%O * B]CyDEDFN)>Qa/lDu\y]c[NT<J,<+$(@`{Q + BCKDEDFN= -.BXn ,r:bCOI8KF=$(@` , B^CyDEDFN)>P`0lDu\y^c[NT<J+<+$(@`jF - FBCDE$#F.#ex~n_ TJA7(iUD6*ryenXdJY<K0=#-    vmaTG<40--16=DJPW^enxn]\j  ,5> GOY"c,n:zHU`it}hA4+"|xsnje^WSzOoLeH[EM@=:).($('&-6;>G-SGZ\]obelt} %- ueT@0%{mcZRJB8-"{ vpk`[] hosx }$(/:FR]fpuz{l_SA/*(& %:Q_l">Vn &:JQ'H194-4 332.' b>&nU@*  $1H_o   4HZ!i'v+06:>?@@B GNZgou wz{}u{_wQsCh)aZTNHE@>:9{:d>MA9E,F-GAF[EqEGJLPZagmsx#~.9Ge}rf\QG0 yoaTKEBAAAAADNalv~ !0@OXe|u okg$c-_5Z<Q@GB=F7J4O0T.[*b#jpvz z s'o.j4g9c@_FZMSTL[E`>e9i3l/q-u,|+*))+/6CQ[dlu}yrlfcbt}ugZRKFB=6,"  "#&}-x8tHl_gcfjhkkkmrv{vqjaX&P-I4B:;@4E-L&S Zagnsz y tokf%b,[8IA7H-M4M>JHEQ@W6^.e'j!nrsuuw z$r+k1g4c8b9a:i<o?rAvBzBA?:74320-(     )05:=@AADHLQUXZ[]^^^]][[ZYXVSRSUVWVV{UrVhXZ[M`Ec>g:i5n1t*y !/A[j}|1Tgz !)19AIQZcnw      $ - 37;=@DJC=84/*%    &&'')*+-.012358$:-<6?<A@BDCFDJEOHWKgQrVxYyZ{Z[\^`chnqrrokheba`{`v`q`l_f^aZZVTRLOEK=I5G-D%CBBA A@?=;:::::::965310-,*)'&%~#{"xsnhb[TLD ;3-*&$!  $,"6,K4^8a<bHmPuUxZz_zbzgylyszz}~|v rpon n%n*o1p=qDsHxONLH~D|=z6y.x&yz|}~  $(-06<GOSTW]a\WSOKFA<5-'" +9EQ_mtw{|sbRG;&  %5DNYhx{si\F5&xqjfa\WPHA>ADIOTX\`cj'o4s>xG}OWalz}r~fvUkCd5^'TMMPMIEA91,&!#&+. 25,9==ODeIwI|JOUZ_djosy~{uooqokhcZQLIC<98852+$"&*-/k.a-V+C))$%5@M[m   s\L>-~pYgpy .>Uksskc]TB, v+p0i5d;^?XETKOQLWFc@j9n1s,u,s1k:\@TENIJNDR?Y7a.l!v  iI90)%# {ka^^^ \Z"^6fKmZpgpuk`WUX\]}^n]_ZVVLQ=N,NOQTRM>2240(  !&,2:Dez  $*/4=F Q]f'n-t1x6};@GU\^]ZV~OwEs>n8h3c.])V&O!H;2 +)( &""!8"J$S$YbklcM6& umcWp~,=K[sn\MB5%/H]hr}umjfddffbZVW[^bekpsw{nWE4$xqmljjlm ib4\CWROdHwGE>:51.)&! &-3:@qG^NMU6Y[\^dmqf^WRNJE@:.(%$"!  % 9"J"Zq pdYJ9,  $)4G\hsrf[L>5,  ",/+$ zupmhe`[WZ_bcgnx~wpjfb`_fioz$')-18@EJMRU[bxmmrjtg{T?3+{ywtq l d[SLE">%8'3+..)1'3$5!69:< ?BDGILOQSVWWWXXY[^_abceghzjrmkpcs\wV|OID?:50*$ !*0128A}PuXq\n`kcjgijhpfyb_[XVTRPMKIGEDCBB<8543210..13}6w9r:n;j=f?`@YA_?b<e:h8j6o4u2}0-,**))))# ~ }| "$&)+-012210.-+ )$!.;FR\e@`p . BCCDEDFN& "5I]q.:w?cCQB<<(3&$(@`8V% / B[CDEDFNYI9("4 G[o{,n<_JNS<Z([Y$(@`- 0 BCKDEDFN> ..AWm -s:cDOJ8KG>$(@`Hi 1 B>CDEDFN u]F 0 19 >>>W<m5* $(@`j+G 2 BDCDEDFN& #6J_r /;wAdDQB==)3&$(@`'"k 3 BZCDEDFNXH8&!2 FYnz,m<_INS;Y(ZX$(@` 4 BCJDEDFN> .-AVl -r9bDNI7JG>$(@`T 5 BCHDEDFNDHpFZDD>/6- " /EZl})D$(@`| 6 BCHDEDFNEHoGZEE?/7. " /F[m})E$(@`:~  7 BCKDEDFN= -.AWm ,s:cCOI8KF=$(@` 8 BCBDEDFN&v bO:& /!94@GB[Ao<2&$(@`^ 9 B\CDEDFNYI8'"3 FZoz+n<_IMT;Y'\Y$(@`P+T : BCCDEDFN& !5I]q.:w@dCQB=<(3&$(@`dc ; B[CDEDFNYI9'"3 FZoz,n<`INS<Y)[Y$(@`6q < BCLDEDFN> ./B Xn -r:bDOJ9LG>$(@`%! = BCHDEDFNDHoHZDD?/8- # /EZl|)D$(@`>b^ > BCGDEDFNDGpG[DE>/7- # /F[m~(D$(@`9 ? BCLDEDFN> .-B Vl -r9bDNI7LG>$(@`  dB @ B]CyDEDFN+?Qa/nDv\y]c[PT=J,<+$(@`G A BDCDEDFN& "5I^q /;w@cDQB<=)3&$(@`E B B[CDEDFNYI9'"4 G[pz,n<`IOS<Y)[Y$(@`2Vm C BCKDEDFN> .-BVl -r:bDNJ7KG>$(@` D BCKDEDFN? . -AVl -r:bDNJ7KH?$(@` E BCHDEDFNDHpHZDD>/7- # /EZl~(D$(@` F BCHDEDFNEHoGZED?/7. " /F[m})E$(@` G BCKDEDFN= --BWm ,r:bCOI8KF=$(@` H B]CxDEDFN*>Q`/lDt\x]b[NT<I,;*$(@`9 I BCBDEDFN&u bN9&. 94?FB[An<2&$(@`Q J B]CxDEDFN* ?Q`0mDu\x]b[OT<K,=,$(@` K BCCDEDFN&u bN9&. :2@FCZBn<3&$(@`Myl L B^CxDEDFN)>Q`0lDt\x^b[NT<J+<+$(@`*T" M BCCDEDFN&v bO:&.!:4@GC[Bo<3&$(@` N B\CyDEDFN*>Pa.mCu[y\cZOS=I,;+$(@`_ O B]CyDEDFN*?Qa/mDv\y]c[OT<J,<+$(@` P BCDDEDFN&u bN:& / :4@FD[Ao=2&$(@` Q B]CyDEDFN) >Qa0lDu\y]c[NT<J,=+$(@`K R B]CyDEDFN)>Qa/lDu\y]c[NT<J,<+$(@`Ku S BCKDEDFN= -.BXn ,r:bCOI8KF=$(@`z T B^CyDEDFN)>P`0lDu\y^c[NT<J+<+$(@` i@H  0f޽h ? ̙33  0(   x  c $vd`   x  c $v`d   H  0f޽h ? ̙33  ` X   (  *   6v@ P SMaterials and Methods"$  6vp M 0  6/0 Loblolly pine seedlings from 2 contrasting provenances; 10 OP families; 5 from fast-growing (ACP) prov. and 5 from slow-growing (LPT) prov.P - $>+ .<  6$0g N    60p }  Ptotal 1800 seedlings   6D1 p  O 2  61 \  W (   62 @  ?Grafted reciprocally (fast type onto slow type, and vice versa)^@   6d2f &  K    6$3 @  h&All possible combinations of genotypes&'&  63  i'Grafted at 12 weeks of age (June 1997)&('  6D4 q  J  B  s *f޽h ? ̙33% %%228%(    65 / Out-planted at 40 weeks of age (January 1998),40.   6d5 d0on a sandy infertile site in Scotland County, NC11   650 QPlanted in split plot layout, of 6 blocks, full set of 150 trees per sub-plot ;&RQ ,  6$6Z@  };half of the plots were fertilized by hand, twice each year.&<;(  66 %  JFertilizer applications:  67 + M  MElemental dosage (kg/ha)  680   EMonth$  6d8}   [ &   6$9}    _ &    69M  FN*(  69M } U  \ (   6D:M ' w  EP(  6;M n  _ (    6d;M k  EK(  6$pM  ^ (    6pM @  FFe(  6pM .*  ] (   6DqM T  EB(  6rM Gg  ^ (    6drM 8  FCu(  6rM   \ (   6$sM |  XZn(   6s ,  IMarch(  6s S  B50$  6Dt '  B23$  6t k  B40$  6u <  C0.5$  6du >  B--$  6u 8  B--$  6$v |  B--$  6v~ *1 HJune( ! 6Dw~   _ &   " 6w~ S  D50& # 6x~ a %  [ &  $ 6dx~ '  D23& % 6x~ i  [ &  & 6$y~ k  D40& ' 6y~  [ &  ( 6y~ < E0.5& ) 6Dz~ M Z &  * 6z~  E0.1& + 6{~ : Z &  , 6d{~ 8 E0.2& - 6d~ ~ Z &  . 6Ŀ~ | E0.2& / 6$@H0 3* N - total 10% composed of 6% urea + 4% ammoniacal$43(  0 < f EMethods"$ 1 <`G S $  2 <D S $ B  s *f޽h ? ̙33 7(    6Ppr o1After two growing seasons, in early October 1999,"22   60c k)Tree heights and diameters were measured,&*)   6d l*Roots were dug up and seedlings harvested.&+*   <V F KMethods($  6` Bm  i%Total numbers of harvested seedlings:(&%  6 y  6Type  6D H  S $   6 3  \ $    6 w W  \ $    6  \ $    6D   I Fast-grow$   6 O   [ $    6 q  I Slow-grow$   6$ O  T $   6 e  9GRAFTED  6 `  5260  6D   5260  6: F  = NON-GRAFTED   6: `  6 40  6t:  V $   64: D $  \ $    6:   D 40$  6: p  T $   6T `  5300  6   3+  6   5300H  0f޽h ? ̙33 7(    6: o%Roots were washed, dried and weighed..&%$c  64PI^  eStems, branches and leaves were separately dried in 70oC oven for 72 hours, and then weighed.|+;5$   $  <V F KMethods($H  0f޽h ? ̙33  7/(    6T>p ZLeaf Physiology:.(  <V F KMethods($f  <  ?B2 PGas Exchange Instantaneous Portable Photosynthesis System (Li-Cor LI-6400)ZQ  ,A   <t  ? `  .fCarbon isotope Integral Mass spectrometry composition (Finnigan Isotope Ratio Mass Spec.)xg  #,3 H  0f޽h ? ̙33t  $!"(  x  c $ j   4  #  *F  S _S F  S   X @  C  u .B   *.B   *+.B   { | .B     .B     .B   jk.B   .B      .B     .B    \ ] .B     .B    } .B        64 |> H 13.1 "  6 Q9 T  F7.9 "  6  h  H -5.2 "  6T  yQ A-10"  6 - R  @-5"  6 ~ T+  ?0"  6t Tv  ?5"  6 R @10"  64 lR @15"  6 F   MNormal May-Aug."  6F   MActual May-Aug."  6 _v  CDeficit  ! <4 KDuring Summer of 1999, moderate drought occurred in central North Carolina:4L3% " <  ITotal Rainfall (inches)H  0f޽h ? ̙33> @A4(  4: 4 3  | _ : 4 3  | _ : 4 3 N  : 4 3 N  : 4 3  | _ , : 4 3  | _ , : 4 3 f   & :  4 3    & 4B  4 # jJ .B  4   4B  4 # jJ N4B  4 # \s 4B 4 # jJ  f.B 4  f g4B 4 # jJN .B 4  t 4B 4 # X2 4B 4 # 2 3 4B 4 #   4B 4 #   4B 4 #   4B 4 #   4B 4 # 4B 4 # 4B 4 # lm4B 4 # 4B 4 # XY4B 4 # jJ/ 0 4B 4 #    4 6 <  A0$  4 6d t  D 300$ !4 6āj  C600$ "4 6$L C900$ #4 6}> D1200$ $4 6Dj *  JRootstock type  %4 <) $   I Fast Slow" 4 &4 # Px : '4 3 f  : (4 3   : )4 3 f : *4 3  : +4 3  2 : ,4 3  2 : -4 3 f , : .4 3  , 4B /4 # 8cxy.B 04  c4B 14 # 8cZ().B 24  ZC[4B 34@ # 8cyyx.B 44  xcy4B 54 # 8c().B 64  C@ 74 C f`+  84 6dCD  B= SLOW F 94 S `  :4 6Ą $ B= FAST  ;4 <)   M Fast Slow&  <4 HD ?V  kTotal Biomass (g)( =4 H ?  ^ |-- Fast --|6  >4 Hć ? V ^ |-- Slow --|6 " ?4 T 8c?7 M Top (scion)& ( 3 @4 H ? GTotal Plant Biomass, Grafted Trees, Fertilized treatment, aged 2 years6H(#(#  5< 4 c $f޽h ? ̙33- j-b- tz,-( ZuZJfV ,4 , # { U @ , C { U : , 3  : , 3  : , 3 aE : , 3 aE : , 3   :  , 3   :  , 3 f aE :  , 3  aE 4B  , # jJ)*.B  ,  A4B , # jJ4B , # \4B , # jJ)*5.B ,  5A64B , # jJ.B ,  YZ4B , # jJ )* .B ,   A 4B , # jJ  .B ,    4B , # jJ )* .B ,   A 4B , # jJ  .B ,    4B , # {U 4B , # U V 4B , #   4B , # A B 4B  , #   4B !, # - . 4B ", # 4B #, # 4B $, # 4B %, # 4B &, # {|4B ', # jJ  4B (, #   4B ), #    *, 6D%   L 450,   +, 6   L 300,   ,, 6   L 150,   -, 6d h  I0,   ., 6Ċp  K150,   /, 6$s K300,   0, 6\ K450,   1, 6_ K600,   2, 6DH K750,   3, 6K K900,   4, 6d0   TRootstock type* 5, <$,  HMass (g)$  6, < r  For Fast-growing seedling top:F  7, < |   Fast Slow`  8, <d z T Above-ground,  :, <$    T Below-ground, 4 ;, # Px : <, 3 Px : =, 3 fIQ : >, 3 IQ : ?, 3 fO : @, 3 O : A, 3  IQ : B, 3  IQ : C, 3 f  : D, 3   4B E, # 8c.B F,  4B G, # 8cz{O.B H,  e4B I,@ # 8cO.B J,  OP4B K, # 8cOz{.B L,  e4B M, # 8c 3 .B N,  3 4 4B O, # 8c z{ .B P,   e 4B Q, # 8c  .B R,    4B S, # 8c z{ .B T,   e 4B U, # RS] 4B V, # ] 7R^ 4B W, #  7R 4B X, # I 7RJ 4B Y, #  7R 4B Z, # 5 7R6 4B [, # 7R4B \, # !7R"4B ], # 7R4B ^, #  7R4B _, # 7R4B `, # jJ R 4B a, #  RS  b, 6- f  B 450"  c, 6 f  T 3004   d, 6D fy  B 150"  e, 6   A0$  f, 6 e  A150"  g, 6d{ C300$  h, 6Q A450"  i, 6$g C600$  j, 6= A750"  k, 6S A900"  l, 60   rRootstock typeH  m, <d O  HMass (g)$  @ n, C f*  o, 6  V= SLOW4F p, S '  q, 6$ 1  V= FAST4 r, <4D8 For Slow-growing seedling top:Hf s, <D    Fast SlowR  v, <E 7g tBiomass Allocation :* dB z, <D8c< , c $f޽h ? ̙33  0888P(  {S 8x 8 c $FP     4 8 # ] 4B 8 # & 0 4B 8 # F 8 S w7] t 8 LfASolid diamondLT ] t 8 LfAfSolid diamond P ] F  8 S fffr] .B  8  3w.B  8  34.B  8  L.B  8   .B 8  w.B 8  .B 8  L.B 8   .B 8   .B 8   .B 8    .B 8  &.B 8   0.B 8  0 1.B 8    .B 8  &:B 8 3 8c] 4B 8 # ] "^ 4B 8 # B "C 4B 8 # & "' 4B 8 # "4B 8 # "4B  8 # 4B !8 # ] ^ 4B "8 # ] "#  #8 6tF   K0.0,   $8 6F   K0.2,   %8 64G  K0.4,   &8 6Ga K0.6,   '8 6GF K0.8,   (8 6THp K1.0,   )8 6Hp .0  LFast,   *8 6Ip @ 0  LSlow,   +8 6I` y m  Q Rootstock,   : ,8 3 McF -8 S + .8 64J+] JFAST*  F /8 S fffj+ 08 6JK] JSLOW*   18 <TK ?@ t:  P Fast Slow(   28 HL ?  Y |-- Fast ---|0  38 HtL ?P  GTop(  48 H4M ?  X |-- Slow --|0  58 HM ?>Q^ @   68 NJTN ?l & *D Stem mass Leaf massZ (    78 HN ?  6ANOVA: Source P-value Top (scion) 0.01 Rootstock 0.09N7   88 <O ?az I(g/g)( H 8 0f޽h ? 33 m ll@`l(  4  # AN  6D0  PWater Use Efficiency   6@ C < of shoot of    6ĩ` _Fast-growing family0 33  6{`  K is Raised when grown on   6  DSlow$f  6{1 C-growing Rootstock.  <d &  JPhotosynthetic   <Ĭ !  BRate (   <$ !  Tumol"   <]!* @/m"  < "c ?2"  <D! C/sec)"4  # a3   00 VLeaf Water Conductance ("  6d`n Smol"   6įD @/m"  6$^Y ?2"   6 C/sec)"4  # H  0Dp b&Steeper slope means greater efficiency '&  BnC#DEFhhRnH--**"cJE0 [jjjk]jnbkr{pvq#Rukf]VSNNMM[[ (5(1EZPUn HH>@`@`[4  #  k   6% R   MRootstock type:"4  #  2,m   6d g_  FSLOW&f  6IJ _  S "   6$ _  FFAST&33:B  3 \ ~ :B  3 a t :B  3 a t :B ! 3 \ '(~ :B " 3 a 7t :B # 3 a 7t :B $ 3 \ }~ :B % 3 a ht :B & 3 a ht :B ' 3 j k :B (@ 3 fo p :B ) 3 fa  :B *@ 3 fo W|p :B + 3 f\ `a~ :B ,@ 3 fo p :B - 3 fa   . BCDEFf @`j u 4B /@ # 4B 0 #   4B 1 #   4B 2 #   4B 3 # Y Z 4B 4 # . / 4B 5 #   4B 6 #   4B 7 #   4B 8 #   4B 9@ # _ ` 4B : # 4 5 4B ; #   4B < #   4B = #   4B > #   4B ? # a b 4B @ # 6 7 4B A #   4B B #   4B C@ #   4B D #   4B E # b c 4B F # < = 4B G #   4B H #   4B I #   4B J #   4B K # h i 4B L # = > 4B M@ #   4B N # 4B O # 4B P # 4B Q # jk4B R # >?4B S # 4B T # 4B U # 4B V # 4B W@ # pq4B X # EF4B Y # 4B Z # 4B [ # 4B \ # 4B ] # qr4B ^ # FG4B _ #  !4B ` # 4B a@ # 4B b # 4B c # wx4B d # LM4B e # !"4B f # 4B g # 4B h # 4B i # yz4B j # NO4B k@ # "#4 l #  2 m 6 g A4$4 n #    o 6T7 &   A5$4 p # y   q 67    A6$4 r # C  s 68 w  A7$4 t # + u 6t8 2 A8$4 v #  w 68 C A9$4 x # Mh y 649 M B10$4B z # #E4B { # #jk14B | # #14B } # #14B ~ # #rt14B  # #14B  # #%&14B  # #14B  # #14B  # #./14B  # #E4B  # #14B  # #< = 14B  # # 14B  # # 14B  # #E F 14B  # # 14B  # # 14B  # #N O 14B  # # 14B  # #  E4B  # #W X 14B  # # 14B  # # 14B  # #_ a 14B  # # 14B  # #14B  # #ij14B  # #14B  # #14B  # #qrE4B  # #14B  # ##$14B  # #14B  # #14B  # #-.14B  # #14B  # #14B  # #5614B  # #14B  # #E4B  # #DE14B  # #14B  # #14B  # #LN14B  # #14B  # #14B  # #UV14B  # #14B  # # 14B  # #^_E4  # Xb  69 ^_ >0.06 4  # X  69 ^ @0.08 4  # X O   6T: ^ e  @0.10 4  # X  6: ^ @0.12 4  # Xs7  6; ^sL @0.14 4  # X  6t; ^ @0.16 :B  3 :B  3 :B  3 :B  3 wx:B  3 b:B  3 b:B  3 8-.Y:B  3 ABP:B  3 ABP:B ¬ 3 d:B ì 3 n:B Ĭ 3 n:B Ŭ 3 t u :B Ƭ 3 ^ :B Ǭ 3 ^ :B Ȭ 3  :B ɬ 3  :B ʬ 3  :B ˬ 3  :B ̬ 3  :B ͬ 3  :B ά 3  :B Ϭ 3  :B Ь 3  :B Ѭ 3 :B Ҭ 3 *:B Ӭ 3 *:B Ԭ 3 6X:B լ 3 ;N:B ֬ 3 ;N:B ׬ 3 6  X:B ج 3 ;  N:B ٬ 3 ;  N:B ڬ 3 6W X X:B ۬ 3 ;A g N:B ܬ 3 ;A g N:B ݬ 3 U V :B ެ 3 @ f :B ߬ 3 @ f :B  3  :B  3  :B  3    BCDEF @`v :B @ 3 f :B  3 f :B @ 3 f :B  3 f &:B @ 3 fwBx:B  3 fd-.:B @ 3 fLBM:B  3 f>-._:B @ 3 f  :B  3 f :B @ 3 f* O :B  3 f @ A -:B @ 3 fN t :B  3 fc d :B @ 3 f- S :B  3 fC E L f  #  4   B]CVDEFfCV]MC @`|    B]CVDEFfCV]MC @`B m   B]CVDEFfCV]MC @` 63   B]CVDEFfCV]MC @`K z   B^CVDEFfCV^NC @`    B^CVDEFfCV^NC @`X    B_CUDEFfBU_OB @` FH   B_CUDEFfBU_OB @`[    B]CUDEFfBU]MB @`    B\CVDEFfCV\LC @`m    B]CVDEFfCV]LC @`'3 U^   B]CVDEFfCV]MC @`k $   B_CWDEFfCW_OC @`    B_CWDEFfCW_OC @` !   B^CWDEFfDW^ND @`6I et   B]CWDEFfDW]MD @`z :   B]CWDEFfDW]MD @`  B]CVDEFfCV]MC @` 1   B]CTDEFfAT]MA @`F _u   B^CUDEFfAU^NA @` % O   B^CWDEFfCW^NC @`     B^CWDEFfDW^ND @` A    B^CWDEFfDW^ND @`V u    B]CWDEFfDW]MD @` : e   B]CVDEFfCV]MC @`  +  B]CVDEFfCV]MC @`" Q   B]CVDEFfCV]MC @`f    B^CVDEFfCV^NC @` P |  B_CVDEFfCV_NC @`  A  B_CUDEFfBU_OB @`2 a   B]CUDEFfBU]MB @`v    B]CUDEFfBU]MB @` g   B\CVDEFfCV\LC @` +, W  B]CVDEFfCV]LC @`B p   B_CVDEFfCV_OC @`    B_CVDEFfCV_OC @` |   B_CWDEFfCW_OC @` B<m  B)C*DEFf*) @`Qf2:B  3 A#4B  # t4B  # tu#:B @ 3 A#t$H  0f޽h ? ̙33  vnP55<(  <x < c $; jP   4 < # O .B <  .B <  45F < S JO t < LfASolid diamondl. g O t < LfAfSolid diamondo|O F  < S fff% O .B  <  .B  <  .B  <  " l.B  <  " #.B <  J.B <  JK.B <  l .B <   .B <  %o.B <  %0&.B <  23%.B <  N.B <  o.B <  0.B <  %23o.B <  oNp4B < # 8cO .B <  O kP .B <   k .B <  k.B <  4k5.B <  k4B  < # 8cO P .B !<  O z  "< 64<  ^  J18,  #< 6<  ^K  J19,  $< 6< D^ J20,  %< 6T= ^ J21,  &< 6= ^1 J22, 4 '< # _ cF (< S  , )< 6> "] JFAST* F *< S fffc, +< 6t> E] JSLOW*  ,< 6> p Y0  LFast,   -< 64? p k0  LSlow,   .< 6? ` * m  Q Rootstock,    /< <@  ?@ f:  Q Fast Slow(   0< HtA  ?  Y |-- Fast ---|0  1< HA  ?  ETop&  2< HB  ?   Y |-- Slow ---|0 % 3< HB  ?  9ANOVA: Source P-value Top (scion) 0.035 Rootstock 0.006 X: " 4< H  ?}G HD*  5< HT  ?@`  :(%o) H < 0f޽h ? 33< `GG@T(  @4 @ # ` :B @ 3 8c` 4B @ #   4B @ # Q R 4B @ # 4B @ # 4B @ # 4B  @ # `a:B  @ 3 8c  4B  @ #  C 4B  @ #  C 4B  @ #  C 4B @ #  C 4B @ #  C :B @ 3 8c:B @ 3 8c):B @ 3 8c $[ :B @ 3 8c [\ :B @ 3 8c%:B @ 3 8c%&:B @ 3 8c &V :B @ 3 8c VW :B @@ 3 8cY :B @ 3 8cY Z ):B @@ 3 8c $ :B @ 3 8c  :B @@ 3 8c:B @ 3 8c:B @@ 3 8c & :B @ 3 8c  :B  @ 3 8c\:B !@ 3 8c\{]:B "@ 3 8c$% :B #@ 3 8c?:B $@ 3 8c:B %@ 3 8c :B &@ 3 8cI &' :B '@ 3 8cI AJ :B (@ 3 8c:B )@ 3 8c{:B *@ 3 8c $%Q :B +@ 3 8cQ ?R :B ,@ 3 8cI :B -@ 3 8cI  J :B .@ 3 8c &' :B /@ 3 8c A x2 0@ s * 8cm)  L2 1@ c $8c ? L2 2@ c $8cw L2 3@ c $8c A  4@ 6 `0 3Growth Efficiency vs. Carbon Isotope Discrimination$43   5@ 6t  80  A0.5" 6@ 6  80  A0.6" 7@ 64 580  A0.7" 8@ 6 x80K A0.8" 9@ 6 80 A0.9" :@ 6T 0 ?1" ;@ 6  qv  B19.0" <@ 6   m v  B19.5" =@ 6t   pv  B20.0" >@ 6  kv  B20.5" ?@ 64  fv  B21.0" @@ 6   [C Isotope Discrimination (%%)" A@ 6" Q  OGrowth Efficiency" B@ <t ^ $ { s:Fast r:SlowRf C@ N4 jJ ] a Fast Fast<  D@  ` GjJ  y  a Slow Slow< ff E@ <  t8p  o Slow FastJ fvB F@@ NDԔ  G@ <t   _Higher Water Use Efficiency (?)$ H @ 0f޽h ?/ C@D@ f  |pP( x@Djw Px P c $    x P c $4 P    P <A  ?`V pBiomass Allocation($ H P 0f޽h ? ̙33  meL(  Lx L c $DB    x L c $B `0    L <dC  ?0 4 YEfficiency of Foliage((H L 0f޽h ? ̙33   0( (0 x  c $"v  v x  c $"v 0  v H  0f޽h ? ̙33rp  c @i%e53L wiSl oYp= jb <P#Tpq#bOh+'0I hp  No Slide Titlecfrcfr3003273Microsoft PowerPointP@pC4,@FG@С@kۿ@0GHo  @$#&z &&#TNPPp0D v & TNPP &&TNPP   z  #A kz(kʦ """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙f3333f3333333333f3333333f3f33ff3f3f3f3333f3333333f3̙33333f333ff3ffffff3f33f3ff3f3f3ffff3fffffffff3fffffff3f̙ffff3ff333f3ff33fff33f3ff̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff̙̙3̙f̙̙̙3f̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙3ffffffffff!___www2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 "--&TNPP &՜.+,D՜.+,    j 35mm SlidesncsuSli,j Times New RomanSymbolArial Arial BlackDefault Design`Growth Efficiencies of Diverse Pinus taeda families as affected by Genetics of the Root system ObjectivesNo Slide TitleNo Slide TitleNo Slide TitleNo Slide TitleNo Slide TitleWeather Data:No Slide TitleNo Slide Title=Stem Growth Efficiencies, Grafted trees Fertilized treatmentNo Slide TitleCCarbon Isotope Discrimination by Graft Class, Fertilized treatmentNo Slide TitleSummary of Important ResultsSummary of Important Results Conclusions  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles 6> _PID_GUIDAN{B2A615A0-9C51-11D4-86A0-444553540000}_qbcfr3003  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@BCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdeghijklmopqrstuzRoot EntrydO)PicturesCurrent UsernSummaryInformation(AIPowerPoint Document(qDocumentSummaryInformationB78Of  Root EntrydO)Eu~@PicturesCurrent User/SummaryInformation(AI      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@BCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdeghijklmz'_qJacques Trencia