SPECIES: Amelanchier alnifolia
SPECIES : Amelanchier alnifolia Introductory
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| William R. Hewlett © California Academy of Sciences |
Species Index
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Saskatoon serviceberry is distributed from east-central California north
to southern Alaska; east to Ontario and southwestern Quebec; and south
to southern Colorado and Utah [31,44,52,53,66,88].
Varieties of Saskatoon serviceberry overlap in distribution. Their
geographical ranges are as follows:
The typical variety of Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia
var. alnifolia) occurs from southern Alaska south to southern Oregon,
mostly east of the Cascade Range, and east to the Dakotas, Nebraska, and
Colorado. Amelanchier alnifolia var. humptulipensis occurs on the
western slope of the Cascade Range in British Columbia and Washington
[52].
Cusick's serviceberry is distributed on the east slope of the Cascade
Range from British Columbia to Oregon and east in the Rocky Mountains to
Wyoming [52].
Dwarf serviceberry is distributed from southeastern Washington south to
northeastern California and east to Montana and Colorado [51,52].
Pacific serviceberry is distributed west of the Cascade and Sierra
Nevada ranges from central California to Alaska and east to northern
Idaho and western Montana [21,51,52].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES10 White-red-jack pine
FRES11 Spruce-fir
FRES15 Oak-hickory
FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood
FRES19 Aspen-birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
STATES :
AK CA CO ID IA MN MT NE NV ND
OR SD UT WA WI WY AB BC MB NT
ON PQ SK YT
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K001 Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest
K002 Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir-Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir-hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K007 Red fir forest
K008 Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest
K014 Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce-fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest
K020 Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest
K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland
K024 Juniper steppe woodland
K026 Oregon oakwoods
K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K033 Chaparral
K034 Montane chaparral
K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K074 Bluestem prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
K093 Great Lakes spruce-fir forest
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
1 Jack pine
12 Black spruce
16 Aspen
42 Bur oak
63 Cottonwood
107 White spruce
204 Black spruce
206 Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir
207 Red fir
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
216 Blue spruce
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
222 Black cottonwood-willow
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock-Sitka spruce
226 Coastal true fir-hemlock
227 Western redcedar-western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir-western hemlock
232 Redwood
233 Oregon white oak
234 Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone
236 Bur oak
237 Interior ponderosa pine
239 Pinyon-juniper
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
244 Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
247 Jeffrey pine
248 Knobcone pine
256 California mixed subalpine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
101 Bluebunch wheatgrass
102 Idaho fescue
103 Green fescue
104 Antelope bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
105 Antelope bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass
109 Ponderosa pine shrubland
110 Ponderosa pine-grassland
203 Riparian woodland
208 Ceanothus mixed chaparral
209 Montane shrubland
210 Bitterbrush
301 Bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama
302 Bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass
303 Bluebunch wheatgrass-western wheatgrass
304 Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass
305 Idaho fescue-Richardson needlegrass
314 Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
315 Big sagebrush-Idaho fescue
316 Big sagebrush-rough fescue
317 Bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
318 Bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
319 Bitterbrush-rough fescue
320 Black sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
321 Black sagebrush-Idaho fescue
322 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany-bluebunch wheatgrass
401 Basin big sagebrush
402 Mountain big sagebrush
403 Wyoming big sagebrush
405 Black sagebrush
409 Tall forb
411 Aspen woodland
412 Juniper-pinyon woodland
413 Gambel oak
415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany
416 True mountain-mahogany
417 Littleleaf mountain-mahogany
419 Bittercherry
420 Snowbrush
421 Chokecherry-serviceberry-rose
422 Riparian
504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland
509 Transition between oak-juniper woodland and mahogany-oak association
601 Bluestem prairie
606 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
607 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
608 Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass
608 Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass
609 Wheatgrass-grama
611 Blue grama-buffalograss
612 Sagebrush-grass
805 Riparian
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Saskatoon serviceberry is common in lower-elevation coniferous forests
[91]. It also occurs in montane chaparral [14,21], mountain shrub
[91,103], and the upper limits of pinyon-juniper (Pinus-Juniperus spp.)
communities [91]. In plains grasslands it mostly occurs in wooded
draws, grassland-woodland interfaces, and riparian zones [39].
Associated species: Riparian - Saskatoon serviceberry is common in
riparian areas throughout its distribution. Riparian associates in the
Northern Rocky Mountains include white alder (Alnus rhombifolia) [75],
hawthorn (Crataegus douglasii), chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), bitter
cherry (P. emarginata), Greene mountain-ash, and elderberry (Sambucus
spp.) [1].
Montana chaparral - Associates in montane chaparral of California
include creeping snowberry (Symphoricarpos mollis), Sierra currant
(Ribes nevadensis), Sierra gooseberry (R. roezlii), California rose
(Rosa californica), Sierra plum (P. subcordata), Sierra mountain-misery
(Chamaebatia foliolosa), and conifer saplings, especially ponderosa pine
(Pinus ponderosa) [14].
Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) - Mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus spp.),
chokecherry, and snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.) are common associates
throughout the Gambel oak type [21]. Associates in Gambel oak/Saskatoon
serviceberry habitat types of Colorado include Oregon-grape (Mahonia
repens), chokecherry, mountain snowberry (S. oreophilis), and elk sedge
(Carex geyeri) [4].
Pinyon-juniper - Common associates include singleleaf pinyon (Pinus
monophylla), Utah juniper (J. osteosperma), bitterbrush (Purshia
tridentata), Stansbury cliffrose (P. mexicana var. stansburiana), and
curlleaf mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius) [107]. Associates
in singleleaf pinyon/Saskatoon serviceberry communities in southeastern
Nevada include greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula), big
sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), black sagebrush (A. nova), rubber
rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Gambel oak, and Stansbury phlox
(Phlox stansburyi) [15].
Bur oak (Q. macrocarpa) - In Bur oak/chokecherry woodland of North
Dakota, associates of Saskatoon serviceberry include green ash (Fraxinus
pennsylvanica), western snowberry (S. occidentalis), and northern
bedstraw (Galium boreale) [39,40].
Colorado - Associates in bigtooth aspen (Populus angustifolia)/Saskatoon
serviceberry habitat types include Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum),
water birch (Betula occidentalis), and mountain snowberry. Associates
in blue spruce (Picea pungens)/Saskatoon serviceberry types include
red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea), Wood's rose (Rosa woodsii), elk
sedge, Thurber fescue (Festuca thurberi), and Lapland cornel (Cornus
suecica) [4].
Alaska - Saskatoon serviceberry is uncommon in Alaska [53]. Associates
in white spruce-black spruce-quaking aspen (Picea glauca-P.
mariana-Populus tremuloides) on the Kenai Peninsula include paper birch
(B. papyrifera), Bebb willow (Salix bebbiana), Scouler willow (S.
scouleriana), bog birch (B. glandulosa), and Greene mountain-ash [89].
Publications describing plant habitat or community types in which
Saskatoon serviceberry is dominant follow.
Classification of the forest vegetation of Colorado by habitat type and
community type [4]
Preliminary plant associations of the southern Oregon Cascade Mountain
Province [12]
Vegetation and soils of the Pine and Mathews Canyon watersheds [15] (NV)
Sagebrush-steppe habitat types in northern Colorado: a first
approximation [36]
Grassland, shrubland, and forestland habitat types of the White
River-Arapaho National Forest [50]
Forest vegetation of the Gunnison and parts of the Uncompahgre National
Forests: a preliminary habitat type classification [58]
Aspen community types of the Intermountain Region [76]
The Quercus garryana forests of the Willamette Valley, Oregon [96]
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Saskatoon serviceberry is a valuable wildlife plant. Wild ungulates
browse twigs and foliage; fur and game mammals such as black bear,
beaver, and hares consume twigs, foliage, fruits, and bark. Upland game
birds consume the fruits and buds, and many species of rodents and
songbirds eat the fruits [20,41,72,101].
Where available in quantity, Saskatoon serviceberry is often a primary
or important component of the winter diet of big game species. In
Montana, utilization of Saskatoon serviceberry browse was heaviest
during periods of deep snow. Second heaviest use was in spring. All
big game species, including mountain goat and bighorn sheep, utilized
Saskatoon serviceberry. Elk would often browse all available twigs
before moving to another area [48].
In Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota, bison browsed
Saskatoon serviceberry and used the wooded draws in which it grows for
cover [78].
PALATABILITY :
Saskatoon serviceberry browse is palatable to all wild and domestic
ungulate species [30,84]. It is not among the most preferred browse
species, but ungulates consume a considerable amount of it when
plentiful. In a feeding trial with captive mule deer in Logan, Utah,
Saskatoon serviceberry was ranked 11th in preference out of 14 winter
browse species, with 1 being the most preferred species [87].
Palatability has been rated as follows [30,84]:
cattle fair to good
domestic goats good
domestic sheep fair to good
mule deer fair to good
horses poor to fair
Although Saskatoon serviceberry is often a primary component of winter
diets [65,84], ungulates normally consume a variety of other shrubs as
well. A diet consisting solely of Saskatoon serviceberry can be fatal
due to presence of cyanogenic glycosides [70,82]. The glycosides are
highly concentrated in young twigs and least concentrated in older
leaves. Captive mule deer fed only fresh, winter-collected Saskatoon
serviceberry twigs died within a week [82]. Quinton [82] speculated
that a winter diet of over 35 percent Saskatoon serviceberry would be
fatal to mule deer.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Browse: Nutritional content of fresh Saskatoon serviceberry twigs and
leaves (collected at time of flowering) averaged [77]:
twigs leaves
_____ ______
ash (%) 2.8 8.5
crude fiber (%) 34.8 14.8
ether extract (%) 3.4 6.2
N-free extract (%) 53.5 59.6
protein (digestible, N X 6.25)
cattle 2.6 7.2
domestic goats 1.7 6.7
horses 2.2 6.8
rabbits 2.9 7.1
domestic sheep 2.1 7.1
calcium --- 2.32
magnesium --- 0.47
Comparing winter nutrient and fiber content of Saskatoon serviceberry
over widely scattered geographical areas of western Colorado, Kufeld and
others [60] concluded that variation in protein, carbohydrate, and fiber
was small enough to assume constant values for those parameters when
calculating nutritional status of big game rangelands.
In the Black Hills of South Dakota, Saskatoon serviceberry was found to
provide adequate nutrition for white-tailed deer in all seasons.
Digestibility for white-tailed deer was 48 percent in spring and 54
percent in winter (in-vitro, oven-dry basis). Seasonal variation in
nutritional content of Saskatoon serviceberry is shown below [28].
___________________________________________________________________________
Nutritional | Spring | Summer | Fall | Winter|
Component |_______________|_______________|_______________|_______|
| leaves|stems | leaves|stems | leaves|stems | stems |
__________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|
crude protein (%) | 18.5 | 13.6 | 12.3 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 7.0 |
carbohydrates (%) | | | | | | | |
ADF | 18.7 | 32.0 | 22.3 | 42.7 | 29.8 | 44.4 | 43.6 |
ADL | 7.4 | 6.9 | 9.8 | 15.7 | 15.2 | 19.7 | 20.1 |
Cellulose | 13.2 | 24.8 | 12.2 | 22.0 | 13.3 | 25.6 | 21.0 |
ash (%) | 6.6 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 3.5 | 3.6 |
Ca (%) | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.5 |
P (%) | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
energy (cal/g) | 4,862 | 4,746 | 4,916 | 4,770 | 4,999 | 4,922 | 4,793 |
__________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|
ADF - acid-detergent fiber
ADL - acid-detergent lignin
Asherin [10,11] compared nutritional content of Saskatoon serviceberry
on two burned and two unburned control sites near Avery, Idaho. He
found Saskatoon serviceberry twigs on burned sites contained more crude
protein and less crude fiber than twigs on unburned sites. Twigs were
collected during winter dormancy. Two watersheds were used as study
sites: one with 1- and 2-year-old prescribed burns, and one with a
3-year-old prescribed burn. Mean percent nutritional content of twigs
was as follows [10,11]:
Site 1 Site 1 Site 1 Site 2 Site 2
control 1-yr-old burn 2-yr-old burn control 3-yr-old burn
_______ _____________ _____________ _______ _____________
moisture 55.09 51.90* 54.42 56.30 53.50*
crude protein 9.14 9.28 10.04* 9.44 9.48
crude fiber 27.95 26.74* 27.16 26.39 25.20*
ash 2.84 2.77 2.95 2.86 2.79
N-free extract 57.63 57.88 57.90 58.69 59.28
calcium 1.07 0.91* 1.17* 1.10 1.08
phosphorus 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.15*
C:P ratio 6.7:1 6.0:1* 7.2:1 6.5:1 7.1:1*
______________________________________________________________________________
*significantly different from the control (p = 0.01)
Fruits: Nutritional content of Saskatoon serviceberry fruits collected
in northern Ontario follows [100].
Percent
_______
moisture 75.20
dry matter 24.80
fat 0.28
protein 1.51
soluble carbohydrate 11.36
COVER VALUE :
The degree to which Saskatoon serviceberry provides cover for wildlife
has been rated as follows [30]:
CO MT ND UT WY
Pronghorn ---- ---- ---- poor poor
Elk fair poor ---- fair poor
Mule deer good fair good good fair
White-tailed deer poor good ---- ---- fair
Small mammals good fair ---- good good
Small nongame birds good fair good good good
Upland game birds good fair good good fair
Waterfowl ---- ---- ---- poor poor
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Saskatoon serviceberry is used for reclamation [48] and for wildlife,
watershed, and shelterbelt plantings [33]. It can be started from seed
or vegetative cuttings. Seed collection, processing, and germination
techniques are reviewed by Brinkman [20]. Hermesh and Cole [48] review
procedures for starting Saskatoon serviceberry from cuttings.
Saskatoon serviceberry has been successfully planted on burned sites
[29,91]. In the Black Hills of South Dakota, Saskatoon serviceberry and
other browse species were transplanted on 30-year-old burn and
open-grown, mature ponderosa pine sites . Establishment and 10-year
survival of bareroot Saskatoon serviceberry nursery stock was rated
"fair" on both sites; growth was rated "poor" on both sites [29].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Saskatoon serviceberry is planted as an ornamental and to produce
commercial fruit crops. The fruits are added to pastries and used for
making jelly or syrup [31]. Several cultivars of Saskatoon serviceberry
have been developed [35].
Native Americans used Saskatoon serviceberry wood to make arrow shafts,
spears, and digging sticks. They made a tea, used for treating colds,
by boiling the branches [44].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Control: It may be desirable to control Saskatoon serviceberry on
conifer plantations [74]. Glyphosate or triclopyr ester give good
control of serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.). Even with several
treatments, 2,4-D gives only poor to fair control [104].
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Saskatoon serviceberry is a native, deciduous shrub or small tree
reaching 3 to 26 feet (1-8 m) at maturity. Grown alone, the crown is
rounded with spreading to erect branches [51]. Growth form is highly
variable, however; Saskatoon serviceberry often forms thickets, mats, or
grows in clumps [48]. The flowers and fruits are borne in terminal
clusters; the fruits are berrylike pomes. Each fruit contains 4 to 10
small seeds, some of which are usually infertile. The seedcoat is
leathery in texture [20].
Underground portions of Saskatoon serviceberry include a massive
root crown, horizontal and vertical rhizomes, and an extensive root
system [19,101]. Bradley [19] reported that the root crown a 9-year-old
individual excavated in Pattee Canyon, Montana, measured 4 inches (10.5
cm) in diameter and 8 inches (20.7 cm) in length. Rhizomes extending
from the root crown were long and massive; horizontal rhizomes reached at
least 7.8 inches (20 cm) and vertical rhizomes extended at least 30.4
inches (78 cm). Roots of a 12-inch-tall (30 cm) Saskatoon serviceberry
excavated in Idaho extended 32 inches (80 cm) below ground [105].
Saskatoon serviceberry is relatively short lived. Lonner (cited in [48])
reported that in western Montana, 61 percent of 470 plants were between
6 and 20 years old (mean = 17.9). The oldest individual was 85.
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
Geophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Saskatoon serviceberry reproduces from seed, by sprouting from the
root crown and/or rhizomes, and by layering [19,20,35,95].
Vegetative reproduction by sprouting is most common. On four western
Montana sites, Hemmer [48] found that over 90 percent of new stems
sampled were sprouts from previously existing plants. On two burns, all
sprouts originated from root crowns. On two clearcuts, most sprouts
came from rhizomes.
Regeneration from seed is apparently rare, being limited by moisture,
low spring temperature, and/or disease [16,20]. In several locations in
western Montana, Hemmer [48] found that sprouting from top-killed plants
was common, but only one site, on the Yaak River, had Saskatoon
serviceberry seedlings. Flowers are produced almost every year, but
because of drought, spring frost, and/or juniper rust (Gymnosporangium
spp.), good seed crops may be produced only every 3 to 5 years [16,48].
Even under good conditions, most fruits contain some unviable seed [51].
Seed is dispersed by frugivorous birds and mammals [20,90]. It is
dormant and requires overwinter stratification. In the laboratory,
seventy percent germination was obtained from fresh seed stratified for
180 days and then given day/night temperatures of 86/68 degrees
Fahrenheit (30/19 deg C) for a month [20]. Good seed may remain viable
for years. Seed stored in an unheated warehouse in Utah showed 91, 80,
91, 85, and 84 percent germination after 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 years of
storage, respectively [92].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Saskatoon serviceberry grows on mountain slopes, hillsides, prairies,
and riparian zones [31]. Pfister and others [81] reported Saskatoon
serviceberry in every habitat type in Montana except timberline and
moist subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) types. Atzet and McCrimmon [12]
noted that in the Cascade Range of Oregon, white fir-lodgepole pine (A.
concolor-Pinus contorta)/Saskatoon serviceberry associations tend to
occur in frost pockets.
Saskatoon serviceberry grows on relatively infertile soils but also
occurs on nutrient-rich substrates [91]. Soils are well-drained and
typically mesic, although moisture regime varies from moist to
seasonally dry [48,57,91]. Saskatoon serviceberry apparently does not
tolerate prolonged drought. In Montana it does not occur on sites with
less than 14 inches (355 mm) of annual precipitation [48].
Saskatoon serviceberry occurs from near sea level to timberline [48].
Elevational range by state is:
California 160 to 8,530 feet (50-2,600 m) [51]
Colorado 5,000 to 10,000 feet (1,500-3,000 m) [46]
Utah 4,000 to 9,500 feet (1,220-2,900 m) [103]
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Saskatoon serviceberry grows in open sun to moderate shade. It is
intolerant of deep shade, and declines with canopy closure [3,9,43]. It
rarely establishes from seed in early stages of primary succession
[26,37]. Eleven years after the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in
Washington, mature Saskatoon serviceberry plants occurred only on
refugia plots on the volcano slope. Neither seedlings nor mature plants
occurred on sites of volcanic deposition [26].
Riparian succession: In riparian areas in southeastern British
Columbia, Saskatoon serviceberry occurred mostly in stabilized black
cottonwood (Populus deltoides) galleries on the upper floodplain. It
did not occur on low gravel bars subject to frequent flooding [37]. A
study on the Yellowstone River of Montana had similar findings. The
successional sere there is: plains black cottonwood (P. deltoides var.
monilifera) seedling; plains black cottonwood-Sandbar willow (Salix
interior) sapling; pole plains black cottonwood; mature plains black
cottonwood; shrub thicket; and grass. Saskatoon serviceberry was most
common in mature plains black cottonwood stands and in shrub thickets.
It was sparse on grassland and absent in seres with young plains black
cottonwood [17].
Secondary succession: Saskatoon serviceberry is common after
disturbances such as fire, logging, or insect outbreak [6,9,95].
Saskatoon serviceberry increased significantly (P < 0.1) after a
stand-destroying mountain pine beetle attack in lodgepole pine (Pinus
contorta) in Glacier National Park, Montana. Maximum foliage production
of Saskatoon serviceberry occurred 2 years after the overstory was
killed [6].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Saskatoon serviceberry flowers early in the growing season [20]. It is
usually the first shrub to bloom in spring. Anthesis is a mass event
lasting about 2 weeks [90]. Leaves emerge during or just after
flowering [20]. Fruits ripen 1 to 2 months later, from July to
September, depending upon location [101]. General fruiting and
flowering periods are given below.
flowers fruits
_________ ______
Alaska June July [102]
North Dakota May -- [23]
Ontario June July and August [88]
Saskatchewan May-July -- [109]
A more detailed calendar of phenological development of Saskatoon
serviceberry east of the Continental Divide of Montana and in
Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, is presented below [85].
Event Dates
___________________ _________________________
leaf buds open April 12- May 29
flowering starts April 15 - June 18
flowering stops May 15 - July 3
leaves fully expanded May 15 - July 13
fruits ripe July 10 - August 19
seed fall starts July 11 - September 15
leaves change color July 23 - September 25
leaf fall begins August 13 - October 1
leaves fallen September 5 - October 21
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : Fire adaptations: Saskatoon serviceberry sprouts from the root crown and/or rhizomes after fire [9,19,48,95]. Bradley [19] concluded that because Saskatoon serviceberry sprouts from existing plants, fire is not likely to alter its frequency unless plants were in poor condition before fire. After light- to moderate-severity fire, it usually sprouts from the root crown or from shallowly buried rhizomes [19]. However, deeply buried rhizomes enable Saskatoon serviceberry to sprout after even the most intense wildfire. For example, the Sundance Fire on the Kaniksu National Forest of northern Idaho was an intense, running crown fire that reached firestorm proportions in the Pack River Valley. (The fire broke out on Aug. 23, 1967.) Saskatoon serviceberry sprouts were a principle component of Pack River Valley vegetation at postfire year 1, with 12 percent frequency and 4 percent cover [93]. Seedling establishment is apparently not an important postfire regeneration strategy. After wildfire in quaking aspen-paper birch in northern Saskatchewan, a single Saskatoon serviceberry seedling was found at postfire year 2 on one of seven plots [108]. Leege [62] found an occasional Saskatoon serviceberry seedling after prescribed burning on the Clearwater National Forest of northern Idaho, but the seedlings survived for only a few postfire years. Stickney [93] found that on 21 plots on the Sundance Burn, 100 percent of Saskatoon serviceberry regeneration resulted from sprouting of burned plants. Fire ecology: Forests - Saskatoon serviceberry in forests is fire-dependent and declines with fire exclusion [8,43]. It may persist in the understory for decades, but eventually dies out with canopy closure. Through time-series photographs, Gruell [43] has documented decline of Saskatoon serviceberry in ponderosa pine habitat types in the Northern Rocky Mountains due to canopy closure with fire exclusion. Sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) - In sagebrush steppe in southeastern Idaho, Saskatoon serviceberry was prominent on burn sites of all ages. Field sampling was conducted on 2- to 36-year-old burns [54]. Fire frequency: Forests - Saskatoon serviceberry occurs in forests with fire regimes varying from frequent, low-severity fire to infrequent, severe fire. In low-elevation forests, where Saskatoon serviceberry is most common, the historical regime was frequent, low-severity fire [1,2,8]. Wright [106] compiled historical fire frequencies of ponderosa pine communities in which Saskatoon serviceberry occurs: State(s) Fire Frequency _____________________________ ______________ Arizona and New Mexico 4.8 - 11.9 yrs California and eastern Oregon 8 - 10 yrs Colorado and Wyoming 12 - 25 yrs western Montana 2 - 48 yrs South Dakota (Black Hills) 15 - 20 yrs eastern Washington 6 - 47 yrs On the west slope of the Cascade Range of Washington, mean historical fire return intervals in forests with Saskatoon serviceberry were [2]: ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir* 52 years lodgepole pine-Douglas-fir 76 years Douglas-fir-grand fir** 93 years _______________________________________ *Pseudotsuga menziesii **Abies grandis POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : Tall shrub, adventitious-bud root crown Geophyte, growing points deep in soil
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Saskatoon serviceberry is top-killed by moderate to severe fire. Larger
branches may survive light-severity fire [19,80,95].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Saskatoon serviceberry sprouts after top-kill by fire [9,19,95].
Bradley [19] found that on burn sites in western Montana, Saskatoon
serviceberry sprouted mostly from upper portions of the root crown.
When the root crown was killed by fire, Saskatoon serviceberry sprouted
from rhizomes further beneath the soil surface. Seed production may
resume soon after fire: Saskatoon serviceberry sprouts produced fruits
the second summer after a July 1977 wildfire in Pattee Canyon near
Missoula, Montana [56].
Saskatoon serviceberry cover usually increases [9] or is unaffected
[9,97] by fire. Even when there is little change between pre- and
postfire cover, fire usually makes Saskatoon serviceberry more
accessible as wildlife browse by lowering shrub height [97]. Arno and
others [9] found that in western Montana, Saskatoon serviceberry cover
generally increased after wildland or prescribed fires in
Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat types. It sometimes took 10 or more years
before the increase occurred, however. The authors suggested that slow
recovery in some areas may be due to big game browsing pressure after
fire.
Current-year annual twig production is usually greater after fire in the
absence of heavy browsing pressure [9,24]. In a mountain brush
community in Wyoming, Saskatoon serviceberry mortality was 12 percent,
15 percent, and 15 percent, 1, 2, and 3 years after fall wildfire,
respectively. Mortality after spring prescribed burning a nearby site
was one, two, and two percent at postfire years 1, 2, and 3. Postfire
browsing pressure was not heavy, but wildfire- and prescription-burned
areas were browsed more than unburned areas. Despite this, current-year
twig production was significantly greater on burned sites than on
unburned sites in postfire years 1 to 3. Current-year annual twig
production was greater on the wildfire-burned site than on the spring
prescribed-burned site (37 vs. 15 g/plant) [24].
Fire season: In a western Montana study contrasting the ability of
spring vs. fall prescribed fire to improve wildlife habitat, severe fall
fire killed 15 percent of Saskatoon serviceberry plants on the site,
while a less severe spring treatment killed only 5 percent. Sprouting
response in the first 2 postfire years was greater on the spring burn
[79].
Fire in various habitat/plant community types: In a western redcedar
(Thuja plicata)/ninebark habitat type of central Idaho, Saskatoon
serviceberry sprouted from the root crown and grew rapidly after
prescribed burning. Height growth of sprouts follows [11]. (Prefire
height not available.)
Height (m)
__________________________
Avery Site Lochsa Site
postfire year 1 0.9 1.2
postfire year 2 1.5 1.3
postfire year 3 1.2 3.0
unburned control 2.3 3.2
In Douglas-fir/blue huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum) habitat types
of western Montana, prescribed fire had little effect on Saskatoon
serviceberry cover [11].
Near Ketchum, Idaho, a prescribed fire was conducted on August 1, 1963,
to reduce dwarf-mistletoe (Arceuthobium douglasii) infestation in
Douglas-fir and to promote sprouting of browse, which was above
browseline. The fire was successful in both respects. Saskatoon
serviceberry recovered from the fire as follows [68,69]:
Plants*/1,000 sq ft Percent Canopy Cover
___________________ ____________________
prefire 0.2 0.25
postfire yr 1 0.1 0.03
postfire yr 2 0.1 0.05
postfire yr 3 0.2 0.06
postfire yr 4 0.1 0.06
postfire yr 5 0.1 0.09
postfire yr 6 0.3 0.12
postfire yr 7 0.2 0.12
___________________________________________________________________________
*only plants over 18 inches in height were included in density measurements
After prescribed fire in Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) woodlands
in western Washington, Saskatoon serviceberry sprouts were most common
on sites that were treated with low-severity fire and had no prefire
mechanical disturbance. Saskatoon serviceberry sprouts usually
co-occurred with Oregon white oak sprouts on such sites. Neither
Saskatoon serviceberry sprouts, Saskatoon serviceberry seedlings, nor
Oregon white oak sprouts occurred on microsites that were heavily
disturbed before fire. After prescribed fire, those microsites were
colonized by herbs, especially exotic herbs, and Oregon white oak
seedlings [1].
Saskatoon serviceberry appears to be slow to recover from prescribed
burning in the sub-boreal spruce-fir (Picea-Abies spp.) zone in British
Columbia [45].
Response to very frequent fire: Saskatoon serviceberry response to
repeated burning is unclear. In a quaking aspen-rough fescue (Festuca
scabrella) ecotone in Alberta, Saskatoon serviceberry was one of the few
woody shrubs that was not harmed by low-severity annual spring
prescribed fire. Frequency was 8 percent on unburned sites and 16
percent on annually burned sites. Canopy cover was not significantly
different between the two areas (4 and 1.4 percent, respectively) [5].
In the Willamette Valley of Oregon, Kalapuyan Indians apparently
controlled Saskatoon serviceberry with frequent fire in order to promote
acorn production by Oregon white oak. Open oak savannas were noted by
early travellers, but in the absence of aboriginal burning, Saskatoon
serviceberry has formed a closed subcanopy in Oregon white oak woodlands
[18].
On ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir communities in the Blue Mountains
of northeastern Oregon, Saskatoon serviceberry cover and frequency were higher
on unburned control sites than on prescribed burned, thinned, or
thinned-and-burned sites. Saskatoon serviceberry was determined to be an indicator
species for unburned sites (P≤0.05). For further information on the effects
of thinning and burning treatments on Saskatoon serviceberry and 48 other species,
see the Research Project Summary of Youngblood and others' [110] study.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
For further information on Saskatoon serviceberry response to fire, see
Fire Case Studies. The following Research Project Summaries also provide
information on prescribed fire use and postfire response of plant community
species, including Saskatoon serviceberry, that was not available when
this species review was originally written:
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Saskatoon serviceberry is most vigorous in seral plant communities
[9,48,51], and prescribed fire can be used to maintain and/or promote
seral communities. On big game rangelands, prescribed fire can improve
condition of Saskatoon serviceberry and other shrubs by reducing shrub
height, promoting growth of new twigs, and increasing nutritional
content of browse [9,68,73]. Sites where prescribed burning may harm
Saskatoon serviceberry in the long term include harsh (especially very
dry) sites with low Saskatoon serviceberry density [48], and very cold
sites where postfire growth would be limited by temperature [45].
Fire stimulates production of Saskatoon serviceberry by killing
understory conifers, removing old Saskatoon serviceberry topgrowth, and
promoting sprouting [9,73]. On Douglas-fir/ninebark winter elk range on
the Lolo National Forest, Montana, Makela [71] found that after spring
prescribed fire, biomass production of new Saskatoon serviceberry twigs
was significantly greater (p < 0.1) on burned sites than on unburned
sites the first two growing seasons after fire.
Ponderosa pine: Saskatoon serviceberry usually occurs in the moister,
cooler ponderosa pine habitat types. Average loading of downed and dead
woody fuels is slightly higher than in drier ponderosa pine types. Fire
hazard is further increased by the tendency of this type to form
subcanopies and dog-hair thickets of conifer saplings. Wildfire hazard
is particularly high in this type during drought. Common management
objectives are to eliminate large areas of overstocking and create a
two-storied stand rather than a multilayered one. Periodic prescribed
surface fire in early spring or late fall is recommended. Fuels
management includes treatment of slash following logging and thinning,
and controlling stocking levels. Scattered thickets of Saskatoon
serviceberry and other shrubs can be left for wildlife [34].
Quaking aspen: Light fuels and grazing can inhibit fire spread in
quaking aspen. Brown and Simmerman [22] assigned probabilities of
successful prescribed burning in quaking aspen/Saskatoon serviceberry
habitat types as follows:
Fuel Type
_____________________________________________________
Grazing Woody Fuel Aspen/serviceberry Mixed aspen-conifer/serviceberry
_____________________________________________________________________________
ungrazed light high high
ungrazed heavy high high
grazed light moderate moderate
grazed heavy high high
Surface/
Treatment Fuel load volume Diameter
____________________________________________________________
Severity-
duration kg/m2 (T/ac) 1/cm (inch)
1. moderate-moderate 1 (5) 6 (1/8-1/4)
2. light-moderate 0.4 (2) 6 (1/8-1/4)
3. heavy-moderate 2 (10) 6 (1/8-1/4)
4. moderate-fast 1 (5) 81 excelsior
5. moderate-slow 1 (5) 3 (1/2)
6. clipped -- -- -- --
Plants were measured before treatment to determine their size and condition. All
stems within 0.5 m of the plant center were tallied by diameter class, height,
and status (live or dead). Ratio of live to dead plant material was used as an
indicator of plant vigor. Rate of Flame Flame Residence Total heat
spread depth length time release
Treatment (m/min) (cm) (cm) (min) (mJ/m2)
______________________________________________________________
1 0.47 36 51 1.6 52.0
2 0.16 23 21 4.1 20.0
3 0.37 49 99 1.4 105.0
4 4.05 48 142 0.6 41.0
5 0.12 30 28 4.5 44.0
FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES :Phenological stage Sprouts/plant (mean) _________________________ _____________ before leaf bud burst 89 after leaf expansion 59 initial fruit color change 70 1st leaf color in fall 90 Treatment Sprouts/plant (mean) ____________________ _____________ 1 moderate-moderate 88 2 light-moderate 72 3 heavy-moderate 75 4 moderate-fast 81 5 moderate-slow 81 6 clipping 73 _________________ __ mean 78FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS :
Twigs/ha Avg. twig weight (g) Kg/ha*
________ ____________________ _____
1966 (prefire) 672 0.26 16.6
1966 (postfire) 137 1.19 15.5
1967 215 0.72 14.7
1968 312 0.26 7.8
1969 229 0.10 2.1
1970 458 0.11 4.8
1971 387 0.20 7.4
1972 645 0.11 6.9
1973 387 0.15 5.4
1974 312 0.07 2.0
1975 270 0.07 1.9
1976 219 0.11 2.2
1977 195 0.13 2.5
_______________
*new growth
Polar Ridge: The fires on the west and south slopes lowered average height of
Saskatoon serviceberry but had little effect on productivity. On the south
slope, where a good prescription burn was obtained, average height was reduced
from prefire levels for at least 10 postfire years. Production did not change
greatly until 1977, when average twig length and kilograms of new growth
produced per hectare were reduced on south slopes. However, 1977 was a poor
growth year for all shrub species measured. Production of Saskatoon serviceberry
on west and south slopes follows [63].
(East slope data were not stated and the north slope did not burn.) Twigs/ha Twig length (cm) Kg/ha
____________ ________________ ____________
west south west south west south
prefire (1967) 257 413 2.5 10.4 0.8 6.8
1969 42 73 50.8 32.5 10.9 4.2
1970 185 226 17.8 15.2 13.4 9.3
1971 255 177 7.6 11.7 7.0 5.6
1972 179 326 5.1 10.2 2.7 6.8
1977 171 248 7.6 6.4 4.2 2.1
Fish Creek: Saskatoon serviceberry was top-killed by and sprouted after each
prescribed fire, but average sprout height and maximum crown diameter were
significantly lower (p = 0.05) after each successive burn. Changes in Saskatoon
serviceberry follow [64]. Height (cm) Crown diameter (cm)
___________ ___________________
prefire 378 125
postfire yr 2
1966 fire 183 140
1970 fire 162 134
1975 fire 134 128
Sprouts/plant Sprout height (cm)
_____________ __________________
postfire yr 1
1965 fire > 50 94
1970 fire 149.4 67
1975 fire 112.2 55
FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS :Date of burn Oct. 8, 1986 Relative humidity 70% Temperature 12.6 deg C Wind speed 7.5 m/s Rate of fire spread 0.1-0.9 m/min flame height 0.15-1.50 mThe live fuel component (shrubs and grasses) was highly variable, but reduction was significant. The forest floor was not reduced at time of postfire measurement, but this could have been due to partially burned vegetation dropping to the ground and becoming part of the postfire forest floor. Fuels data follow.
Fuel component Prefire biomass % consumption
______________ _______________ _____________
coarse fuels 0.39 kg/sq m 66
forest floor 0.06 kg/sq m 0
shrubs 0.61 kg/sq m 39
grasses 0.02 kg/sq m 90
____________ __
total 1.08 kg/sq m 52
FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES : Percent cover
_______________________________________
postfire year 1 postfire year 2
_______________ _______________
unburned 5.0 4.5
burned 6.5* 8.2
_______________________________________________________
*significantly different at P = 0.05
Experimental fall 1986 fire: Saskatoon serviceberry was not greatly affected by
fall prescribed burning either. In postfire year 1, the only year for which data
are available, percent cover increased slightly but not significantly on burned
plots compared to unburned plots, and current annual growth decreased slightly
but not significantly: unburned burned
________ ______
percent cover 2.5 5.0
current annual growth (g/m) 3.8 2.5
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